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Week 10 Kinetics

This document discusses kinetics and Newton's laws of motion. It provides: 1) An introduction to kinetics as the study of relations between unbalanced forces and changes in motion, based on Newton's second law. 2) An overview of Newton's three laws of motion and how they govern particle motion. 3) Details on applying Newton's second law through the force-mass-acceleration method using free body diagrams and the equation of motion. 4) Worked examples demonstrating the application of Newton's laws and the equation of motion to solve kinetics problems.

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102 views24 pages

Week 10 Kinetics

This document discusses kinetics and Newton's laws of motion. It provides: 1) An introduction to kinetics as the study of relations between unbalanced forces and changes in motion, based on Newton's second law. 2) An overview of Newton's three laws of motion and how they govern particle motion. 3) Details on applying Newton's second law through the force-mass-acceleration method using free body diagrams and the equation of motion. 4) Worked examples demonstrating the application of Newton's laws and the equation of motion to solve kinetics problems.

Uploaded by

iwhy_
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kinetics

Ki
ti
of
Particles

Introduction
Kinetics is the study
of the relations
between
unbalanced forces
and
d th
the changes
h
iin
motion that they
produce.
It is based on
Newtons Second
l
law
off motion
ti

Newton s First and Second laws, in


Newton's
Latin, from the original 1687 edition
of the Principia Mathematica.

Introduction
According
g to Newtons Second Law, a p
particle will
accelerate when it is subjected to unbalanced Forces.
There are three approaches to the solution off kinetic
problems:
Direct application of Newtons Second Law
--- Force-Mass-Acceleration
F
M
A
l ti Method
M th d
Use of Work and Energy principles
Solution by Impulse and Momentum method

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION


The motion of a particle is governed by Newtons three
l
laws
off motion.
i
First Law: A particle originally at rest, or moving in a
straight line at constant velocity, will remain in this
state if the resultant force acting on the particle is zero.
Second Law: If the resultant force on the particle is not
zero, the particle experiences an acceleration in the
same direction as the resultant force. This acceleration
has a magnitude proportional to the resultant force.

NEWTONS
NEWTON
S LAWS OF MOTION
Third Law: Mutual forces of action and reaction
between two particles are equal, opposite, and collinear.
Force-Mass-Acceleration Method
Pre-requisite
q
knowledge
g
Free-Body Diagram
Kinematics of p
particle motion

Newtons Law of Motion


The first and third laws were used in developing
p g
the concepts of statics. Newtons second law
forms the basis of the studyy of dynamics.
y
Mathematically, Newton
Mathematically
Newtonss second law of motion
can be written
F = ma
where F is the resultant unbalanced force acting on
th particle,
the
ti l andd a is
i the
th acceleration
l ti off the
th particle.
ti l
The positive scalar m is called the mass of the
particle.
ti l

Newtons Law of Motion


Second Law (law of acceleration): A particle
acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences
an acceleration a that has the same direction as
the force and a magnitude that is directly
proportional to the force.
Equation of motion: F = ma
SI System of Units
Units. The mass of the body is
specified in kilograms (kg) and the acceleration in
meter per square second (m/s2) and the force in
Newton (N)
1N = 1kg x 1m/s2

Newtons Law of Motion


Mass and Weight.
Mass (Unit:
(
kg)) is a property off matter by which we
can compare the response of one body with that of
another.
h IIt iis an absolute
b l
quantity
i since
i
the
h
measurement can be made at any location.
Weight (Unit: N) of a body is not absolute. Its
magnitude depends on the location measured and
follows the equation of motion, F = ma
W = mg (N)
(g = 9.81
9 81 m/s2)

The Equation of Motion


From the free body diagram, the resultant of these
forces produces the vector ma,
ma it magnitude and
direction can be represented graphically on the
kinetic diagram
diagram.

F = ma

Equation of Motion: Rectangular


Coordinates
Inertial x,
x yy, z frame of reference
Forces and acceleration expressed in term of
their i,
i j,
j k components
F = ma
Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
= m(ax i + ay j + az k)

Fx = max
Fy = ma y
Fz = maz

PROCEDURE FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE


EQUATION OF MOTION
1)) Select
Se ec a convenient
co ve e inertial
e
coordinate
coo d
e system.
sys e . Rectangular,
ec gu ,
normal/tangential, or cylindrical coordinates may be used.
g
showingg all external forces
2)) Draw a free-bodyy diagram
applied to the particle. Resolve forces into their
appropriate components.
3) Draw the kinetic diagram, showing the particles inertial
force, ma. Resolve this vector into its appropriate
components.
4) Apply the equations of motion in their scalar component
form and solve these equations for the unknowns.
5) It may be necessary to apply the proper kinematic relations
to generate additional equations.

Free Body Diagram


The Free Body Method is the most important single
lesson should be learned in the study of Engineering
Mechanics.
Mechanics
The same key purpose in Dynamics as it does in Statics.
1. Isolate the particle under consideration from all
contacting
t ti andd influencing
i fl
i bodies
b di
2. Replace the bodies by forces

Example
p 1
The 50
50-kg
kg crate rests on a horizontal plane for
which the coefficient of kinetic friction is k = 0.3. If
the crate is subjected to a 400
400-N
N towing force,
force
determine the velocity of the crate in 3 s starting
from rest.
rest (Answer: 15.6m/s)
15 6m/s)

Example
p 1

Example
p 1

Example
p 1
Kinematics.
Acceleration is constant, since
the applied force P is constant. Initial velocity is
zero, the velocity of the crate in 3 s is

EXAMPLE 2
Given:

WA = 10 kN
WB = 20 kN
voA = 2 m/s
k = 0.2
Find: vA when A has moved 4 meters.
Plan: Since both forces and velocity are involved,
thi problem
this
bl requires
i both
b th the
th equation
ti off motion
ti
and kinematics. First, draw free body diagrams of A
andd B.
B Apply
A l the
th equation
ti off motion
ti . Using
Ui
dependent motion equations, derive a relationship
b t
between
aA andd aB andd use with
ith the
th equation
ti off
motion formulas.

EXAMPLE 2
2T

=
WB

mBaB

EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
(
)
Free-body and kinetic diagrams of A:

WA

T
N

F = mk N

mAaA

EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
(
)
Now consider the kinematics.

sA

Datums

A
sB

EXAMPLE (continued)
(
)

Example
p 3
Given:The 400 kg mine car is
hoisted up the incline.
The force in the cable is
F = (3200t2) N. The car
has an initial velocity of
vi = 2 m/s at t = 0.
Find: The velocity when t = 2 s.
Plan: Draw the free-body diagram of the car and
apply the equation of motion to determine the
acceleration. Apply kinematics relations to
determine the velocity.

Example
p 3

Solution:
S
l ti
1) Draw the free-body and kinetic diagrams of the
mine car:
W = mg

ma

y
x

Example
p 3
2) Apply the equation of motion in the x-direction:

3) Use kinematics to determine the velocity:

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