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Lecture Notes For CO2 (Part 1) : 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction

This document provides lecture notes on 1-D steady state heat conduction. It covers key concepts like boundary and initial conditions, different types of boundary conditions (specified temperature, heat flux, convection, radiation, interface, generalized), heat generation in solids, and variable thermal conductivity. It also includes examples of applying these concepts to solve heat transfer problems involving pipes, spherical containers with internal heat generation and different boundary conditions. The key topics covered are boundary conditions, heat generation, and solving 1-D heat conduction problems.

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116 views44 pages

Lecture Notes For CO2 (Part 1) : 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction

This document provides lecture notes on 1-D steady state heat conduction. It covers key concepts like boundary and initial conditions, different types of boundary conditions (specified temperature, heat flux, convection, radiation, interface, generalized), heat generation in solids, and variable thermal conductivity. It also includes examples of applying these concepts to solve heat transfer problems involving pipes, spherical containers with internal heat generation and different boundary conditions. The key topics covered are boundary conditions, heat generation, and solving 1-D heat conduction problems.

Uploaded by

hahaha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture Notes for CO2 (Part 1)

1-D STEADY STATE HEAT


CONDUCTION
Week 3

Wan Azmi bin Wan Hamzah


Universiti Malaysia Pahang

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)


Students should be able to understand and
evaluate one-dimensional heat flow and in
different geometries

Lesson Outcomes from CO2 (Part 1)


To derive the equation for temperature
distribution in various geometries
Thermal Resistance concept to derive
expression for various geometries
To evaluate the heat transfer using thermal
resistance in various geometries
To evaluate the critical radius of insulation
To evaluate heat transfer from the rectangular fins

BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS


A heat transfer problem must equipped with a description of the thermal
conditions at the bounding surfaces of the medium.
Boundary conditions: The mathematical expressions of the thermal
conditions at the boundaries.

The initial condition specified at time t = 0, ,


which is a mathematical expression for the
temperature distribution of the medium
initially.

Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

1 Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

For one-dimensional heat transfer through


a plane wall of thickness L, the specified
temperature boundary conditions can be
expressed as

where T1 and T2 are the specified


temperatures at surfaces at x = 0 and
x = L, respectively.
The specified temperatures can be
constant, which is the case for steady
heat conduction, or may vary with time.

Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

2 Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


The heat flux in the positive x-direction anywhere in the
medium, including the boundaries

Special Case 1: Insulated Boundary


A well-insulated surface is a surface with
heat flux is zero. Then the boundary
condition on a perfectly insulated surface
(at x = 0,) can be expressed as

Special Case 2: Thermal Symmetry


Two surfaces of thickness L exposed to the same
thermal conditions, and thus the temperature
distribution in one half of the plate is the same as
that in the other half.
Thus, the heat transfer in this plate possesses
thermal symmetry about the center plane at x = L/2.
Therefore, the center plane can be viewed as an
insulated surface, and the thermal condition at
this plane of symmetry can be expressed as

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Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

11

3 Convection Boundary Condition


The convection boundary conditions on both surfaces in the
figure can be expressed as:

12

Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

13

4 Radiation Boundary Condition


Radiation boundary condition on a surface:

The radiation boundary conditions in the figure


can be expressed as

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Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

15

5 Interface Boundary Conditions


Interface boundary conditions are based
on
(1) two bodies must have the same
temperature at the area of contact
(2) an interface surface cannot store any
energy, and thus the heat flux on the two
sides of an interface must be the same.

The boundary conditions at the interface


of two bodies A and B in perfect contact at
x = x0 can be expressed as

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Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions

17

6 Generalized Boundary Conditions


In general, however, a surface may involve convection,
radiation, and specified heat flux simultaneously.
The boundary condition in such cases is again obtained
from a surface energy balance, expressed as

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19

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21

22

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25

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27

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HEAT GENERATION IN A SOLID


Many practical heat transfer applications
involve the conversion of some form of energy
into thermal energy in the medium.

The process involve internal heat generation,


which explain by a rise in temperature
throughout the medium.
Some examples of heat generation are
- resistance heating in wires,
- chemical reactions in a solid, and
- nuclear reactions in nuclear fuel rods
where electrical, chemical, and nuclear
energies are converted to heat, respectively.
Heat generation in an electrical wire of outer
radius ro and length L can be expressed as

29

The main parameters involve are surface


temperature Ts and the maximum temperature
Tmax that occurs in the medium in steady
operation. Thus, the energy balance become:

and

Thus,

Eq. 2.66

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When inner medium of cylinder generate


heat and transfer the heat to the outer
surface as shown in Fig. 2-55
where

and

become

Where T0 is centerline temperature of


cylinder, which is the maximum
temperature

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For plane wall

and sphere

32

VARIABLE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, k(T)


When the variation of thermal conductivity with
temperature in a specified temperature interval is
large, it may be necessary to account for this
variation to minimize the error.
When the variation of thermal conductivity with
temperature k(T) is known, the average value of
the thermal conductivity in the temperature range
between T1 and T2 can be determined from

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The variation in thermal conductivity of a material with


temperature can be approximated as a linear function and
expressed as

temperature coefficient
of thermal conductivity.
The average value of thermal conductivity
in the temperature range T1 to T2 in this
case can be determined from

The average thermal conductivity in this


case is equal to the thermal conductivity
value at the average temperature.

34

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Problem 1
When a long section of a compressed air line passes
through the outdoors, it is observed that the moisture in
the compressed air freezes in cold weather, disrupting
and even completely blocking the air flow in the pipe. To
avoid this problem, the outer surface of the pipe is
wrapped with electric strip heaters and then insulated.
Consider a compressed air pipe of length L= 6 m, inner
radius r1 =3.7 cm, outer radius r2= 4.0 cm, and thermal
conductivity k=14 W/mC equipped with a 300-W strip
heater. Air is flowing through the pipe at an average
temperature of -10C, and the average convection heat
transfer coefficient on the inner surface is h=30 W/m2C.
Assuming 15 percent of the heat generated in the strip
heater is lost through the insulation, (a) express the
differential equation and the boundary conditions for
steady one-dimensional heat conduction through the
pipe, (b) obtain a relation for the
in the pipe material by solving the differential equation,
and (c) evaluate the inner and outer surface
temperatures of the pipe.
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Problem 2
A spherical container of inner radius r1=2 m, outer radius r2=2.1 m, and
thermal conductivity k=30 W/mC is filled with iced water at 0C. The
container is gaining heat by convection from the surrounding air at 25C with
a heat transfer coefficient of h=18 W/m2C. Assuming the inner surface
temperature of the container to be 0C, (a) express the differential equation
and the boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional heat conduction
through the container, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in
the container by solving the differential equation, and (c) evaluate the rate of
heat gain to the iced water.

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Solution

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Problem 3
In a food processing facility, a spherical container of inner radius r1=40 cm,
outer radius r2=41 cm, and thermal conductivity k=1.5 W/mC is used to store
hot water and to keep it at 100C at all times. To accomplish this, the outer
surface of the container is wrapped with a 500-W electric strip heater and
then insulated. The temperature of the inner surface of the container is
observed to be nearly 100C at all times. Assuming 10 percent of the heat
generated in the heater is lost through the insulation, (a) express the
differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional
heat conduction through the container, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of
temperature in the container material by solving the differential equation, and
(c) evaluate the outer surface temperature of the container. Also determine
how much water at 100C this tank can supply steadily if the cold water enters
at 20C.

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Solution

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