What is ERP and Its need

Enterprise-wide system integrates the business functions and processes of an

organization. Integration of business functions into one seamless application
Produce, share and access information in Real-time environment. Helps the
organization to run smoothly. Usually runs on a RDBMS. Replaces Countless
Departmental and Workgroup Information Systems

Overstocking at some warehouses;

under stocking at others
Accounts receivables not claimed
Payroll processing not representing
sales rep's latest account wins
Balance sheets do not show proper
depreciation of assets
Underuse of Transportation facilities
More inventory cycle times

ERP Tangible Benefits

Eliminates the duplication and redundancy in data .

Improved business processes providing a competitive advantage.
Better monitoring and quicker resolution of queries from within and outside.
Availability of timely, accurate information with detailed content and better presentation
Reduction in paperwork because of online formats for entering and retrieving
information.
greater and effective control on accounts payable through better invoicing and payment
processing.
Improved supply- demand linkage with remote location and branches in other country.

ERP InTangible Benefits

Improved customer service and satisfaction

Increased flexibility in operations
Improved resource utility, reduced quality cost and information accuracy.
Improved decision making processes due to availability of online information.

Disadvantages Of ERP

ERP implementation is very difficult. There is a change in the way business is done.
From a business function approach to a process approach.
ERP systems are very expensive to implement. Can take years and cost 10s of millions
of dollars.
It takes time to realize the benefits of an ERP system.
Forces people to change and change = resistance:
Share information that was once closely guarded (i.e., their information).
Make decisions they were never required to make.
Do things they were never required to do before
ERP systems are strategic solutions. In essence some companies are betting their future
on a successful ERP implementation.
If the implementation fails, the consequences to the company can be terrible.
Companies have gone out of business as a result of a failed ERP implementation effort.

ERP Architecture
Requirement with ERP Architecture

ERP Modules and Functions

ERP Implementation Strategies

ERP Product evaluation criteria

Functionality, Technology, Vendor, Support, Costs

Functional fit with the companys Business processes

Degree of integration between the various components of the ERP systems
flexibility and scalability
complexity; user friendliness
Reputation of the ERP product
Quick implementation; shortened ROI period
Ability to support multi site planning and control
technology; client/server capabilities, database independence, security
Availability of regular updates
availability of reference sites
Total cost, including cost of license, training, implementation, maintenance,
customization, and hardware requirement.

ERP Implementation Phases

1. Project Preparation, in which the project team is identified and mobilized, the
project standards are defined, and the project work environment is set up;
2. Blueprint, in which the business processes are defined and the business blueprint
document is designed;
3. Realization, in which the system is configured, knowledge transfer occurs,
extensive unit testing is completed, and data mappings and data requirements for
migration are defined;
4. Final Preparation, in which final integration testing, stress testing, and conversion
testing are conducted, and all end users are trained; and

5. Go-Live and Support, in which the data is migrated from the legacy systems, the
new system is activated, and post-implementation support is provided.

The ERP Conundrum: Vanilla, Customized or Configured

When implementing a new ERP system or simply upgrading your current one, questions arise as
to what approach best meets your organizations business requirements. While solutions and
factors vary greatly from one scenario to the next, we examined common themes in the industry
and identified three common, high-level strategies for ERP system implementations: vanilla,
customized, and configured.

Defining
So what are these methods, and how do they differ? When I say vanilla, Im simply referring
to an out-of-the-box implementation style that has little to no modification; it is the vanilla ice
cream of systems with no hot fudge or fancy sprinkles. Its simple, and often, theres a whole
other side to your sundae that youre missing out on (but more on that later). Customized, on the
other hand, refers to modifying and changing a systems source code to such a degree that any
system upgrades require additional programming and resources from your organization think
building an elaborate addition to your home and attempting to fix the cracked foundation after.
And lastly, configured is an implementation style that leverages a system with inherent, built-in
flexibility.

Vanilla | The Porridge is Too Cold

Vanilla implementation may be a viable option for small organizations with annual revenue of no
more than $5M, requiring only basic accounting functionality; however, for many organizations
vanilla ERP implementation requires reworking business processes. An organization may choose
vanilla implementation in an attempt to ensure project success and avoid costly and complex
upgrades, but this is easy implementation is not a strategic solution and the trade-offs result in
inadequate functionality for many mid-market companies. Moreover, reengineering business
processes requires change and adaptation by users, which may or may not be forthcoming.

Customized | The Porridge is Too Hot

Previous generations of ERP software were often accompanied by a lot of customization, and as
a result, complexity and risk increased for implementation, enhancements and upgrades. Many
companies have opted simply not to upgrade their existing, customized ERP system because
doing so would require a substantial financial and resource commitment by the organization. In
an attempt to mitigate obstacles in regards to successful ERP implementation and management,
the current trend for customization is avoidance, which over the long-term, means falling short
on functionality.

Keep in mind that for newer generation ERP systems the term customization is sometimes
used as a catch-all for describing configuration and/or integration capabilities, which well
discuss next.

Configured | The Porridge is Just Right

Newer generation ERP systems have addressed the shortcomings of vanilla ERP implementation
as well as the headaches of customizing previous generation ERP systems. Advancements
targeting these issues have led to powerful configuration and integration capabilities.
Today, powerful modern ERP solutions deliver configuration functionality enabling chameleonlike adaptability that creates industry-specific ERP solutions, addressing everything from
business products and processes to compliance regulations. ERP vertical offerings are preconfigured ERP systems that deliver functionality tailored to specific industries based on proven
market best practices. Powerful configuration capabilities also extend beyond ERP verticals to
deliver strategic implementation with unique functionality to become an organizations true
competitive advantage (for more information on that, read our latest techbITes newsletter). Also,
as a general rule of thumb, the systems source code is not altered, allowing the organization to
remain on the most current version of software.
Integration is closely related to the configured style of implementation and is another key feature
in finding a system that is just right. Most organizations require their ERP system to integrate
or share processes and data with other business applications, both internal and external.
Integrating with a separate, custom application may just be the solution an organization needs to
meet the unique demands of a mission critical business process, and application program
interface (APIs), the software gateways permitting integration into third party applications, can
be the means to this end. An ERP system with an open, API-centric architecture adds
functionality to the system without changing the systems source code and, therefore, is able to
sustain integration capabilities alongside system upgrades.

Introduction to ERP critical success and Failure Factors

ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP is an integration of business management
practices and modern technology. ERP is the tool to integrate all departments and functions
across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments
particular needs. [1] The typical of ERP system can combine inventory data with human
resource, finance, and sales data. This capacity enables the business to manage human resource,
manage supply chain, price product, produce financial statement and control financial resource
effectively. [2]ERP also enables management a better overview of all of the companys operation
and managements activities. The examples of ERP software are SAP and People Soft. ERP
system is unite and link together multiple processes and parts of the business. The system also
centralizes the data in one place, which can eliminate the problem synchronizing changes
between multiple systems.

Due to complexity and high investment, time consuming of moving process to ERP system, most
of the firms purchase ERP software, instead of developing. Many businesses reluctant to choose
suitable ERP to their need and the result of implementation ERP is not always successful. Many
firms have installed ERP system but abandon their implementation later. [3] The study of critical
success factors helps firms to have better analysis and avoid the pitfalls. Also, organizations must
pursue and evaluate the performance of ERP project by using solid parameters and indicator to
measure the success of ERP project.

Analysis Critical Success Factors in ERP implementation

ERP success refers to the utilization of the system to enhance organizational goals. The critical
success factors from this report have been studied from many different perspectives, such as
social enabler, strategic factors, selection of software and etc., In order to succeed in ERP
project, business or organization should consider these success factors before implement ERP.
The study of CSFs implementation can help organization to identify practical activities that are
important to ERP implementation, contribute to decreasing the uncertainties related to ERP
implementation, and help all project actors to better control the various areas of expertise
required. The process of identifying CSFs helps to ensure that those factors receive the necessary
attention and these directly affect to the success of ERP projects. [4]
1. Change management and organization culture
This factor is about the need for the implementation team to a change management program. [4]
Building user acceptance and a positive employee attitude are very important to this concept.
One of the important parts in change management is training. Change management should start
as soon as possible and should start to get support at mid-level managers. The actions/practices
supporting change management are: 1) Make sure that executive management support the ERP
project. 2) Assess the organizations capacity to accept the change. 3) Provide training
throughout the organization. 4) Communicate the benefits of changes. 5) Form the mitigate plan.
6) Reduce the resistance at the beginning of change. 7) Motivate employee throughout the
project. 8) Train project leader to handle with change management problems. [5]----[Top]
2. Business process reengineering (BPR) and customization
Business Process Reengineering is fundamental steps undertaken prior to ERP implementation.
BPR take a major role in analyst and suggestion the structural changes. Also, feasibility study is
one part of the BPR. It is very important process because it helps in knowing how the
organization should be customized in order to implement EPR. [6] One of the results of BPR is
to complete description of how the business will operate after implement ERP package. In order
to practice the BPR, the business must review the business processes by using appropriate tools.
Processes and activities have to be aligned with new system. BPR activities must put in the plan.
Business should keep in mind that the best way to manage change is to adopt it. The examples of
action that should include in this factor are 1) Inform the limited of BPR. 2) Record specific
reengineering activities in the plan. 3) Minimize the customization of the application. [5]

Customization is an integral part of ERP implementation. The goal of customization in ERP

implementation is to ensure that the companies requirements match with ERP solution. Deciding
the degree of customization for an ERP system is an important decision. The companies might
need help from consultants since this process require a strong working knowledge of ERP
system. Customization relates to both ERPs success and achieving user satisfaction. Therefore,
customization in ERP affects directly to ERPs success. [7] ERP often requires extensive
customization but customization of the system should be avoided or should be kept at the
minimum level because customization associates with a longer time and higher cost of
implementation. According to Kumar, he mention that the customization should less than 30%
[8] ----[Top]
3. ERP team composition, skill and compensation
This factor is about the combination of member and skill in ERP team. The actions/practitioners
that organization should practices are 1) Ensure that in the ERP team includes people both
business and technical knowledge. The selection of the implementation, vendors and consultant
is important to the project. 2) Ensure that team leader posses the authority that is recognized
throughout the organization. Also, team leader needs to have adequate decision making power. 3)
Encourage member to get involved in the project. 4) Team should be balance and cross
functional. The representative should include both internal staff and consultant. [5]
4. Project management
Effective project management is important to the success of ERP implementation. This concept
refers to the ongoing management of the implementation plan. [4] Project management includes
defining the requirement of the project, planning stages, assigning the responsibilities to various
members, and training and determining the measure of success. The actions that favor project
management are 1) The scope of ERP implementation project should be clearly defined. The
delivery date and milestone should be clearly stated and realistic. 2) Prepare the material, people
and financial resource available to the project. 3) Because many parties involved in ERP project,
it is need to coordinate project activities across all parties. 4) Assess project managers
competency Confirm the scope such as, timeline, risk and resource with a projects manager. 5)
Continuous monitor is needed for project management to ensure that the project is in the scope 6)
Plan risk management process. [5]----[Top]
5. End-user involvement
Many company neglects to involve end-users requirement and eventually lead to the failure of
the project. End-user must be involved in the project at the beginning of the project until the end.
This involvement ensures that the system respond to users need, easy to use and less resistance.
The ERP package that is selected must support the organizations business process. Also, it must
meet the information and functional needs of the organization. [9] The actions that favor enduser involvement are 1) Provide training program that enable users knowledge and their needs.
2) Investigate and collect users requirement. 3) Identify way or plan approach of getting user
involvement during the development process. [5]----[Top]

6. Knowledge management and consultant selection

It refers to exchange of information within the team and the organization. The actions that
support knowledge management are 1) Build channel and climate to exchange the information
within the company. 2) Encourage as many people as possible trained to the new system by the
consultants. Inadequate training causes failure in ERP implementation. 3) Create support
programs with the consulting firms. [5] Because ERP project implementation is costly and timeconsuming, many companies seek helps from consultants. ERP consultants transfer the
knowledge and business practices in an ERP packages into the customers. Good consultant
should show five roles which are

Expert: this role refers to the ability to provide knowledge and skill. A consultant can
provide useful knowledge and skill to his/her customer.

Manager: this role refers to the ability to manage and control the project.

Researcher: this role refers to the ability to obtain, analyze and interpret objective data in
scientific manner.

Counselor: the consultant requires formal method and knowledge to client in learning
process.

Politician: this role refers to the ability to politically sophisticated and active in order to
be success in management consulting projects. [10]----[Top]

7. Software selection
There is a strong relationship between ERP success and software selection. It is very important to
choose right ERP software. [11] Businesses need to start with defining the processes within the
organization and determine function that is critical to the operation. It is important to keep in
mind that the system must match with the system process. The organization should think of core
business function. For example, if the business is manufacturer, manufacturing is the core
business function. Therefore, business should focus on the package that is designed specifically
for manufacturers and specific type of manufacturing. In other word, business need to choose
one that meets the specific requirements completely. Also, the requirements of companies can
change. Organization should choose software that is able to meet the present and potential future
requirements. [12]----[Top]
Top four mistakes in software selection process

Not knowing what the company really need in ERP software: the issues that companies
should consider before selecting ERP software are 1) the companies should determine
what they really for their own business, they must think of core business function and
focus on the package that is designed specifically for and met the specific requirements
completely. 2) It will often depend on the problems that the businesses are trying to solve.

3) The size and structure of the company. For example, small to mid size companies who
have limited resource and budget might consider a fully integrates ERP software system.
This type of system allows organizations to streamline processes and achieve improved
productivity at a lower cost and with fewer resources.

Not recognizing the uniqueness of business: each industry has unique characteristics and
needs. Companies must to choose software that enhance the business, not limit the
capabilities. First of all, companies need to define the core businesses and business
requirements. The software the businesses choose should fit to the industry and tailor for
the businesses. By choosing ERP software solutions that is specialized for businesses
industry, companies will be able to get a specific targeted solution to meet unique
business needs. The right solution will improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhanced
profitability.

Not choosing the right vendor: one of the most common mistakes in software selection is
choosing an ERP software vendor who doesn't know your business. It is unnecessary to
choose the big vendor but it is better to pick the partner who already known and
understand buyers industry. By choosing a partner who has in-depth understanded
buyers industry and known where your industry's future is headed will help the company
achieve more rapid deployment, be more cost effective, and be more efficient with the
use of your ERP software solution.

Not giving ERP software implementation the attention it needs

This mistake falls into 1) Lack of attention from project manager, the majority of
successful implementations occurs when the customer's Project Manager dedicates 8090% of their time to the implementation project. The role of the Project Manager is to
streamline the process and keep things in check. 2) not documenting business process
flows when implementation is complete. Documenting the process helps company in
situation that an employee leaves or changes position. 3) Inadequate training program.
Employees should continue to receive training after the software has been implemented.
4) Proper and thorough testing is another common oversight when implementing ERP
software. It is necessary to perform test all of businesses data, procedure and process
where users from each department of your organization do their job using real data.
Testing allow business to identify any errors or misunderstanding in the process flows
before it launch. [13]

8. Data accurate and integrity

The availability and accuracy of systems data is very important to the success of ERP project.
The business must make a right decision in loading useful data to the system since problem with
data causes serious delay in the project. [4]----[Top]
Other critical successful factors that business should consider
9. Top management commitment and support

This concept refers to the need to have commitment from leadership at the top level and the need
for senior management who would be involved in the strategic planning and technically oriented.
[4] Top management should be willing to allocate the enough resource such as money and time
to the ERP project. The examples of action presented for the top management support factor are
1) Identify selected top management member. 2) Inform selected members of top management
about the detail of the projects processes and projects impact on the company. 3) Set up
management committee. 4) Plant for meeting management ex. monthly meeting. 5) Include top
management in the decision-making process and/or project follow-up activities [5].
10. Business plan, vision and mission
The business must have clear visions and business plan for ERP project. It is very important to
identify goal before implement ERP project. Business plan reflect a long term vision. Clear
vision and mission provide the guideline for ERP implementation. [10] The vision and mission
must specific target, goal and clear measurement. The business plan must include benefit, costs,
risks and a timeline. [14] Those information need to be well understood and clear. Provide a clear
link between the business goals and IS strategy. More important, goal should be measureable.
[4] The examples action that support business plan, vision and mission are 1) Identify and
formally communicate the link between the ERP and the companys strategy. 2) Throughout the
project, re-evaluate the achievement of goal. 3) Get the consensus from management team
relating to the goal of the implementation. 4) Define ERP implementation as the companys most
important project. [5]
11. Effective Communication
Effective communication must start with communication plan. Expectation and goals must be
communicated effectively throughout the organization. It is essential for stakeholder to know and
understand the capabilities and limitations of the ERP system. The actions that support effective
communication are 1) Create the communication plan at the beginning of the project. 2) The
language that has been used to communicate be understandable for all members. 3) Centralize
information for a common understanding of decisions. [5]----[Top]

ERP Performance Evaluation and measurement

ERP performance evaluation is an important step that helps a company analyzing the
contribution of ERP. ERP evaluation refers to the systematic procedures followed to estimate the
performance of ERP in a company. This is not a one step process and it should be a part of the
organizational study and as well as be done from time to time [5]. The evaluation helps
organization to analyze the contribution of ERP to its business. The study of ERP performance
evaluation helps firms to avoid pitfalls on ERP implementation. [15]In order to evaluate the ERP
performance, the businesses must deicide and stick on to one particular method. [16]The
assessment should set up within the time gap of three, six and twelve months. The frequency of
assessment depends on many factors like the volume of business, ability to adapt to change and
the characteristics features of the software that is in use. [17]

The evaluation of ERP requires deep understanding of the major impact ERP has on the business
strategy, the organizational structure and role of people in the organization throughout the
project. [18]
Due to the complexity of ERP and the intangible of ERP implementation, the evaluation must be
both quantitative and qualitative. According to the research of Chen and Wang, they mentioned
about indicators of each area which are

Qualitative indicators include

o Human resources include personnel quality and management quality. The
personnel quality is the knowledge level, professional standards, and corporate
culture. Management quality includes the operator's decision-making level.
o Hardware resources refer to a variety of hardware involved in establishment of
ERP systems.
o Software resources refer to the performance of the ERP software.

Quantitative indicators consist of seven areas which are

o Business ability of innovation and learn, which are business model innovation and
business process innovation
o Marketing, including sales, orders and inventories.
o Business operations management, including enterprise production management,
logistic distribution and financial management.
o

Financial condition includes overall budget, the ability of using financial

indicators to monitor the production and operation management.

Assets operation.

Information Resources, specifically the ERP application level and application

status.

o Business development capability, which is a comprehensive economic indicators.

[15]
In the ERP traditional measuremen, ROI is one of the most important parameter in assessment
which decides if ERP should be a part of the organization or if it should be given a go by. This is
because a lot of money is spent on ERP implementing and training. [6]
One of the important flamework used to evaluate ERP is Balanced Scorecard Approach. The
BSC is a framework that constructs the important and relevant KPIs or the key performance

indicators for performance measurement and management. Aside from the traditional measures
that are associated with the financial aspect, the ERP scorecard has now widened in its effects
including internal processes, customers and learning and innovation. Therefore, the ERP
scorecard contains the non financial as well as the less tangible features of the business including
response time, the implementation and the business functions that support ERP. [19]----[Top]

Conclusion
A successful ERP implementation project brings many benefits to organization. For example, by
eliminating redundant information and computer systems, ERP may lead to a reduction in overall
information technology costs. It also can shorten production cycles, improve customer services,
increase the accuracy of demand forecasts, and reduce expense from operating expenses [20]. In
addition, up-to-date and accurate data improved the companys ability to track and control
inventory and forecast future demand, this eventually led to inventory reduction.The
disadvantages of ERP is expensive. ERP hav many hidden cost, such as training cost, testing ,
data analysis, data conversion,etc., [21]Even though, successful ERP implementation brings
many benefits to companies, many organizations fail to implement ERP project. This is because
the complexity and difficult to control. The study of critical success factors in ERP
implementation is an approach that can apply to all ERP projects and this help organization to
have better analysis and successful in ERP project.