HOMEWORK

ADVANCED FINITE ELEMENT PROJECT

STUDENT:
T.ARRIESSA SUKHAIRI (108013235855)

Contents
1. Introduction.
2. Problem Description.
3. Analysis Step.
1. Pre-Processing.
2. Creating Part.
3. Property
4. Assembly
5. Defining Step
6. BCs
7. Load
8. Mesh
9. Job
10. Result
4. Summary

1. Introduction
ABAQUS is one of Finite Element Analysis Software, whereas used in a lot of industries
like automotive, aerospace etc. The ABAQUS interface is shown in the figure 1.

Figure 1: ABAQUS Interface

2. Problem Description
Nowadays, bicycle is one of a very famous transportation in the world, and it has become a
lifestyle for every people. There is a lot of type of bicycle, such as mountain bikes, touring bikes,
road bike and etc. The material and the design of the bicycle frame have a very big impact through
the development of the bicycle. In this case, I take the bicycle in the figure 2 to do the analysis.

Figure 2. Sport Bikes (source : www.Google.com)

The 3 dimensional frame is made from Steel with the (E = 210 Gpa, v = 0.3 and density =
7.85*1000 kg/m3 ) oriented as shown below. It is simple supported at is front wheel and rear wheel.

A concentrated load of 600 N is applied as a seat load and 200 N concentrated load as the pedal
load.

Figure 3. Frame in XY plane

Figure 4. Frame in XZ Plane

Determine the magnitude and depth of plastic strain for this frame.
3. Analysis Step
1. Pre-processing
1. start ABAQUS CAE

figure 5. Pre-Processing.
2. create a model database to create a new model.
2. Creating Part
This module is used to draw the model that we are going to analysed. We can draw a

whole model into a small part, in which we can assembly the entire model later. Here
the model is divided into two parts, Frame right and Frame left.
1. Frame Right
1. In the Menu Bar click Parts set the name (Frame right) 3D Deformable
Point Continue.

figure 6.Creating Part Interface

2. Enter the first coordinate point 0, 100, 0. this point will be our first reference
point (A1).
3. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
the last point as reference point), then enter 0, 25, 0 (A2).
4. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
the last point as reference point), then enter 150, 0, 0 (A3).
5. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
the last point as reference point), then enter 150, -125, 10 (A4).
6. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
A1 as reference point), then enter 50, -25, 0 (A5).
7. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
A3 as reference point), then enter -25, -125, 0 (A6).

Figure 7 Coordinate
8. Then, click create wire point to point

figure 8 Create Wire Point to Point

1. Use a Polyline add select point A1 to A2 Ok.
2. Use a Spline Add select point A2 to A3 to A4 Ok.
3. Use a Spline Add select point A1 to A5 to A6 Ok.

Figure 9 Frame Sketch

2. Frame Left
we used the same procedure as the Frame right, the only difference is the coordinate
of the point A4, whereas the coordinate at Z direction is -10
1. In the Menu Bar click Parts set the name (Frame right) 3D Deformable
Point Continue
2. Enter the first coordinate point 0, 100, 0. this point will be our first reference
point (A1).
3. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
the last point as reference point), then enter 0, 25, 0 (A2).
4. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
the last point as reference point), then enter 150, 0, 0 (A3).
5. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
the last point as reference point), then enter 150, -125, -10 (A4).
6. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
A1 as reference point), then enter 50, -25, 0 (A5).
7. Then create datum point by click create datum point - offset from point ( we used
A3 as reference point), then enter -25, -125, 0 (A6).
8. Then, click create wire point to point
1. Use a Polyline add select point A1 to A2 Ok.
2. Use a Spline Add select point A2 to A3 to A4 Ok.
3. Use a Spline Add select point A1 to A5 to A6 Ok.
3. Property
This module is used to define the material properties that will be used in the model.
Figure 10 is the stress strain data of steel. this data is taken from Hormoz Zareh & Jenna
Bell ABAQUS/CAE Material Non-linearity Tutorial

Figure 10 Strain Stress data

1. Click Material Set the Name of Material (Steel) and give the properties of the
materials.

Figure 11 material menu

1. Click general density

input the value of the material density 7.85*1000 kg/m3
2. Click Mechanical Elasticity Elastic
input the value of young modulus 210e11 and poison's ratio 0.3
3. Click Mechanical Plasticity Plastic
input the value of yield stress and Plastic Strain from the figure 11.

figure 12 material properties

4. Click Ok.
2. Then, define and assign the section properties for this Bicycle frame.
1. First of all, define the cross section profiles. We use pipe profile for this frame
1. Click Profiles
2. The Name of the profile is Profile-1
3. Shape pipe.
4. Continue
5. Thin walled ; radius = 2 cm; Thickness = 0.5 cm.
6. Click OK

Figure 13 Profile menu

2. Then, we create the section

1. Click Section
2. Name the section Pipe
3. Select Beam -> Beam
4. Continue
5. Choose the profile Name Profile-1
6. Choose the material name is Steel
7. OK

Figure 14
3. Then, we create Beam Section Orientation
1. Click Assign Beam Orientation
2. Select the entire Body
3. Enter an approximate n1 direction (0, 0, -1)

Figure 15

Figure 16
4. Click Ok to confirm.
4. Assembly
1. Expand assembly
2. Select Instance
3. Select the Parts (Left Frame, Right Frame)
4. Click Ok
5. Click Merge/Cut Instances
6. Select Left Frame and Right Frame
7. Give the name Frame
8. Merge Geometry - suppress original instances remove intersecting boundaries.
9. Click Continue.

Figure 15

5. Defining Step
1. In the model tree on the left, double click on Steps
2. Name the step Step-1
3. Select General for Procedure type
4. and set it to be a Static, General
5. Click Continue
6. On the Basic tab, give the step a description and On the Incrementation tab, Set the
initial increment size to 0.05 and Set the maximum increment size to 0.2
7. Click OK

Figure 16
6. Boundary Conditions
1. We create two boundary conditions for the bridge 3D.
1. First Bcs :
1. Name the boundary condition Front Wheel
2. Select Initial for Step
3. Select Mechanical for Category
4. Select Displacement/Rotation for Type of Selected Step
5. Click Continue
6. Select point A1
7. Click Done
8. Check U1, U2, U3
9. Click OK

Figure 17
2. Second BCs :
1. Name the boundary condition Rear Wheel
2. Select Initial for Step
3. Select Mechanical for Category
4. Select Displacement/Rotation for Type of Selected Step
5. Click Continue
6. Select Point A4 Left and A4 Right
7. Click Done
8. Check U1, U3
9. Click OK

Figure 18

3. Third Bcs :
1. Name the boundary condition Front Wheel
2. Select Initial for Step
3. Select Mechanical for Category
4. Select Displacement/Rotation for Type of Selected Step
5. Click Continue
6. Select point A2
7. Click Done
8. Check U1, U2, U3
9. Click OK
7. Load
1. In the model tree on the left, double click on Loads. We create two Loads in this
case
1. First Load :
1. Name of the boundary condition Seat.
2. Select Step-1 for Step
3. Select Mechanical for Category
4. Select Concentrated Load for Type of Selected Step
5. Click Continue
6. Select Point A3
7. Click Continue
8. Set values 400 Kg for Component 2
9. Click OK

Figure 19
2. Second Load :

1. Name of the boundary condition Pedal.

2. Select Step-1 for Step
3. Select Mechanical for Category
4. Select Concentrated Load for Type of Selected Step
5. Click Continue
6. Select Point A6
7. Click Continue
8. Set values -200 for Component 2
9. Click OK

Figure 20
8. Mesh
In the model tree on the left, under Parts, Frame, double click on Mesh
1. Select Mesh -> Element Type.
1. In the prompt area, select the entire geometry
2. Select Beam
3. Click Continue
4. Select Standard for Element Library
5. Select Linear for Geometric Order

6. Select Beam for Family

7. Click OK

Figure 21
2. Click Seed Edges icon
1. Select Set 1
2. Click Continue
3. Select By number for Method
4. Set Number of elements = 15
5. Click OK

Figure 22
1. Click OK ->Dismiss -> Done
2. Click Mesh Part Instance -> Yes

Figure 23
9. Job
Creating and Submitting an analysis Job
1. In the model tree on the left, double click on the Jobs
1. Name the job Static
2. Click Continue
2. expand Jobs
1. Right click on Static
2. Click Submit
10. Results
1. Plotting deformation shape
1. After ABAQUS finishes calculation, right click on Static and click Results
2. Click Plot Deformed Shape (green)
3. Click Allow Multiple Plot States
4. Click Plot Undeformed Shape (White)

Figure 24

2. Viewing stresses
1. Click Allow Multiple Plot States again
2. Click Plot Contours on Deformed Shape
3. From main menu, select Result -> Field Output -> Stress components at
integration points

Figure 25
3. Viewing reaction forces
1. Select Reaction force at node
2. To show components of reaction forces, select RF1 or RF2 -> Click OK

Figure 26
4. Plot Load-Displacement graphic
1. Click Create XY Data.
2. Choose OBD field output.
3. Collect the data of reaction forces.
1. Variables, select Unique Nodalas Position.
2. Select RF1
3.

Elements/Nodes, Pick From Viewport - Edit Selection Add Node .

4.

Save OK.

4. Collect the data of displacement.

1. Variables, select Unique Nodalas Position.

2. Select U2
3.

Elements/Nodes, Pick From Viewport - Edit Selection Add Node .

4.

Save OK.

5. Click Create XY Data.

6. Choose Operate on XY Data
7. Click Combine(X,X)
8. Select The U2, RF1
9. Click Plot Expression.

Figure 27 Load Displacement Diagram

5. Viewing Plastic Strain Related Output (PE and PEEQ)
1. Select PE (see Figure 27)
2. Select PEEQ (see Figure 28)

Figure 27

Figure 28
In this case, there is no Plastic zone in this problem. We need to try to increase
the load to check in which condition this structure will get a plastic zone.
3. For this case we apply 3 different magnitude of the concentrated force, 600 N,
800 N, 1000 N, However there is no plasticity happen in this structure. Then we
try to change the dimension of the cross-section to become Radius 0.1 m and
thickness 0.05 m. As a result there is plasticity. (see PE in figure 29 and PEEQ in
figure 30

Figure 29

Figure 30

4. Summary
The computation of the frame is successfully completed. In which we can find the plasticity
zone in this case. Besides reducing loads, there are some others criteria to avoid the
plasticity, such as changing the dimensions of the Cross-sections and material properties. In
the case of this bicycle frame the plasticity zone is at the seat and rear wheel. Here I apply
the concentrated force in seat and pedal of the bicycle and to solve this problem to avoid
plasticity I change the dimension of the cross-sections of the bicycle frame.