111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1Arduino PID

Example Lab
Andres LaRosa & Bret Comnes
Portland State University
1. Introduction to PID
PID (Proportional, Integral, Differential) is a control algorithm that
tries to compensate for characteristics in your system. There are
three primary components to think about in a PID control loop.
Each component is prefixed with a gain constant, and when added
together, give you the instantaneous control value that you use to
drive your system. Typically, you are generating a voltage to
control your system, so each component can be thought of as
contributing a particular voltage to your final output.
You will have voltage corresponding to the current state of your
system (position, temperature, etc) that is called your ``Process
Variable'' or PV. The PV is the value you pass to your PID control
loop to tell it about the state of the system. You also have a
setpoint (SP) voltage, corresponding to the state you wish your PV
to reach. Basically, you want your PID loop to drive your system so
that SP and PV are equal. Third, you have a control voltage, u,
which corresponds to the instantaneous voltage value you are using
to drive your system towards its SP voltage. Your control voltage u
can be thought of as what is actually sent to the system to steer it
where you want it to go. Its analogous to a gas pedal that your
control loop is controlling.
The PID algorithm is show in Equation 12.
t

u (t ) MV (t ) K p e(t ) K i e( )d K d
0

d
e(t )
dt

212\*

MERGEFORMAT (.)
There is a proportional, integral and differential part to Equation 12.
K
The constants p , K i , and K d are used to set the sign and
contribution gain of each part of this equation. e(t ) is your
proportional error corresponding to SP PV . The variable t
corresponds to the current time in our system, and is simply a
variable of integration.
The proportional portion of the equation takes into account how far
away our PV is from our SP . The differential part takes into account

how fast we are moving (if we move to fast near our SP , we will
over shoot), and can be used to reduce the proportional portion if
we are moving to fast, or speed us up if we are experiencing
resistance despite our proportional contribution.
The integral part of the equation takes into account how long we
have been off of the set point, contributing more to our output the
longer we are missing the SP . This is important because our P and
D contributions will typically lead our PV to sag slightly above or
below our SP variable. (PID controller, 2013)

2. Controlling an LED with PID

2.1.
Installing Arduino Libraries
Writing our own PID control loop isnt that hard, but there are a
lot of details to take into account. (Beauregard, 2013) A good
place to start is with an existing library, a set of tools someone
has written for us to easily grab and use. There is no sense in
re-inventing the wheel if we dont have to, and we can always go
back and attempt to implement our own algorithm if we wish
later. A decent place to start with an Arduino library is the
libraries documentation. (Beauregard, PIDLibrary, 2013). This
page will explain how to use the library, and is a good reference
if you ever get stuck. We first have to install the library.
First download the libarary. You can get it from
https://github.com/br3ttb/Arduino-PID-Library/archive/master.zip
or find someone in class who already has a copy and grab if off
of a thumb drive.
The next step varies from system to system so take your pick:
2.1.1. Windows
You can unzip the library to %userprofile
%\documents\Arduino\libraries
Make sure to grab the folder inside the folder that it is zipped
in. You might have to change any - characters in the folder
name to an underscore or else the Arduino IDE yells at you.
The final path should look something like:
%userprofile%\documents\Arduino\libraries\PID_v1
2.1.2. OS X
In OS X you can put the folder inside the zip into:
~/Documents/Arduino/libraries
2.2.
Using the PID Library
To use a library in code, simply go to the Toolbar -> Sketch ->
Import Library -> PID_v1. This should insert the following
code at the top of your program:

This enables us to use the code discussed on the PID

documentation website. (Beauregard, PIDLibrary, 2013)

2.3.

The code

#include <PID_v1.h>
const int photores = A0; // Photo resistor input
const int pot = A1; // Potentiometer input
const int led = 9; // LED output
double lightLevel; //variable that stores the incoming light level
// Tuning parameters
float Kp=0; //Initial Proportional Gain
float Ki=10; //Initial Integral Gain
float Kd=0; //Initial Differential Gain
double Setpoint, Input, Output; //These are just variables for storing values
PID myPID(&Input, &Output, &Setpoint, Kp, Ki, Kd, DIRECT); // This sets up our PDID
Loop
//Input is our PV
//Output is our u(t)
//Setpoint is our SP
const int sampleRate = 1; // Variable that determines how fast our PID loop runs
// Communication setup
const long serialPing = 500; //This determines how often we ping our loop
// Serial pingback interval in milliseconds
unsigned long now = 0; //This variable is used to keep track of time
// placehodler for current timestamp
unsigned long lastMessage = 0; //This keeps track of when our loop last spoke to
serial
// last message timestamp.
void setup(){
lightLevel = analogRead(photores); //Read in light level
Input = map(lightLevel, 0, 1024, 0, 255); //Change read scale to analog out scale
Setpoint = map(analogRead(pot), 0, 1024, 0, 255); //get our setpoint from our
pot
Serial.begin(9600); //Start a serial session
myPID.SetMode(AUTOMATIC); //Turn on the PID loop
myPID.SetSampleTime(sampleRate); //Sets the sample rate
Serial.println("Begin"); // Hello World!
lastMessage = millis(); // timestamp
}
void loop(){
Setpoint = map(analogRead(pot), 0, 1024, 0, 255); //Read our setpoint
lightLevel = analogRead(photores); //Get the light level
Input = map(lightLevel, 0, 900, 0, 255); //Map it to the right scale
myPID.Compute(); //Run the PID loop
analogWrite(led, Output); //Write out the output from the PID loop to our LED pin
now = millis(); //Keep track of time
if(now - lastMessage > serialPing) { //If its been long enough give us some info on
serial
// this should execute less frequently

// send a message back to the mother ship

Serial.print("Setpoint = ");
Serial.print(Setpoint);
Serial.print(" Input = ");
Serial.print(Input);
Serial.print(" Output = ");
Serial.print(Output);
Serial.print("\n");
if (Serial.available() > 0) { //If we sent the program a command deal with it
for (int x = 0; x < 4; x++) {
switch (x) {
case 0:
Kp = Serial.parseFloat();
break;
case 1:
Ki = Serial.parseFloat();
break;
case 2:
Kd = Serial.parseFloat();
break;
case 3:
for (int y = Serial.available(); y == 0; y--) {
Serial.read(); //Clear out any residual junk
}
break;
}
}
Serial.print(" Kp,Ki,Kd = ");
Serial.print(Kp);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(Ki);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.println(Kd); //Let us know what we just received
myPID.SetTunings(Kp, Ki, Kd); //Set the PID gain constants and start running
}
lastMessage = now;
//update the time stamp.
}
}

2.4.
Interpreting the code
You can get a copy of the code from:
https://github.com/bcomnes/315-labmicrocontroller/blob/master/code/pid_led_set_serial/pid_led_set_
serial.ino
You should have a good idea of what is going on at this point,
but to run through some new concepts, lets start with:
PID myPID(&Input, &Output, &Setpoint, Kp, Ki, Kd, DIRECT);

This line set up the PID library to use a PID process called
myPID. We could have called it Arnold if we wanted. Its just a
name. Any time we call
myPID.Compute();

subsequently, myPID will take the variables Input, Setpoint, Kp, Ki,
and Kd, and use them in its calculation, and then write whatever
it determines to Output. DIRECT simply tells our PID which
direction we are working in. If for example, the PID loop tries to
make the LED dimmer when it should actually get brighter, we
would change DIRECT to REVERSE.
The other weird thing that is going on is that we cant poll our
serial line too often, or else the PID loop would not work very
well. It would run to slowly. That is why we use time stamps to
keep track of how long ago we provided some serial line
feedback and decide whether to wait, or to write what our PID
loop is doing.
The third weird thing that we are doing, is that we check to see
if we have sent any commands to our Arduino every time we
write to the serial line. I set up a very simple command parser
that will take 3, comma separated float variables and set our Kp,
Ki, Kd respectively with the new values. This lets us play with the
tuning without having to re-flash our Arduino every time we
want to change the tuning values.

2.5.
Setting up the demo
Either type in the above code, or download it from the
website or get a copy on a flash drive from someone in
class. Set up the following schematic:

You should place your photo resistor so that it aims into the LED
output, or attach your LED to a wire so you can vary how close it
is to the photo resistor. Our initial values for our gains is 0 for
Kp and Kd, and 10 for Ki. This make sense since our LED needs
a constant voltage, and the Ki will turn itself up till it reaches
255 or the LED matches the desired set point.
With the LED close to your photo resistor, vary the
potentiometer. This should increase and decrease the
brightness of the LED. If you move the LED away, the PID loop
should try to compensate and turn up the brightness to match
the set point. If the set point is to low, the ambient light will be
enough to exceed the set point. Since our system has no way to
dim the room lights, it will simply settle for turning off
altogether.
In the serial monitor, send in a command of 0,0.5,0
without the quotes. The Arduino should parse it, and set Ki to
0.5 instead of 10. How does this change how fast the PID

loop reacts to environmental changes or changes in set

points?
You are free to play with different values of Kp and Kd, but due
to the quick response time and nature of an LED, these variable
are best left set to 0.

3. PID Temperature Control (Extra!)

If you wish, try using a temperature sensor instead of your photo
resistor. Instead of controlling an LED, use a fan. Be sure to use
an NPM transistor to power the fan however, as the Arduino
does not have enough current to drive it, and may shut down on
you. You can drive the base of the transistor with the same PWM
signal you used for the LED, but be sure to REVERSE the
direction of the PID loop.
ABSOLUTELY DO NOT APPLY MORE THAN 5V TO THE ARDINO.
Also, you shouldnt need more than about 0.2A to drive the fan.

Bibliography
PID controller. (2013, February 19). Retrieved February 2, 2013, from
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_control
Beauregard, B. (2013). Improving the Beginners PID Introduction.
Retrieved February 19, 2013, from brettbeauregard Project Blog:
http://brettbeauregard.com/blog/2011/04/improving-thebeginners-pid-introduction/
Beauregard, B. (2013). PIDLibrary. Retrieved from Arduino Playground:
http://playground.arduino.cc/Code/PIDLibrary
Colville, M. (n.d.). Process Control with a Microcontroller: PWM
output, PID control, and hardware implementation. 2012.
Portland, OR: Portland State University.