Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter One: Introduction
IntroductionConcept of Stress
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Introduction
Forces And Stresses
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
Shearing Stress
Bearing Stress In Connections
Application To The Analysis Of Simple Structures
Stress On An Oblique Plane Under Axial Loading
Stress Under General Loading Conditions: Components Of Stress
Ultimate And Allowable Stress: Factor Of Safety
Review And Summary
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the study of the mechanics of materials is to
provide the engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load-bearing structures. Both the analysis and the design
of a given structure involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This first chapter is devoted to the concept of stress.
1
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
Fig. 1.3
Fig. 1.4
From the free-body diagram of pin B and the force triangle (Fig. 1.3),
we obtain:
Stresses:
(1.1)
Fig. 1.5
Fig. 1.6
(member in tension)
Stress at point Q:
(1.1)
Fig. 1.7
Fig. 1.8
Fig. 1.9
Fig. 1.10
Fig. 1.11
6
Fig. 1.12
Fig. 1.13
P
A
The distribution of shearing stresses across the section cannot be
assumed uniform
Rivet single shear (free body diagram analysis)
ave =
Fig. 1.14
Fig. 1.15
Fig. 1.16
Fig. 1.17
ave =
P F
=
A 2A
Fig. 1.18
Fig. 1.19
Bearing stress:
b =
P P
=
A td
Fig. 1.20
= 0,
= 0,
M=0
ave
PinC
P
50 103 N
= =
= 102 MPa
A 491 10 6 m 2
Fig. 1.21
Fig. 1.22
For example: Pin at B, the largest shearing stress
occur in section G and H, where
B ,ave =
PG
25 kN
=
= 50.9 MPa
6
2
A 49110 m
Fig. 1.23
11
Fig. 1.24
we have:
F = P cos
V = P sin
F
P cos
P
=
=
cos 2
A A0
A0
cos
V
P sin
P
=
=
=
sin cos
A
A
A0
0
cos
Fig. 1.26
12
Or:
2 = 0 2
0
= 0
=
0
We can see that:
At = , = =
= 0
0
and
0 when
90
At = and = = 0
and at = 45,
= =
At = ,
20
= =
2 0
Fig. 1.27
0
2
13
Fig. 1.28
F x V yx Vzx
,
,
A A A
Fig. 1.30
Letting
components at point Q as
F x
x = lim
A0 A
xy = lim
A0
V yx
A
Vzx
xz = lim
A0 A
Fig. 1.32
F = F = F = 0
M = M = M = 0
x
Fig. 1.33
From
M = (
z
We have
xy
A)a ( yx A)a = 0
xy = yx
Similarly, yz
= zy yz = zy
Fig. 1.34
15
, ,
At a given point, shear cannot take place in one plane only; an equal
shear must be exerted on another plane perpendicular to the first
one
Fig. 1.35
Fig. 1.36
16
ultimate load
allowable load
ultimae stress
allowable stress
Fig. 1.37
Fig. 1.38
17
18
Bearing stress
Ultimate strength
Ultimate load and allowable load
Factor of safety
19