Mathematical Modelling of Buck Converter
Uploaded by
Editor IJRITCCMathematical Modelling of Buck Converter
Uploaded by
Editor IJRITCCInternational Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 2 Issue: 5
ISSN: 2321-8169
1226 1229
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Mathematical Modelling of Buck Converter
Rajvir Kaur
Navdeep Kaur
Student of M.Tech (Instrumentation and Control)
BBSB Engineering Collage
Fatehgarh Sahib, punjab
[email protected]
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering
BBSB Engineering Collage
Fatehgarh Sahib, punjab
[email protected]
AbstractA dc converter is a lossless dc transformer that must supply regulated outputted voltage under varying load and input
voltage condition. Also the converter values changes with time, temperature and pressure. Hence to control the output voltage,
detailed understanding of the dynamic behaviour, transient response and small signal characteristics of the converter is required,
which cant be understood by the physical model of the converter. So the mathematical modelling of the dc-dc converter is a way
to model them as time independent systems, defined by a unified set of differential equations, capable of representing circuit
waveforms. Therefore, it can be a convenient approach for designing controllers to be applied to switched converters. This paper
derives the mathematical modelling of a pulse width modulated (PWM) open loop buck converter operating in continuous
conduction mode (CCM) and presents its verification by simulation in SIMULINK. The parasitic resistance of reactive elements is
included in the circuit model in order to avoid the problem of inconsistent initial condition. (Abstract)
Keywords-state space modelling, buck converter, Simulink, Differential Equations
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I.
INTRODUCTION
The dc-dc converters can be viewed as dc transformer that
delivers a dc voltage or current at a different level than the
input source. Electronic switching performs this dc
transformation as in conventional transformers and not by
electromagnetic means.[1] The application of dc-dc converters
cover wide spectrum from power supply in hand held
calculator, through a variety of spacecraft systems including
solar array and battery power conditioning, to industrial
process control and electric utility bulk power.[2] This could
be viewed as fusion of control, power and electronics
disciples. The topology of DC-DC convertors consists of two
linear (resistor, inductor and capacitor) and nonlinear (diode
and active switch) parts. Because of the switching properties
of the power elements, the operation of these convertors varies
by time. [1]
A.
Buck converter
The buck converter is the most widely used dc-dc converter
topology in power management and microprocessor voltageregulator (VRM) applications. Those applications require fast
load and line transient responses and high efficiency over a
wide load current range.[3] They can convert a voltage source
into a lower regulated voltage. [2]
If the buck converter operates in Continuous Conduction
Mode (CCM), the relationship between the input voltage (Vi)
and the output voltage( Vo) is: [2]
=
(1)
The most common strategy for controlling the power
transmitted to the load is the Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM).[4] A control voltage Vm is compared to a triangular
voltage Vt. The triangular voltage Vt determines the switching
frequency ft. The switch Q1 is controlled according to the
difference Vm Vt. Three operating phases are:
- T state-on and D state-off
- T state-off and D state-on
- T and D state-off
.
II.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING [6][7]
Figure 1: Buck Converter
The differential equations related to state variables are:
= +
t =
1
L
i (t)
dt
+ (t)
( t )
1
= t + t rc
(2)
(3)
(4)
Applying KCL and KVL in the figure 1 we can get
t = (t) t
Cd t
t =
dt
t = O t t
(5)
(6)
(7)
= t
+ t
(8)
The state equations of the buck converter considering the
parasitic resistances of filter inductance and capacitor given by
1226
IJRITCC | May 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 2 Issue: 5
ISSN: 2321-8169
1226 1229
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
equation (3) and (8). [2][5] Since the buck converter is a
switching device having two states of operation while working
in CCM. These two states are taken into account using a
logical variable F, can have two values 0 and 1. The
description of two state operations of buck converter and
logical variable F is given in table 1.
TABLE 1: PWM Control Logical Variables
On
Off
Off
On
Off
Off
Sign(iL)=1, when iL>0
Sign(iL)=0, when iL<0
Now,
= V VO t
t
(9)
(10)
Figure 2: Physical Model of Buck Converter
F VO
(11)
This is the state equation of buck converter represents the
mathematical model of the buck converter which is simulated
in Simulink.
III.
SIMULATION
The mathematical model and physical model of buck
converter shown in figure 1 are simulated in Simulink.
Parameters of this converter are tabulated in table 2.[8]
TABLE 2: Parameters of buck converter
Input voltage
25V
Duty cycle
.5
Switching frequency
1000Hz
Inductor(L)
15Mh
Capacitor(C)
25F
ESR(rc)
80m
Dc resistance of inductor(rL)
124m
Load resistance(R)
57
Figure 3: Output Current Waveform
Waveform 1 is rms value of output current
Waveform 2 is average value of output current
Waveform 3 is instantaneous value of output current
A. Physical Model
Simulink physical model of buck converter shown in
figure 1 with parameters given in table 1 is presented here.
Output current and voltage waveforms obtained from the
physical model are shown in figure 3 and figure 4.
Figure 4: Output Voltage Waveform
Waveform 1 is rms value of output voltage
Waveform 2 is average value of output voltage
Waveform 3 is instantaneous value of output voltage.
1227
IJRITCC | May 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 2 Issue: 5
ISSN: 2321-8169
1226 1229
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
B. Mathematical Model
Simulink model developed for buck converter circuit
shown in figure 1 with parameters given in table 1.Figure
shows the mathematical model of buck converter based on
equation (11). Output current and voltage waveforms are
shown in figure 9-12.
Figure 7: The Load Block of simulink buck model
Figure 5: Simulink Model of complete Buck Converter Circuit.
Figure 8: PWM Block of Simulink Buck Model.
Figure 6: Mathematical Model of Buck Converter in Simulink
Figure 9: Waveform of Duty Cycle
1228
IJRITCC | May 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 2 Issue: 5
ISSN: 2321-8169
1226 1229
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
IV.
RESULTS
After simulating the physical model and mathematical
model of buck converter, waveforms so obtained are in
acceptable agreement. Also comparison of output voltage and
current for both the models is shown in table 3.
Table 3. Comparison of physical and mathematical model.
Average Output
Voltage
Rms
Output
Voltage
Average Output
Current
Rms
Output
Current
Ripple factor
Physical
Model
12.16 V
Mathematical
Model
12.63 V
12.19 V
12.66 V
.2134 A
.2215 A
.2139 A
.2221 A
4.96
4.87
Figure 10: Waveform of Output Voltage
V.
CONCLUSION
The mathematical modelling of nonlinear, switched open
loop PWM controlled buck converter has been presented. The
simulation response results of physical and mathematical
model were in excellent agreement, confirming
the validity of the mathematical model derived. Due to their
compact and portable representations, the state-space
representations that were obtained are suitable for use in system
dynamic behaviour, transient and small-signal stability
analysis. This open loop modelling could be used for closedvoltage loop modelling and for the design of a controller for the
converter.
VI.
Figure 11: Waveform of Load Current
Figure 12: Waveform of Inductor Current
REFERENCES
[1]. Mohammad Reza, An Improved State Space Average Model of
Buck DC-DC Converter with all of the System Uncertainties, in
International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics,
Volume 5, No 1, March 2013.
[2].Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications By
Muhammad H. Rashid Second Edition PHI
[3]. K. K. Tse, Shu-Hung Chung, and S. Y. (Ron) Hui, Quadratic
State-Space Modelling Technique for Analysis and Simulation of
Power Electronic Converters IEEE transactions on power
electronics, vol. 14, No. 6, November 1999, pp 1086[4]. Brad Bryant, Marian K. Kazimierczuk Member Modeling the
Closed-Current Loop of PWM Boost DCDC Converters
Operating in CCM With Peak Current-Mode Control in IEEE
transactions on circuits and systems, vol. 52, no. 11, November
2005
[5].Chun T. Rim, Gyu B. Joung, and Gyu H. Cho, Practical Switch
Based State-Space Modeling of DC-DC Converters with All
Parasitics, IEEE Trans. on power electronics, vol. 6 No. 4
October 1991
[6]. Vandana Jha, Pankaj Rai State Space Averaged Modeling of
Basic Converter Topologies in VSRD-IJEECE, Vol. 2 (8), 2012,
566-575
[7]. R. D. Middlebrook and S. Cuk, A general unified approach to
modelling switching converter power stages, in IEEE Power
Electron. Spec. Conf. Rec., June 1976, pp. 1834.
[8]. N Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. B. Robbins, Power
Electronics, Converters Application and Design.,John Willey
And Sons, 2003
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