Multivariable Calculus Study Guide: AL TEX Version: 1 Disclaimer
Multivariable Calculus Study Guide: AL TEX Version: 1 Disclaimer
A LATEX Version
Tyler Silber
University of Connecticut
December 11, 2011
Disclaimer
It is not guaranteed that I have every single bit of necessary information for
the course. This happened to be some of what I needed to know this specific
semester in my course. For example, Stokes Theorem is not even mentioned.
PQ =
v1
v2
&u=
0
0
cv =
cv1
cv2
|v| =
q
v12 + v22
0=
3.1
x2 x1
y2 y1
u1
u2
Simple Operations
v+u=
v1 + u1
v2 + u2
3.2
Unit Vectors
i=
1
0
&j=
0
1
v = v1 i + v2 j
3.3
4
4.1
cv
kv
|v|
4.2
Random Equations
xy-plane {(x, y, z) : z = 0}
xz-plane {(x, y, z) : y = 0}
yz-plane {(x, y, z) : x = 0}
Sphere: (x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = r2
5
5.1
Dot Product
Definitions
u v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3 = |u||v| cos
uv uv =0
u k v u v = |u||v|
5.2
Projections
The orthogonal projection of u onto v is denoted projv u and the scalar component of u in the direction of v is denoted scalv u.
v
u v
=
v
projv u = |u| cos
|v|
vv
uv
scalv u = |u| cos =
|v|
Cross Product
|u v| = |u||v| sin
(1)
ukv uv =0
u2 v3 u3 v2
u v = u3 v1 u1 v3
u1 v2 u2 v1
Note: u v is orthogonal to both u and v and the direction is defined by the
right-hand rule.
7.1
Vector-Valued Functions
r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i
7.2
Lines
hx, y, zi = hx0 , y0 , z0 i + tha, b, ci, for < t <
7.3
Line Segments
Given : P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) & P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 )
7.4
Curves in Space
r(t) = hf (t), g(t), h(t)i
Equation 1 is also equal to the area of the parallelogram created by the two vectors.
7.5
Limits
D
E
lim r(t) = lim f (t), lim g(t), lim h(t)
ta
8
8.1
ta
ta
ta
Note: r0 (t) is the tangent vector to r(t) at the point (f (t), g(t), h(t)).
8.2
Indefinite Integral
Z
r(t) dt = R(t) + C
8.3
Definite Integral
Z
"Z
r(t) dt =
a
9
9.1
"Z
f (t) dt i +
"Z
g(t) dt j +
h(t) dt k
a
Motion in Space
Definitions
a(t) = v0 (t) = r00 (t)
Speed = |v(t)|
9.2
9.3
Two-Dimensional Motion
Given : v(0) = h|v0 | cos , |v0 | sin i & r(0) = h0, 0i
T ime =
2|v0 | sin
g
|v0 |2 sin 2
g
T
(|v0 | sin )2
M ax Height = y
=
2
2g
Range =
10
10.1
The plane passing through the point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) with a normal vector n =
ha, b, c, i is described by the equations:
a(x x0 ) + b(y y0 ) + c(z z0 ) = 0
ax + by + cz = d, where d = ax0 + by0 + cz0
In order to find the equation of a plane when given three points, simply create
any two vectors out of the points and take the cross product to find the vector
normal to the plane. Then use one of the above formulae.
10.2
Two planes are parallel if their normal vectors are parallel. Two planes are
orthogonal if their normal vectors are orthogonal.
10.3
Surfaces
10.3.1
Ellipsoid
x2
y2
z2
+ 2 + 2 =1
2
a
b
c
10.3.2
Elliptic Paraboloid
z=
x2
y2
+
a2
b2
10.3.3
10.3.4
10.3.5
x2
y2
z2
2 + 2 =1
2
a
b
c
Elliptic Cone
x2
y2
z2
+
=
a2
b2
c2
10.3.6
Hyperbolic Paraboloid
z=
11
11.1
x2
y2
a2
b2
11.2
11.3
Level Curves
Imagine stepping onto a surface and walking along a path with constant elevation. The path you walk on is known as the contour curve, while the projection
of the path onto the xy-plane is known as a level curve.
12
12.1
(x,y)(a,b)
If f (x, y) approaches two different values as (x, y) approaches (a, b) along two
different paths in the domain of f , then the limit does not exist.
12.2
Continuity
f (x, y) = f (a, b)
(x,y)(a,b)
13
13.1
Partial Derivatives
Definitions
f (a + h, b) f (a, b)
h
f (a, b + h) f (a, b)
fy (a, b) = lim
h0
h
So basically just take the derivative of one (the subscript) given that the other
one is a constant.
fx (a, b) = lim
h0
13.2
f
x
=
2f
= (fx )x = fxx
x2
f
2f
=
= (fy )y = fyy
y
y 2
2f
f
=
= (fy )x = fyx
x y
xy
f
2f
=
= (fx )y = fxy
y x
yx
13.3
Differentiability
14
14.1
Chain Rule
Examples
You can use a tree diagram to determine the equation for the chain rule. You
can also just think about it. Refer to the following examples.
z is a function of x and y, while x and y are functions of t
dz
z dx z dy
=
+
dt
x dt
y dt
w is a function of x, y, and z, while x, y, and z are functions of t
dw
w dx w dy w dz
=
+
+
dt
x dt
y dt
z dt
z is a function of x and y, while x and y are functions of s and t
z x z y
z
=
+
s
x s
y s
w is a function of z, z is a function of x and y, x and y are functions of t
dw
dw z dx z dy
=
+
dt
dz x dt
y dt
14.2
Implicit Differentiation
15
15.1
15.2
Directions of Change
f has its maximum rate of increase at (a, b) in the direction of the gradient
f (a, b). The rate of increase in this direction is |f (a, b)|.
f has its maximum rate of decrease at (a, b) in the direction of the gradient
f (a, b). The rate of decrease in this direction is |f (a, b)|.
The directional derivative is zero in any direction orthogonal to f (a, b).
15.3
Its really intuitive how it expands into three dimensions. Just add another
component or fz where you think it should go.
16
16.1
16.2
The tangent plane passes through the point (a, b, f (a, b)).
z = fx (a, b)(x a) + fy (a, b)(y b) + f (a, b)
16.3
Linear Approximation
Firstly, calculate the equation of the tangent plane of a point near the point you
wish to approximate. Then simply plug in the point and youre done.
16.4
The differential dz
17
17.1
Max-Min Problems
Derivatives and Local Maximum/Minimum Values
If f has a local maximum or minimum value at (a, b) and the partial derivatives
fx and fy exist at (a, b), then fx (a, b) = fy (a, b) = 0.
17.2
Critical Points
17.3
2
Let D(x, y) = fxx fyy fxy
If D(a, b) > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then f has a local maximum at (a, b).
If D(a, b) > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then f has a local minimum at (a, b).
If D(a, b) < 0, then f has a saddle point at (a, b).
If D(a, b) = 0, then the test is inconclusive.
17.4
18
18.1
Double Integrals
Double Integrals on Rectangular Regions
f (x, y) dA =
R
f (x, y) dx dy =
c
f (x, y) dy dx
a
10
18.2
Let R be a region bounded below and above by the graphs of the continuous
functions y = g(x) and y = h(x), respectively, and by the lines x = a and x = b.
If f is continuous on R, then
ZZ
h(x)
f (x, y) dy dx
f (x, y) dA =
g(x)
Let R be a region bounded on the left and right by the graphs of the continuous
functions x = g(y) and x = h(y), respectively, and by the lines y = c and y = d.
If f is continuous on R, then
ZZ
h(y)
f (x, y) dA =
f (x, y) dx dy
c
18.3
g(y)
dA
R
19
19.1
f (r, ) dA =
f (r, ) r dr d
19.2
h()
f (r, ) dA =
R
f (r, ) r dr d
g()
11
19.3
A=
h()
r dr d
dA =
g()
20
Triple Integrals
ZZZ
h(x)
H(x,y)
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx
f (x, y, z) dV =
D
21
g(x)
G(x,y)
21.1
21.1.1
Definitions
Cylindrical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates
(, , )
is the distance from the origin to a point P .
is the angle between the positive z-axis and the line OP .
is the same angle as in cylindrical coordinates; it measure rotation about
the z-axis relative to the positive x-axis.
21.2
Rectangular to Cylindrical
r 2 = x2 + y 2
y
tan =
x
z=z
21.3
Cylindrical to Rectangular
x = r cos
y = r sin
z=z
12
21.4
h()
f (r, , z) dz r dr d
f (r, , z) dV =
21.5
g()
Rectangular to Spherical
2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
21.6
Spherical to Rectangular
x = sin cos
y = sin sin
z = cos
21.7
h(,)
f (, , ) dV =
22
22.1
f (, , )2 sin d d d
g(,)
Change of Variables
Jacobian Determinant of a Transformation of Two
Variables
Given a transformation T : x = g(u, v), y = h(u, v), where g and h are differentiable on a region of the uv-plane, the Jacobian determinant of T is
x x
(x, y) u v
J(u, v) =
=
(u, v) y y
u v
22.2
ZZ
f (x, y) dA =
22.3
I am SO not typing out the expansion of the above into triple integrals. Its
intuitive. Just add stuff where you think it should go.
13
22.4
Just cry.
23
Vector Fields
23.1
23.2
Let r = (x, y). A vector field of the form F = f (x, y)r, where f is a scalar-valued
function, is a radial vector field.
F(x, y) =
hx, yi
r
=
p
|r|
|r|p
p is a real number. At every point (sans origin), the vectors of this field are
1
directed outward format he origin with a magnitude of |F| = p1 . You can
|r|
also apply all of this to R3 by just adding a z component.
23.3
24
Line Integrals
24.1
24.2
14
24.3
24.3.1
Definition
Different Forms
For line integrals in the plane, we let F = hf, gi and assume C is parametrized
in the form r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i, for a t b. Then
Z
Z b
Z
Z
0
0
F T ds =
(f x (t) + gy (t)) dt = f dx + g dy = F dr
C
24.4
Work
F is a force field
Z
Z
F T ds =
W =
F r0 (t) dt
24.5
Circulation
F is a vector field
Z
F T ds
Circulation =
C
24.6
Flux
Z
Z
F n ds =
F lux =
C
25
25.1
=
y
x
f
h
=
z
x
g
h
=
z
y
25.2
f
g
=
.
y
x
25.3
Z
F T ds =
25.4
F dr = (B) (A)
C
26
26.1
Greens Theorem
Circulation Form
I
F dr =
C
ZZ
I
f dx + g dy =
C
16
g
f
x y
dA
26.2
I
x dy =
26.3
ZZ
f dy g dx =
f
g
+
x y
dA
g
h
f
+
+
x y
z
27.3
(x dy y dx)
C
27.2
Flux Form
F n ds =
27.1
1
2
27
y dx =
3p
|r|p
r
hx, y, zi
= 2
p
|r|
(x + y 2 + z 2 )p/2
Curl
curl(F) = F
27.4
28
28.1
28.1.1
Surface Integrals
Parameterization
z is Explicitly Defined
Cylinder
28.1.3
Sphere
Cone
Use:
x = v cos u
y = v sin u
z=v
0 u 2 and 0 v h
28.2
ZZ
f (x, y, z) d =
29
r r
dA
f (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v))
s
t
Divergence Theorem
Let F be a vector field whose components have continuous first partial derivatives in a connected and simply connected region D enclosed by a smooth oriented surface S. Then
ZZ
ZZZ
F n dS =
F dV
S
18