‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫‪E – Learning courses‬‬

‫آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪How to solve‬‬
‫‪Surveying Problems‬‬

‫أ‪ .‬د‪ /‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺪﻧﻰ ‪ -‬هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻷزهﺮ‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫‪ :‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎب اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول‬
‫‪ :‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎب اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫‪ :‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫‪ :‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷراﺿﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎب اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪)١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ واﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺴﺖ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﻤﻘﻔﻞ ا ب ﺟـ د ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ااﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫ب‬

‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫د‬

‫واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى وﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ااﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫ب‬

‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫د‬

‫‪357‬‬ ‫‪178‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪357‬‬ ‫‪178‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع ‪116‬‬
‫‪360‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪359‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى = ‪٤ = ٣٥٩ ٥٩ ٥٦ – ٣٦٠ ٠٠ ٠٠‬ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻮزع ‪ ١‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ زاوﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪)٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف(‪ :‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ إذا آﺎن اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ا ب ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺸﺮق ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٢‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ )ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى( آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫ب‬

‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫د‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ رﺳﻢ آﺮوآﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى ﻟﻠﺨﻂ ا ب وﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ب‬

‫ﺟـ‬

‫د‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‪:‬‬
‫اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ = اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ – ١٨٠ ±‬اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
 :٢ ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫ا‬ ‫ب‬

‫ﺟـ‬

‫د‬
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت(‪ :‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ أﻃﻮال‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻗﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﺛﻢ اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ا( ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻃﻮال ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Bowditch method‬‬
‫ب( ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Transit method‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٣‬ا(‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻃﻮال ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Bowditch method‬‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪0.025‬‬ ‫‪61.299‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪61.310‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪61.31‬‬ ‫اب‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-60.334‬‬ ‫‪38.958‬‬ ‫‪-60.363‬‬ ‫‪38.971‬‬ ‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪71.85‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪-31.666 -116.076 -31.715 -116.055 254‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪56 120.31‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪91.974‬‬ ‫‪15.819‬‬ ‫‪91.936‬‬ ‫‪15.836‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪93.29‬‬
‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-0.142‬‬ ‫‪0.062‬‬ ‫‪346.76‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٣‬ب(‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Transit method‬‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪61.294‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪61.310‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪61.31‬‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-60.316‬‬ ‫‪38.961‬‬ ‫‪-60.363‬‬ ‫‪38.971‬‬ ‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪71.85‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪-31.691 -116.086 -31.715 -116.055 254‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪56 120.31‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪92.007‬‬ ‫‪15.831‬‬ ‫‪91.936‬‬ ‫‪15.836‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪93.29‬‬
‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-0.142‬‬ ‫‪0.062‬‬ ‫‪346.76‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﺠﺒﺮى‬

‫‪184.014 232.171‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻌﺪدى‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٤‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت(‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ اﺣﺴﺐ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ا )‪ ٥٠٠‬ﺷﺮﻗﺎ ‪ ١٠٠٠ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﻻ( وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ا( ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻃﻮال ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Bowditch method‬‬
‫ب( ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Transit method‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪)٤‬ا( ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻃﻮال ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Bowditch method‬‬

‫اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ‬
‫‪1000.000 500.000‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪0.025‬‬ ‫‪61.299‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪61.31‬‬
‫‪1000.025 561.299‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪-60.334‬‬ ‫‪38.958‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪71.85‬‬
‫‪939.691 600.257‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫ﺟـ د ‪-31.666 -116.076 120.31‬‬
‫‪908.026 484.181‬‬ ‫د‬
‫‪91.974‬‬ ‫‪15.819‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪93.29‬‬
‫‪1000.000 500.000‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪346.76‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪)٤‬ب( ‪:‬‬
‫ب( ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Transit method‬‬

‫اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ‬
‫‪1000.000 500.000‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪61.294‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪61.31‬‬
‫‪1000.000 561.294‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪-60.316‬‬ ‫‪38.961‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪71.85‬‬
‫‪939.684 600.254‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫ﺟـ د ‪-31.691 -116.086 120.31‬‬
‫‪907.993 484.169‬‬ ‫د‬
‫‪92.007‬‬ ‫‪15.831‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪93.29‬‬
‫‪1000.000 500.000‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪346.76‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﺠﺒﺮى‬

‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻌﺪدى‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻔﻞ ا ب ﺟـ د هـ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻷرﺻﺎد ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪107.12‬‬

‫‪163‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪63.18‬‬

‫‪262‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪40 126.84‬‬

‫‪348‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪27.99‬‬ ‫د هـ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪40.04‬‬ ‫هـ ا‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٥‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺛﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪8.754‬‬ ‫‪107.774‬‬ ‫‪8.715‬‬ ‫‪106.765‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪107.12‬‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-60.392 17.826‬‬ ‫‪-60.662‬‬ ‫‪17.659‬‬ ‫‪163‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪63.18‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪-15.875 -124.644 -15.946 -125.834 262‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪40 126.84‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪27.552‬‬ ‫‪-5.521‬‬ ‫‪27.429‬‬ ‫‪-5.574‬‬ ‫‪348‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪27.99‬‬
‫هـ‬
‫‪39.961‬‬ ‫‪4.566‬‬ ‫‪39.784‬‬ ‫‪4.523‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫هـ ا ‪40.04‬‬
‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-0.680 -2.460‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﺠﺒﺮى‬

‫‪152.536 260.354‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻌﺪدى‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت(‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻘﻔﻞ ا ب ﺟـ د هـ و ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ وﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺣﺴﺎب اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ا )ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﺮﻗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﻻ(‬
‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬

‫‪363.900‬‬ ‫‪363.900‬‬ ‫اب‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪341.360‬‬

‫‪-324.150‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د‬

‫د هـ ‪-400.420 -231.180‬‬

‫‪193.220‬‬ ‫هـ و ‪-334.180‬‬

‫‪167.200‬‬ ‫‪-138.980‬‬ ‫وا‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٦‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺛﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪363.963 363.662‬‬ ‫‪363.900‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪363.900‬‬
‫‪363.963 363.662‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪341.137‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪341.360‬‬
‫‪363.963 704.800‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪-324.094‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-324.150‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د‬
‫‪39.869 704.800‬‬ ‫د‬
‫د هـ ‪-400.351 -231.331 -400.420 -231.180‬‬
‫‪-360.482 473.469‬‬ ‫هـ‬
‫‪193.253 -334.398 193.220‬‬ ‫هـ و ‪-334.180‬‬
‫‪-167.229 139.071‬‬ ‫و‬
‫‪167.229 -139.071 167.200‬‬ ‫و ا ‪-138.980‬‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-0.250‬‬ ‫‪0.920‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـ ﺟﺒﺮى‬

‫‪1448.890 1409.600‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠـ ﻋﺪدى‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٧‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس(‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ *‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫)ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت(‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪256520.865‬‬ ‫‪704.800‬‬ ‫‪363.963 363.662‬‬ ‫ب‬

‫‪124161.249‬‬ ‫‪341.137‬‬ ‫‪363.963 704.800‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬

‫‪-9222.866‬‬ ‫‪-231.331‬‬ ‫‪39.869‬‬ ‫‪704.800‬‬ ‫د‬

‫‪203935.225‬‬ ‫‪-565.729 -360.482 473.469‬‬ ‫هـ‬

‫‪79177.645‬‬ ‫‪-473.469 -167.229 139.071‬‬ ‫و‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪224.592‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪363.963 363.662‬‬ ‫ب‬

‫‪654572.118‬‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses327286.059‬‬
‫‪in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٨‬اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ‪ :‬ﻃﻮل ﺧﻂ واﻧﺤﺮاﻓﻪ( ‪:‬‬
‫أﺧﺬت اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﻤﻘﻔﻞ ا ب ﺟـ د واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺣﺴﺎب‬
‫ﻃﻮل واﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻂ ا ب ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ا ﺟـ ‪130.75‬‬

‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪210.75‬‬

‫‪328‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪65.00‬‬ ‫دب‬

‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫با‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٨‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺛﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪130.750‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ا ﺟـ ‪130.75‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪121.934‬‬ ‫‪171.895‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪210.75‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪55.687‬‬ ‫‪-33.526‬‬ ‫‪328‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪65.00‬‬ ‫دب‬
‫ب‬
‫‪L cos α‬‬ ‫‪L sin α‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫با‬
‫ا‬
‫‪308.370‬‬ ‫‪138.369‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪L cos α‬‬ ‫‪L sin α‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٨‬‬

‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ = ل ﺟﺎ ‪ = ١٣٨٫٣٦٩ + α‬ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ل ﺟﺎ ‪١٣٨٫٣٦٩ - = α‬‬

‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ = ل ﺟﺘﺎ ‪ = ٣٠٨٫٣٧ + α‬ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ل ﺟﺘﺎ ‪٣٠٨٫٣٧- = α‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫إذا ‪٥٩ = α‬ث ‪٩‬ق ‪٢٤‬د‬ ‫ﻇﺎ ‪٠٫٤٤٨٧١ = α‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮا ﻷن آﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﻂ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف = ‪٥٩‬ث ‪٩‬ق ‪٢٤‬د ‪١٨٠ +‬د = ‪٥٩‬ث ‪٩‬ق ‪٢٠٤‬د‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻰ اﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﻮل ل = ‪ ٣٧٧٫٩٩‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٨‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺛﻢ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪130.750‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ا ﺟـ ‪130.75‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪121.934‬‬ ‫‪171.895‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪210.75‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪55.687‬‬ ‫‪-33.526‬‬ ‫‪328‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪65.00‬‬ ‫دب‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-308.369‬‬ ‫‪-138.369‬‬ ‫‪204‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫ب ا ‪337.99‬‬
‫ا‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ٩‬اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ‪ :‬ﻃﻮل ﺧﻂ واﻧﺤﺮاف ﺧﻂ ﺁﺧﺮ( ‪:‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﻤﻘﻔﻞ ا ب ﺟـ د هـ و‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪500.0‬‬ ‫اب‬

‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ‬

‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪854.0‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د‬

‫‪168‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪1019.8‬‬

‫‪α‬‬ ‫هـ و ‪1118.0‬‬

‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪656.8‬‬ ‫وا‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٩‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺛﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪500.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪500.00‬‬ ‫اب‬
‫ب‬
‫‪0.707 L‬‬ ‫‪0.707 L‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪-299.775‬‬ ‫‪799.657‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪854.00‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪-999.973‬‬ ‫‪200.117‬‬ ‫‪168‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪1019.80‬‬
‫هـ‬
‫‪1118 cos α 1118 sin α‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫هـ و ‪1118.00‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪385.129‬‬ ‫‪-532.035‬‬ ‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪656.80‬‬ ‫وا‬
‫ا‬
‫‪-414.618‬‬ ‫‪467.738‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪0.707 L‬‬ ‫‪0.707 L‬‬
‫‪1118 cos α 1118 sin α‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ = ‪٠٫٧٠٧ + ٤٦٧٫٧٣٨‬ل ‪١١١٨ +‬ﺟﺎ ‪ = α‬ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ = ‪٠٫٧٠٧ +٤١٤٫٦١٨-‬ل ‪١١١٨ +‬ﺟﺘﺎ ‪ = α‬ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻄﺮح اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ )ﺟﺘﺎ ‪ – α‬ﺟﺎ ‪٠٫٧٨٩٢٢٧ = ( α‬‬

‫‪ ٢‬ﺟﺘﺎ‪٠٫٧٨٩٢٢٧ = ( α + ٤٥) ٢‬‬
‫اذا ‪٣٩ = α‬ث ‪٤‬ق ‪١١‬د‬
‫وﻳﻜﻮن اﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻂ هـ و‬
‫=)‪٠٠‬ث ‪٠٠‬ق ‪٢٧٠‬د( –)‪٣٩‬ث ‪٤‬ق ‪١١‬د( = ‪٢١‬ث ‪٥٥‬ق ‪٢٥٨‬د‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻰ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻀﻠﻊ ب ﺟـ )ل( = ‪٨٩٠٫١٥٩‬م‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٩‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺛﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪500.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪500.00‬‬ ‫اب‬
‫ب‬
‫‪629.437‬‬ ‫‪629.437‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪890.16‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪-299.775‬‬ ‫‪799.657‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪854.00‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪-999.973‬‬ ‫‪200.117‬‬ ‫‪168‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪1019.80‬‬
‫هـ‬
‫‪-214.809‬‬ ‫‪-1097.170 258‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫هـ و ‪1118.00‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪385.129‬‬ ‫‪-532.035‬‬ ‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪656.80‬‬ ‫وا‬
‫ا‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ١٠‬اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ‪ :‬ﻃﻮﻻ ﺿﻠﻌﻴﻦ( ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﻤﻘﻔﻞ ا ب ﺟـ د ﺗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻸﺿﻼع وﻗﻴﺎس ﻃﻮل‬
‫آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻴﻦ ا ب ‪ ،‬ب ﺟـ وﺗﻌﺬر ﻗﻴﺎس ﻃﻮل اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺟـ د ‪ ،‬د ا ‪ .‬واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب أﻃﻮاﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻷرﺻﺎد ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪178‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪150.0‬‬ ‫اب‬

‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪224.0‬‬

‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د‬

‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫دا‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :١٠‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺛﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪-149.949‬‬ ‫‪3.927‬‬ ‫‪178‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪150.0‬‬ ‫اب‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-47.846‬‬ ‫‪218.830‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪224.0‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪0.850L‬‬ ‫‪0.526L‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د‬
‫د‬
‫‪0.214M‬‬ ‫‪-0.977M‬‬ ‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫دا‬
‫ا‬
‫‪-197.795‬‬ ‫‪222.757‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪0.850L‬‬ ‫‪0.526L‬‬
‫‪0.214M‬‬ ‫‪-0.977M‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:١٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ = ‪٠٫٥٢٦ + ٢٢٢٫٧٥٧‬ل ‪٠٫٩٧٧-‬م = ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫ل = ‪١٫٨٥٧ + ٤٢٣٫٤٩٢-‬م‬

‫ﻣﺠـ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ = ‪٠٫٨٥٠ + ١٩٧٫٧٩٥-‬ل ‪٠٫٢١٤+‬م = ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ل = ‪٠٫٢٥٢ – ٢٣٢٫٧‬م‬

‫ﺑﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﻮل م = ‪ ٣١١٫١٨٣‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫واﻟﻄﻮل ل = ‪ ١٥٤٫٣٧٥‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :١٠‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺛﻢ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ وﻳﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪-149.949‬‬ ‫‪3.927‬‬ ‫‪178‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪150.0‬‬ ‫اب‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-47.846‬‬ ‫‪218.830‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪224.0‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪131.273‬‬ ‫‪81.234‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪154.4‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪66.468‬‬ ‫‪-304.001‬‬ ‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪311.2‬‬ ‫دا‬
‫ا‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣١‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪) ١١‬اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ‪ :‬اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺿﻠﻌﻴﻦ( ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ا ب ﺟـ د ا ﻓﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪α‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪200.00‬‬

‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪350.00‬‬

‫‪β‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪150.00‬‬

‫‪270‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪400.00‬‬

‫واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب إﻳﺠﺎد اﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻴﻦ ا ب ‪ ،‬ﺟـ د‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :١١‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺛﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪200‬ﺟﺘﺎ‪α‬‬ ‫‪200‬ﺟﺎ‪α‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪200.00‬‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-72.769‬‬ ‫‪342.352‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪350.00‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪150‬ﺟﺘﺎ‪β‬‬ ‫‪150‬ﺟﺎ‪β‬‬ ‫‪β‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪150.00‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-400.000 270‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪400.00‬‬
‫ا‬

‫‪-72.769‬‬ ‫‪-57.648‬‬ ‫‪1100.00‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬

‫‪200‬ﺟﺘﺎ‪α‬‬ ‫‪200‬ﺟﺎ‪α‬‬
‫‪150‬ﺟﺘﺎ‪β‬‬ ‫‪150‬ﺟﺎ‪β‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:١١‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺟﺎ ‪ ١٥٠ – ٥٧٫٦٤٨ = α‬ﺟﺎ ‪β‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(١‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎ ‪ ٠٫٧٥ – ٠٫٢٨٨٣٤ = α‬ﺟﺎ ‪β‬‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺟﺘﺎ ‪ ١٥٠ – ٧٢٫٧٦٩ = α‬ﺟﺘﺎ ‪β‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺘﺎ ‪ ٠٫٧٥ – ٠٫٣٦٣٨ = α‬ﺟﺘﺎ ‪β‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ‪٢ ،١‬‬
‫ﺟﺎ‪ ٠٫٥٦٢٥ + ٠٫٠٨٣ = α ٢‬ﺟﺎ‪β٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(٣‬‬ ‫‪ ٠٫٧٥ x ٠٫٢٨٨٢٤)٢-‬ﺟﺎ ‪(β‬‬

‫ﺟﺘﺎ‪ ٠٫٥٦٢٥ + ٠٫١٣٢٣ = α ٢‬ﺟﺘﺎ‪β٢‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(٤‬‬ ‫‪ ٠٫٧٥ x ٠٫٣٦٣٨)٢-‬ﺟﺘﺎ ‪(β‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٤‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :١١‬ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻴﻦ ‪٤ ،٣‬‬

‫‪ ٠٫٤٣٢٣٦‬ﺟﺎ ‪ ٠٫٥٤٥٧ + β‬ﺟﺘﺎ ‪٠٫٢٢٢٢- = β‬‬

‫وﺑﻔﺮض أن اﻟﺤﺪ ‪ =٠٫٤٣٢٣٦‬س ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺪ ‪ =٠٫٥٤٥٧‬ص ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ‪ δ‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫إذا ‪٢٣ = δ‬ث‪٢٣‬ق‪٣٨‬د‬ ‫ﻇﺎ ‪ = δ‬س\ص = ‪٠٫٧٩٢٣‬‬

‫(‬ ‫ص‪½ (٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺘﺎ) ‪)) \ (٠٫٢٢٢٢ -) = ( δ - β‬س‪+٢‬‬

‫= ‪١٨‬ث‪٢٣‬ق‪٢٥١‬د‬ ‫أو‬ ‫) ‪٤٢ = ( δ - β‬ث‪٣٦‬ق‪١٠٨‬د‬
‫= ‪٤١‬ث‪٤٦‬ق‪٢٨٩‬د‬ ‫أو‬ ‫= ‪٠٥‬ث‪٠٠‬ق‪١٤٧‬د‬ ‫‪β‬‬
‫= ‪٠٩‬ث‪٤٣‬ق‪٨٣‬د‬ ‫أو‬ ‫= ‪٤٢‬ث‪٠٥‬ق‪٣٥٣‬د‬ ‫‪α‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪)١١‬اﻟﺤﻞ اﻷول(‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮا ﻷن اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﻼن ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻞ اﻷول‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪198.549‬‬ ‫‪-24.045‬‬ ‫‪353‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪200.00‬‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-72.769‬‬ ‫‪342.352‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪350.00‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪-125.803‬‬ ‫‪81.693‬‬ ‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪150.00‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-400.000 270‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪400.00‬‬
‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪1100.00‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪)١١‬اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ(‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪21.880‬‬ ‫‪198.800‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ا ب ‪200.00‬‬
‫ب‬
‫‪-72.769‬‬ ‫‪342.352‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ﺟـ ‪350.00‬‬
‫ﺟـ‬
‫‪50.735‬‬ ‫‪-141.159 289‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺟـ د ‪150.00‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪-400.000 270‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د هـ ‪400.00‬‬
‫ا‬

‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪1100.00‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎب اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٨

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :١‬وﺿﻊ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ا ب ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ا )‪١٫٦٨‬م( وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ب )‪١٫٩٥‬م( ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
‫ووﺿﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ب ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ا )‪١٫٣١‬م(‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ب )‪١٫٧٤‬م(‪ .‬ارﺳﻢ ﺷﻜﻼ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ووﺿﺢ‬
‫هﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺰان وﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬
 ‫ﻳﺘﻢ رﺳﻢ وﺿﻌﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:١‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ‪:‬ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ا ‪ ،‬ب = ‪٠٫٢٧ = ١٫٦٨-١٫٩٥‬م‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ ا ‪ ،‬ب = ‪٠٫٤٣ = ١٫٣١-١٫٧٤‬م‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮا ﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬

‫‪١٫٩٥‬‬ ‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﻦ إذا ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ‪١٫٦٨‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺰان وﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة‪.‬‬
‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان‬
‫س‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر ان اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻋﻨﺪ ب ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻳﺴﺎوى ﺻﻔﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪١٫٣١‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٫٧٤‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪ - ١٫٣١ +٠٫٢٧ =١٫٧٤‬س‬
‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان‬ ‫س = ‪ ٠٫١٦‬م‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٢‬أﺧﺬت اﻟﻘﺮاءات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻃﻮﻟﻰ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪، ١٫٤٩ ، ٢٫٣٢ ، ٢٫٥٠ ، (٢٫١٩‬‬
‫)‪، ٢٫٨١ ، ٢٫٥١ ، (٣٫٠١‬‬
‫)‪.٣٫٨١ ، (١٫٧٥‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﺮاءات ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻗﻮاس ﻣﺆﺧﺮات وﻣﻨﺴﻮب أول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬

‫)‪٣٠+‬م(‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٢‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‬
‫روﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪30.00‬‬ ‫‪32.19‬‬ ‫‪2.19‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪29.69‬‬ ‫‪2.50‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪29.87‬‬ ‫‪2.32‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪30.70‬‬ ‫‪33.71‬‬ ‫‪1.49‬‬ ‫‪3.01‬‬ ‫د‬
‫‪31.20‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫هـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪30.90‬‬ ‫‪32.65‬‬ ‫‪2.81‬‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫و‬
‫‪28.84‬‬ ‫‪3.81‬‬ ‫ز‬
‫‪8.11‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع ‪6.95‬‬
‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬
‫‪O.K‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٢‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫)‪(-‬‬ ‫)‪(+‬‬
‫روﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪30.00‬‬ ‫‪2.19‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪29.69‬‬ ‫‪0.31‬‬ ‫‪2.50‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪29.87‬‬ ‫‪0.18‬‬ ‫‪2.32‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪30.70‬‬ ‫‪0.83 1.49‬‬ ‫‪3.01‬‬ ‫د‬
‫‪31.20‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫هـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪30.90‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪2.81‬‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫و‬
‫‪28.84‬‬ ‫‪2.06‬‬ ‫‪3.81‬‬ ‫ز‬
‫‪8.11‬‬ ‫‪6.95‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬
‫‪O.K‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٣‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ إذا آﺎن ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪٢٣+‬م(‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٣‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‬
‫‪24.16‬‬ ‫‪26.35‬‬ ‫‪2.19‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪23.85‬‬ ‫‪2.50‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪24.03‬‬ ‫‪2.32‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪24.86‬‬ ‫‪27.87‬‬ ‫‪1.49‬‬ ‫‪3.01‬‬ ‫د‬
‫‪25.36‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫هـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪25.06‬‬ ‫‪26.81‬‬ ‫‪2.81‬‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫و‬
‫روﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪23.00‬‬ ‫‪3.81‬‬ ‫ز‬
‫‪8.11‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع ‪6.95‬‬
‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬
‫‪O.K‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٤‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٣‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬

‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫)‪(-‬‬ ‫)‪(+‬‬
‫روﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪24.16‬‬ ‫‪2.19‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪23.85‬‬ ‫‪0.31‬‬ ‫‪2.50‬‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪24.03‬‬ ‫‪0.18‬‬ ‫‪2.32‬‬ ‫ﺟـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪24.86‬‬ ‫‪0.83 1.49‬‬ ‫‪3.01‬‬ ‫د‬
‫‪25.36‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫هـ‬
‫دوران‬ ‫‪25.06‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪2.81‬‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬ ‫و‬
‫‪23.00‬‬ ‫‪2.06‬‬ ‫‪3.81‬‬ ‫ز‬
‫‪8.11‬‬ ‫‪6.95‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫‪1.16‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬
‫‪O.K‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٦

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل رﻗﻢ ‪ :١‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪٦٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٣‬‬ ‫واﻟﺮدم اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷرض‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ‪+‬‬
‫‪ ٧٫٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫‪٦٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٠‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وأﺑﻌﺎدهﺎ ‪ ٣٠x٣٠‬م‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٫١‬‬

‫‪٧٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٣‬‬ ‫‪٨٫٥‬‬

‫‪٧٫٥‬‬

‫‪٨٫١‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٩٫١‬‬

‫‪٨٫٣‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل رﻗﻢ ‪:١‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ رﺳﻢ آﻨﺘﻮر ‪٧٫٠٠ +‬م‬

‫‪٦٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٣‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻷرآﺎن ذات اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪٦٫٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ‪ ٧٫٠٠+‬م‬
‫‪٦٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٠‬‬
‫ردم‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﻔﺮ واﻷرآﺎن اﻷﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ردم‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٫١‬‬

‫‪٧٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٣‬‬ ‫‪٨٫٥‬‬

‫‪٧٫٥‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪٩٫١‬‬
‫‪٨٫١‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٫٥‬‬
‫‪٨٫٣‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل رﻗﻢ ‪:١‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﺮح ‪٧٫٠٠ +‬م ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪١٫٠‬‬ ‫‪١٫٢‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷرآﺎن وﻧﻀﻊ ‪١٫٧‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ أو‬
‫‪٠٫٤‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٣‬‬ ‫‪١٫٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮن ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬
‫ردم‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٩‬‬

‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٣‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬

‫‪٠٫٥‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪٢٫١‬‬
‫‪١٫١‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬
‫‪١٫٣‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬
 ١٫٠ ١٫٢ ١٫٥ ١٫٧ :١ ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل رﻗﻢ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬-
٠٫٤ ٠٫٣ ١٫٠
‫ردم‬
٠٫٥ ٦ ‫اﻟﺮدم اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ )ﻋﺪد‬
:(‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت‬
٠٫٥ ٠٫٢ ٠٫٢ ٠٫٩ ٤‫ع‬ ٣‫ع‬ ٢‫ع‬ ١‫ع‬
0.3 1.2 1
٠٫٥ ٠٫٢ ٠٫٠ ٠٫٣ ١٫٥ 0.4 1.5 1.7

١٫١
‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ٠٫٥ ١٫٥ ٢٫١
1
0.2
0.9
0.5
١٫٣ 0.2
0.5
0.7 0 4.6 4.1

٣‫م‬ ٣٦٢٢٫٥ = ( ٠٫٧ x ٤ + ٤٫٦ x ٢ + ٤٫١ x ١ )x ( ٤ \ (٣٠x ٣٠)) = ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٠

 ‫‪١٫٠‬‬ ‫‪١٫٢‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬ ‫‪١٫٧‬‬ ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل رﻗﻢ ‪:١‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬
‫‪٠٫٤‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٣‬‬ ‫‪١٫٠‬‬
‫ردم‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم اﻟﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ )ﻋﺪد ‪٣‬‬
‫أﺟﺰاء(‪:‬‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٩‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪III‬‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٣‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬

‫‪١٫١‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٫١‬‬
‫‪١٫٣‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪٧٨٫٧٥ =(٤\(٠٫٠+٠٫٠+٠٫٢+٠٫٥))x(٣٠x١٥) = I‬م‪٣‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪٦٧٫٥ =(٤\(٠٫٠+٠٫٠+٠٫٢+٠٫٢))x (٣٠x(٢\(٣٠+١٥))= II‬م‪٣‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪٢١٦٫٥٦ =(٤\(٠٫٠+٠٫٠+٠٫٢+٠٫٩))x (٣٠x(٢\(٣٠+٢٢٫٥))= III‬م‪٣‬‬
‫اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮدم = ‪ ٣٩٨٥٫٣١ = ٢١٦٫٥٦ +٦٧٫٥+٧٨٫٧٥+٣٦٢٢٫٥‬م‪٣‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥١‬‬
 ١٫٠ ١٫٢ ١٫٥ ١٫٧ :١ ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل رﻗﻢ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬-
٠٫٤ ٠٫٣ ١٫٠
‫ردم‬
٠٫٥ ٤ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ )ﻋﺪد‬
:(‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت‬
٠٫٥ ٠٫٢ ٠٫٢ ٠٫٩ ٤‫ع‬ ٣‫ع‬ ٢‫ع‬ ١‫ع‬
I II III 0.2 0.5
٠٫٥ ٠٫٢ ٠٫٠ ٠٫٣ ١٫٥ 0 1.5

١٫١
‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ٠٫٥ ١٫٥ ٢٫١
0.3
1.5
2.1
1.3
١٫٣ 0.5
1.1
0 0 3.6 5.4

٣‫م‬ ٢٨٣٥ = ( ٣٫٦ x ٢ + ٥٫٤ x ١ )x ( ٤ \ (٣٠x ٣٠)) = ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٢

 ‫‪١٫٠‬‬ ‫‪١٫٢‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬ ‫‪١٫٧‬‬ ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل رﻗﻢ ‪:١‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬
‫‪٠٫٤‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٣‬‬ ‫‪١٫٠‬‬
‫ردم‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ )ﻋﺪد‬
‫‪ ٣‬أﺟﺰاء(‪:‬‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٩‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪III‬‬
‫‪IV ٠٫٢‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٠ VI ٠٫٣‬‬
‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬

‫‪١٫١‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٫١‬‬
‫‪١٫٣‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪٧٨٫٧٥ =(٤\(٠٫٠+٠٫٠+٠٫٢+٠٫٥))x(٣٠x١٥) = IV‬م‪٣‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪١٥٫٠ =(٣\(٠٫٠+٠٫٠+٠٫٢))x (٢\(٣٠x١٥)) = V‬م‪٣‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ‪١١٫٢٥ =(٣\(٠٫٠+٠٫٠+٠٫٣))x (٢\(٣٠x٧٫٥)) = VI‬م‪٣‬‬
‫اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮدم = ‪ ٢٩٤٠٫٠ = ١١٫٢٥ +١٥٫٠+٧٨٫٧٥+ ٢٨٣٥‬م‪٣‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٢‬ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺣﻮض ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ أﺑﻌﺎدﻩ ‪ ٥٠x٢٠‬م أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻷرض‬
‫‪37.70 39.50 39.70 41.50 40.00 39.30‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺈذا آﺎن ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻮض ‪٣٨٫٥‬م‬

‫واﻧﺤﺪار ﻗﺎع اﻟﺤﻮض ‪ %٥‬ﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﻰ ‪٢٠‬م‬
‫ﺛﻢ ‪ %٤‬ﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬اﻟﻰ ‪٣٠‬م ﺛﻢ أﻓﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪٣٠‬اﻟﻰ ‪٥٠‬م‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب رﺳﻢ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻃﻮﻟﻰ وﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٢‬‬
‫‪٤١‬‬
‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اﻷ‬
‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬

‫ء‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻹ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪37.70‬‬ ‫‪39.50‬‬ ‫‪39.70‬‬ ‫‪41.50‬‬ ‫‪40.00‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪39.30‬‬
‫‪37.10‬‬ ‫‪37.10‬‬ ‫‪37.10‬‬ ‫‪37.50‬‬ ‫‪38.00‬‬ ‫‪38.50‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬

‫‪0.60‬‬ ‫‪2.40‬‬ ‫‪2.60‬‬ ‫‪4.00‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪0.80‬‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

‫‪600.00‬‬ ‫‪48.00‬‬ ‫‪52.00‬‬ ‫‪80.00‬‬ ‫‪40.00‬‬ ‫‪16.00‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫‪12960‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2640‬‬ ‫‪2400‬‬ ‫‪1120‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫‪21120‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٣‬ﺑﻬﺪف إﻧﺸﺎء ﻃﺮﻳﻖ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ آﻞ ‪١٠٠‬م ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻷرض‬
‫‪24.00 23.00 23.00 25.00 27.50 26.00‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺈذا آﺎن ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺴﺎوى ﻣﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺤﺪر اﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٢٠٠:١‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪٢٠٠‬م‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ أﻓﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٢٠٠‬اﻟﻰ ‪٣٠٠‬م‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ ١٠٠:١‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ .‬وﻋﺮض اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ‪١٥‬م وﻣﻴﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ‪.٢:١‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب رﺳﻢ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻃﻮﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻖ وﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم‪.‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٣‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻷ‬‫ا‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬
‫ر‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬
‫ﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬
‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬

‫‪١٥‬م‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ع‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪٤+١٥‬ع‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم= ع‪٤ +١٥ + ١٥)x‬ع (\‪ = ٢‬ع ‪٢+١٥)x‬ع(‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٧‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٣‬‬
‫‪500.0‬‬ ‫‪400.0‬‬ ‫‪300.0‬‬ ‫‪200.0‬‬ ‫‪100.0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪ 2 5 0 .0‬اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻷرض‬
‫‪24.0‬‬ ‫‪23.0‬‬ ‫‪23.0‬‬ ‫‪25.0‬‬ ‫‪27.5‬‬ ‫‪26.0‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺧﻂ‬
‫‪26.0‬‬ ‫‪25.0‬‬ ‫‪24.0‬‬ ‫‪24.0‬‬ ‫‪24.5‬‬ ‫‪25.0‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺮدم‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪17‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺮدم‬
‫‪425‬‬ ‫‪4000‬‬ ‫‪4000‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫‪3800‬‬ ‫‪2750‬‬ ‫‪425‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮدم‬
‫‪8425‬‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫‪6975‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮدم‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٨‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٤‬أﺧﺬت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺘﺮح‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻷرض‬
‫‪21.50 21.60 23.90 25.70 24.50 23.50‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺈذا آﺎن ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ‪٢٣٫٣٠‬م‪ ،‬وﻋﺮض‬

‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ‪١٠‬م وﻣﻴﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ١:١‬واﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٥٠٠:١‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪٣٠٠‬م‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻰ‬
‫أﺳﻔﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٤٠٠:١‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب رﺳﻢ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻃﻮﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻖ وﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم‪.‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٩‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٤‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬
‫ﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ض اﻟ‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫اﻷر‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬
‫‪٢١‬‬

‫‪١٠‬م‬

‫ع‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪٢ + ١٠‬ع‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم= ع‪٢ +١٠ + ١٠)x‬ع (\‪ = ٢‬ع ‪+١٠)x‬ع(‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬
 ‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬
‫ا ﻟﻔ ﺎ ﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٤‬‬
‫ﺻﻞ‬
‫‪500.0‬‬ ‫‪400.0‬‬ ‫‪300.0‬‬ ‫‪200.0‬‬ ‫‪100.0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻷرض‬
‫‪21.50‬‬ ‫‪21.60‬‬ ‫‪23.90‬‬ ‫‪25.70‬‬ ‫‪24.50‬‬ ‫‪23.50‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺧﻂ‬
‫‪23.40‬‬ ‫‪23.65‬‬ ‫‪23.90‬‬ ‫‪23.70‬‬ ‫‪23.50‬‬ ‫‪23.30‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬

‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

‫‪1.90‬‬ ‫‪2.05‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺮدم‬

‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫‪24.00‬‬ ‫‪11.00‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪2.04‬‬

‫‪22.61‬‬ ‫‪24.70‬‬ ‫‪0.00‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺮدم‬

‫‪1200.0‬‬ ‫‪1750.0‬‬ ‫‪652.0‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

‫‪2365.63‬‬ ‫‪1235.13‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮدم‬

‫‪3602.00‬‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

‫‪3600.75‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮدم‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦١‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٥‬اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة داﺧﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط‬
‫اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻞ واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺣﺴﺎب آﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ‪ ٣٠‬م‪.‬‬
‫رﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬
‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬
‫‪1720‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٢‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٥‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬
‫‪400.00‬‬ ‫ح =‪(٥٠٠+٣٠٠)١ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪550.00‬‬ ‫ح =‪(٦٠٠+٥٠٠)١ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬
‫‪675.00‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(٧٥٠+٦٠٠)١ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪1625.00‬‬ ‫اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺮدم‬
‫‪3250.00‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪25.00‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(٧٥٠-٨٠٠)١ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬
‫‪300.00‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(٨٠٠ - ١٠٠٠) ١٫٥‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪500.00‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(١٠٠٠ - ١٢٠٠) ٢٫٥‬‬
‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬
‫‪1820.00‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(١٢٠٠- ١٧٢٠) ٣٫٥‬‬
‫‪1720‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫‪2645.00‬‬ ‫اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺮدم‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٦‬ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺧﺰان ﻟﺤﺠﺰ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﺰان‪.‬‬
‫رﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫‪22080‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪56340‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫‪58060‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪61940‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫‪68060‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪70960‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٤‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٦‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﺰان ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

‫رﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﺧﻄﻲ آﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬
‫‪22080‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪196050‬‬ ‫‪196050‬‬ ‫ح =‪(٥٦٣٤٠+٢٢٠٨٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪56340‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫‪482050‬‬ ‫‪286000‬‬ ‫ح =‪(٥٦٣٤٠+٥٨٠٦٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪58060‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪782050‬‬ ‫ح = ‪300000 (٥٨٠٦٠+٦١٩٤٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪61940‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫ح = ‪1107050 325000 (٦١٩٤٠+٦٨٠٦٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪68060‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫ح = ‪1454600 347550 (٦٨٠٦٠+٧٠٩٦٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪70960‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬
‫‪1454600‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻨﻰ‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬

‫‪١٢٥٠٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٠٠٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٥٠٠٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪٢٥٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٥٠٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٧٥٠٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫** ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ أى ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﻬﻢ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻳﻮﺿﺢ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ‪٦٣‬م‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٦‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :٧‬ﻗﻴﺴﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ داﺧﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺘﺮح ﻹﻧﺸﺎء أﺣﺪ اﻟﺨﺰاﻧﺎت ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ‪:‬‬
‫رﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫‪4600‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫‪7100‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬
‫‪8900‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬
‫‪11200‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬
‫‪12300‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬
‫‪14100‬‬ ‫‪145‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﻗﺎع اﻟﺨﺰان ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ‪١٢٠‬م وﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰان‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ‪١٤٢‬م ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ا( إرﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﺰان‬
‫ب( ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﺰان‬
‫ﺟـ( ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰان ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻌﺔ ‪١٠٠٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٧‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٧‬‬

‫رﻗﻢ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﺧﻄﻲ آﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬
‫‪4600‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫‪29250‬‬ ‫‪29250‬‬ ‫ح =‪(٧١٠٠+٤٦٠٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪7100‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬
‫‪69250‬‬ ‫‪40000‬‬ ‫ح =‪(٨٩٠٠+٧١٠٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪8900‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬
‫‪119500‬‬ ‫‪50250‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(١١٢٠٠+٨٩٠٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪11200‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬
‫‪178250‬‬ ‫‪58750‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(١٢٣٠٠+١١٢٠٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪12300‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬
‫‪244250‬‬ ‫‪66000‬‬ ‫ح = ‪(١٤١٠٠+١٢٣٠٠)٥ * ٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪14100‬‬ ‫‪145‬‬
‫‪244250‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٨‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬
‫‪١٤٥‬‬
‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻨﻰ‬
‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫ﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
‫‪١٣٠‬‬
‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫‪٥٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٠٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪١٥٠٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪٢٥٠٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫** ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ أى ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﻬﻢ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻳﻮﺿﺢ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ‪٦٣‬م‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٩‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷراﺿﻰ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٠

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :١‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻷرض اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ أﺑﻌﺎدهﺎ ‪١٢٠*٩٠‬م وﻳﺮاد ﺣﺴﺎب‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ )ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺮدم(‬
‫‪٦٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٣‬‬

‫‪٦٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٠‬‬

‫‪٦٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٫١‬‬

‫‪٧٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٣‬‬

‫‪٧٫٥‬‬

‫‪٨٫١‬‬ ‫‪٧٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٨٫٥‬‬

‫‪٨٫٣‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٧١‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬
‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﺮدم‬
‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪6.0‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:١‬‬
‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪5.8‬‬
‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫‪5.5‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ = ‪٦٫٨ =٢٠\١٣٦‬م‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪5.3‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪6.5‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪6.6‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ = ‪١١‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪0.8‬‬
‫‪6.7‬‬
‫‪6.0‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﺮدم = ‪٩‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪6.5‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ = ‪٠٫٦٤٥٤ = ١١ \ ٧٫١‬م‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪6.7‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪6.9‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺮدم = ‪٠٫٧٨٨٨ = ٩ \ ٧٫١‬م‬
‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪6.1‬‬
‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﺰء اﻟﺤﻔﺮ =)‪ ٥٩٤٠=(٢٠\١١)*(١٢٠*٩٠‬م‪٢‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪7.2‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪7.0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﺰء اﻟﺮدم =)‪ ٤٨٦٠ =(٢٠\٩)*(١٢٠*٩٠‬م‪٢‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪7.3‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ = ‪ ٣٨٣٣٫٦٨ =٥٩٤٠* ٠٫٦٤٥٤‬م‪٣‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪8.3‬‬
‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫‪8.1‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺮدم = ‪ ٣٨٣٣٫٥٧ =٤٨٦٠*٠٫٧٨٨٨‬م‪٣‬‬
‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬
‫‪1.7‬‬ ‫‪8.5‬‬
‫‪7.1 7.1 136.0‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٧٢‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٢‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻷرض اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ أﺑﻌﺎدهﺎ ‪٦٠*٦٠‬م وﻳﺮاد ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ )ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺮدم(‬

‫‪٩٫٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٧٫١١‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٠١‬‬

‫‪٧٫٠٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٫٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٫٨١‬‬ ‫‪٤٫٢١‬‬

‫‪٣٫١٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٫١٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٫٢٤‬‬ ‫‪١٫٦٧‬‬

‫‪٢٫٥١‬‬ ‫‪٢٫٠٦‬‬ ‫‪١٫١٠‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٢٢‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٧٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:٢‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬
‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﺮدم‬
‫‪5.07‬‬ ‫‪9.26‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ = ‪٤٫١٩ =١٦\٦٧٫٠٩‬م‬
‫‪2.92‬‬ ‫‪7.11‬‬
‫‪2.03‬‬ ‫‪6.22‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ = ‪٨‬‬
‫‪0.82‬‬ ‫‪5.01‬‬
‫‪2.89‬‬ ‫‪7.08‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﺮدم = ‪٨‬‬
‫‪2.08‬‬ ‫‪6.27‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ = ‪٢٫٠٥ = ٨ \١٦٫٤٠‬م‬
‫‪0.62‬‬ ‫‪4.81‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺮدم = ‪٢٫٠٥٦ = ٨ \١٦٫٤٥‬م‬
‫‪0.02‬‬ ‫‪4.21‬‬
‫‪1.05 3.14‬‬
‫‪1.01 3.18‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﺰء اﻟﺤﻔﺮ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﺰء اﻟﺮدم =‬
‫‪0.95 3.24‬‬ ‫)‪ ١٨٠٠ = (١٦\٨)*(٦٠*٦٠‬م‪٢‬‬
‫‪2.52 1.67‬‬
‫‪1.68 2.51‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ = ‪ ٣٦٩٠ = ١٨٠٠ * ٢٫٠٥‬م‪٣‬‬
‫‪2.13 2.06‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺮدم = ‪ ٣٧٠٠٫٨=١٨٠٠ * ٢٫٠٥٦‬م‪٣‬‬
‫‪3.09 1.10‬‬
‫‪3.97 0.22‬‬
‫‪16.45 16.40 67.09‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٧٤‬‬
 Thanks
fo r
your
attention
I am glad to receive your additional comments at:
E-mail: [email protected]
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٥
 Thanks
fo r
your
attention
I am glad to receive your additional comments at:
E-mail: [email protected]
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٦
 Thanks
fo r
your
attention
I am glad to receive your additional comments at:
E-mail: [email protected]
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٧