Production Evalution
Production Evalution
Production Evalution
INTRODUCTION
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Time allocation is an important consideration for production logging operations - particularly in high pressure operations. Surveys
can frequently be run more safely in daylight.
If not this may dictate the use of special
lighting equipment for lengthy operations.
Well Problems
In the absence of knowledge to the contrary,
it is assumed that the well has hydraulic integrity, and that the fluids are going where they
belong; often, this assumption is wrong. Examples include: casing leaks, tubing leaks,
packer leaks, communication through the annulus due to poor cement, and thief zones.
Figure D2 shows how these conditions can
lead to misleading conclusions when well performance data come from surface measurements alone. Solutions to these and other
well problems can be found by the integration
and interpretation of production log data.
Fig. D2: Mechanical well problems.
We will cover the various production logging tools and how each is interpreted individually. Once the measurement made by
each PL sensor is understood we are then
better able to combine them for a better interpretation. In the interpretation section we will
cover the various flow regimes occurring in
the wellbore during production.
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D.2
FLOWMETER TOOLS
Flow Velocity
Flowmeter spinner tools and radioactive
tracer tools are usually used to measure flow
velocity. Under certain conditions, the fluid
density and temperature tools can be used to
estimate flow rates but their use for this purpose is much less common.
Spinner Flowmeter Tools
Spinner flowmeters all incorporate some
type of impeller that is rotated by fluid moving relative to the impeller. The impeller
commonly turns on a shaft with magnets that
rotate inside a coil. The induced current in
the coil is monitored and converted to a spinner speed in revolutions per second. This
spinner speed is then converted to fluid velocity (flow rate).
D.2.1
CONTINUOUS FLOWMETER
TOOL
The continuous flowmeter tool has an impeller mounted inside the tool, or in some versions, at the end of it (Figure D3). The most
common tool diameter is 42.9 mm (1 11/16 in)
with the spinner being smaller. The continuous flowmeter is most often run in tubing
where the fluid velocities are high and the
fluids tend to be a homogeneous mixture.
The spinner covers a much larger percentage
of the cross-sectional flowing area than in
casing and tends to average the fluid velocity
profile.
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D.2.2
The FBS tool is probably the most commonly run spinner tool. The tool collapses to
traverse the tubing and opens inside casing for
logging purposes. The large cross-sectional
area of the spinner tends to correct for fluid
velocity profiles and multiphase flow effects.
A schematic of the FBS tool, in both the collapsed, through-tubing and opened, belowtubing, configuration is shown in Figure D4.
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D.2.3
AUTOMATIC DIVERTER
FLOWMETER TOOL (ADF)
The automatic diverter flowmeter tool utilizes a fabric diverter with an inflatable ring
for use in medium and low flow rate wells.
This diverter assembly fits inside a metal cage
that is closed and protects the diverter while
entering the well. The metal cage is opened
and closed on command from the surface and,
when open, helps to centralize the tool and
deploy the diverter. At the same time, fluid
carried with the tool is pumped into the inflatable ring, thus obtaining a seal to the casing.
A schematic of the automatic diverter flowmeter tool is shown in Figure D5.
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D.2.4
INTERPRETATION OF
SINGLE PHASE FLOW USING
SPINNERS
Figure D7 shows a typical Fullbore Flowmeter Log. It displays CVEL (cable velocity)
in Track #1 (left side) and spinner response
RPS (revolution per second) in Tracks #2 and
#3.
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Two-Pass Technique
The two-pass technique can be used to calculate the percent contribution of each zone in
varying viscosity conditions, whether from
multiphase flow or single-phase flow with
multiple viscosities. This technique consists
of running several continuous flowmeter
passes against the flow direction and with the
flow direction. The cable speed must be
faster than the fluid velocity on the passes
with the fluid flow direction. Two passes, one
with and one against the flow, are selected
and then normalized to coincide in a region of
no-flow (i.e., below all perforations). The
amount of separation measured in log divisions between the two passes after normalizing is linearly proportional to fluid velocity.
One hundred percent flow is at the point of
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When the Radioactive Tracer is run in combination with a temperature log they can be
combined as in Figure D15. By presenting
injecting temperatures, storage temperatures
and radioactivity passes the presence of a
channel can be confirmed. Relative amounts
of storage are dependent on permeability and
hence should not be interpreted from a volume standpoint.
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HOLDUP = Y
YHP - Holdup of the heavy phase
YLP - Holdup of the light phase
log -Tool Response at any point in the well.
LP - Downhole density of light phase.
HP - Downhole density of heavy phase.
log - LP
YHP =
YLP =
HP - LP
1 - YHP
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Figure D19 shows a Composite Gradiomanometer log. The initial shut-in pass indicates
water in the sump (TD to 2948); an oil leg
(2948 to 2920); finally gas (from 2920 up).
The flowing pass shows the entry points for
each fluid.
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When a well is deviated, the gradiomanometer reading must be divided by the cosine of the deviation angle to correct for the
hole deviation effect.
An advantage of the pressure differential
system is that it has a very smooth readout
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D.4.3
THE CAPACITANCE
(DIELECTRIC OR WATERCUT) TOOL
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