Bean

2015
Organic Production and IPM Guide for
Snap Beans
NYS IPM Publication No. 132
Integrated Pest Management

New York State
Department of
Agriculture & Markets
Coordinating Editor
Abby Seaman* (NYS IPM Program)
Contributors and Resources

George Abawi (Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, retired)
Thomas Bjorkman (Cornell University, Vegetable Crop Physiology)
Ann Cobb (Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, retired)
Helene Dillard (Dean of the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at UC Davis, formerly Cornell
University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology)
Vern Grubinger (University of Vermont, Vegetable and Berry Specialist)
Beth Gugino (The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology)
Robert Hadad (Cornell Vegetable Program)
Julie Kikkert (Cornell Vegetable Program)
Michael Helms* (Cornell University, Pesticide Management Education Program)
Margaret T. McGrath (Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology)
Charles L. Mohler (Cornell University, Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, retired)
Brian Nault* (Cornell University, Department of Entomology)
Anu Rangarajan (Local Economies Project, The New World foundation, formerly Cornell University Small Farms
Program, Section of Horticulture)
Thomas A. Zitter (Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, retired)
*Pesticide Information and Regulatory Compliance
Staff Writers
Mary Kirkwyland and Elizabeth Thomas (New York State IPM Program)
Editing for the 2015 update
Mary Kirkwyland (Cornell University, NYSAES, New York State IPM Program)
Special Appreciation
Format based on the Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable Production (Reference
4). Content Editors Stephen Reiners, Curtis H. Petzoldt, and Abby Seaman with numerous Discipline Editors.
Funded in part by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
The information in this guide reflects the current authors best effort to interpret a complex body of scientific research, and to translate this into practical
management options. Following the guidance provided in this guide does not assure compliance with any applicable law, rule, regulation or standard, or the
achievement of particular discharge levels from agricultural land.
Every effort has been made to provide correct, complete, and up-to-date pest management information for New York State at the time this publication was
released for printing (June 2015). Changes in pesticide registrations and regulations, occurring after publication are available in county Cornell Cooperative
Extension offices or from the Pesticide Management Education Program web site (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu). Trade names used herein are for convenience
only. No endorsement of products in intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products implied.
This guide is not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read the product label before applying any pesticide.
Updates and additions to this guide are available at http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/organic_guide. Please submit comments or suggested changes for these
guides to [email protected].
How to cite this publication: Seaman, Abby, Editor. (2015). Production Guide for Organic Beans for Processing. Publisher: New
York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University (New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva,
NY). 50 pages.
2015
Contents
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................1
1. General Organic Management Practices ..........................................................................................................................1
2. Soil Health ........................................................................................................................................................................1
3. Cover Crops ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 Goals and Timing for Cover Crops .............................................................................................................................................................2
3.2 Legumes Cover Crops ....................................................................................................................................................................................2
3.3 Non-Legume Cover Crops ............................................................................................................................................................................2
3.4 Biofumigant Cover Crops ..............................................................................................................................................................................2
4. Field Selection ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.1 Certifying Requirements .................................................................................................................................................................................4
4.2 Crop Rotation Plan .........................................................................................................................................................................................4
4.3 Pest History ......................................................................................................................................................................................................5
4.4 Soil and Air Drainage ......................................................................................................................................................................................5
5. Weed Management .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.1 Record Keeping ...............................................................................................................................................................................................6
5.2 Weed Management Methods .........................................................................................................................................................................6
6. Recommended Varieties.................................................................................................................................................. 6
7. Planting Methods ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
8. Crop & Soil Nutrient Management ................................................................................................................................. 7
8.1 Fertility...............................................................................................................................................................................................................8
8.2 Preparing an Organic Nutrient Budget........................................................................................................................................................8
9. Harvesting ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
10. Using Organic Pesticides .............................................................................................................................................. 11
10.1 Sprayer Calibration and Application ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
10.2 Regulatory Considerations ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
10.3 Optimizing Pesticide Effectiveness ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
11. Disease Management .................................................................................................................................................... 12
11.1 Sclerotinia White Mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ........................................................................................................................................ 15
11.2 Botrytis Gray Mold, Botrytis cinerea ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
11.3 Pod-flecking complex (PFC), Alternaria alternata and Plectosporium tabacinum .................................................................................... 19
11.4 Root Rot and Damping-Off. .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
11.5 Bacterial Diseases ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
11.6 Virus Diseases ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
11.7 Bean Rust, Uromyces appendiculatus ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
12. Root-Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans .........................................................................................................28
13. Insect Management ......................................................................................................................................................28
13.1 Mexican Bean Beetle .................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
13.2 Potato Leafhopper (PLH), Empoasca fabae ............................................................................................................................................. 34
13.3 Seedcorn Maggot, Delia platura ................................................................................................................................................................. 36
13.4 European Corn Borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis ..................................................................................................................................... 37
13.5 Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae .......................................................................................................................................... 39
13.6 Tarnished Plant Bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris ............................................................................................................................................ 41
14. Slugs ..............................................................................................................................................................................43
15. Pesticides & Abbreviations Mentioned in this Publication ..........................................................................................44
16. References .....................................................................................................................................................................46
2015
ORGANIC BEAN PRODUCTION
Certifying organizations may be able to provide a template

for the farm plan. The following description of the farm
plan is from the NOP web site:
INTRODUCTION
his guide for organic production of snap beans

provides an outline of cultural and pest management
practices and includes topics that have an impact on
improving plant health and reducing pest problems. It is
divided into sections, but the interrelated quality of organic
cropping systems makes each section relevant to the others.
The Organic Food Production Act of 1990 (OFPA or

Act) requires that all crop, wild crop, livestock, and
handling operations requiring certification submit an
organic system plan to their certifying agent and, where
applicable, the State Organic Program (SOP). The organic
system plan is a detailed description of how an operation
will achieve, document, and sustain compliance with all
applicable provisions in the OFPA and these regulations.
The certifying agent must concur that the proposed
organic system plan fulfills the requirements of subpart C,
and any subsequent modification of the organic plan by
the producer or handler must receive the approval of the
certifying agent.
The guide attempts to compile the most current information

available, but acknowledges that effective means of control
are not available for some pests. More research on growing
crops organically is needed, especially in the area of pest
management. Future revisions will incorporate new
information, providing organic growers with a complete set
of useful practices to help them achieve success.
This guide uses the term Integrated Pest Management (IPM),
which like organic production, emphasizes cultural, biological,
and mechanical practices to minimize pest outbreaks. With
limited pest control products available for use in many
organic production systems, an integrated approach to pest
management is essential. IPM techniques such as identifying
and assessing pest populations, keeping accurate pest history
records, selecting the proper site, and preventing pest
outbreaks through use of crop rotation, resistant varieties and
biological controls are important to producing a high quality
crop.
More details may be found at the Agricultural Marketing

Services National Organic Program website (Link 6). The
National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service,
(formerly ATTRA), has produced a guide to organic
certification that includes templates for developing an organic
farm plan (Link 7). The Rodale Institute has also developed
resources for transitioning to organic and developing an
organic farm plan (Link 8).
2. SOIL HEALTH
Healthy soil is the basis of organic farming. Regular additions
of organic matter in the form of cover crops, compost, or
manure create a soil that is biologically active, with good
structure and capacity to hold nutrients and water (note that
any raw manure applications should occur at least 120 days
before harvest). Decomposing plant materials will activate a
diverse pool of microbes, including those that break down
organic matter into plant-available nutrients as well as others
that compete with plant pathogens on the root surface.
1. GENERAL ORGANIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

1.1 Organic Certification
To use a certified organic label, farming operations that gross

more than $5,000 per year in organic products must be
certified by a U.S. Department of Agriculture National
Organic Program (NOP) accredited certifying agency. The
choice of certifier may be dictated by the processor or by the
target market. A list of accredited certifiers (Link 4) operating
in New York can be found on the New York State
Department of Agriculture and Markets Organic Farming
Development/Assistance web page(Link 5). See more
certification and regulatory details under Section 4.1:
Certification Requirements and Section 10: Using Organic Pesticides.
Rotating between crop families can help prevent the buildup

of diseases that overwinter in the soil. Rotation with a grain
crop, preferably a sod that will be in place for one or more
seasons, deprives disease-causing organisms of a host, and
also contributes to a healthy soil structure that promotes
vigorous plant growth. The same practices are effective for
preventing the buildup of root damaging nematodes in the
soil, but keep in mind that certain grain crops are also hosts
for some nematode species. Rotating between crops with late
and early season planting dates can help prevent the buildup
of weed populations. Organic growers must attend to the
connection between soil, nutrients, pests, and weeds to
succeed. An excellent resource for additional information on
soils and soil health is Building Soils for Better Crops by Fred
Magdoff and Harold Van Es, 2010 (Link 10). For additional
1.2 Organic Farm Plan
An organic farm plan is central to the certification process.

The farm plan describes production, handling, and recordkeeping systems, and demonstrates to certifiers an
understanding of organic practices for a specific crop. The
process of developing the plan can be very valuable in
terms of anticipating potential issues and challenges, and
fosters thinking of the farm as a whole system. Soil,
nutrient, pest, and weed management are all interrelated on
organic farms and must be managed in concert for success.
1
2015
information, refer to the Cornell Soil Health website (Link

11).
Northeast Cover Crop Handbook, by Marianne Sarrantonio

(Reference 6) or the Cornell online decision tool to match
goals, season, and cover crop (Link 9).
3. COVER CROPS
Leaving cover crop residue to remain on the soil surface

might make it easier to fit into a crop rotation and will help to
conserve soil moisture, but some of the nitrogen contained in
the residue will be lost to the atmosphere, and total organic
matter added to the soil will be reduced. Turning under the
cover crop will speed up the decomposition and nitrogen
release from the crop residue.
Unlike cash crops, which are grown for immediate economic

benefit, cover crops are grown for their valuable effect on soil
properties and on subsequent cash crops. Cover crops help
maintain soil organic matter, improve soil tilth, prevent
erosion and assist in nutrient management. They can also
contribute to weed management, increase water infiltration,
maintain populations of beneficial fungi, and may help
control insects, diseases and nematodes. To be effective,
cover crops should be treated as any other valuable crop on
the farm, with their cultural requirements carefully considered
including their cultural requirements, life span, mowing
recommendations, incorporation methods, and susceptibility,
tolerance, or antagonism to root pathogens and other pests.
Some cover crops and cash crops share susceptibility to
certain pathogens and nematodes. Careful planning and
monitoring is required when choosing a cover crop sequence
to avoid increasing pest problems in subsequent cash crops.
See Tables 3.1 for more information on specific cover crops
and Section 8: Crop and Soil Nutrient Management for more
information about how cover crops fit into a nutrient
management plan.
3.2 Legumes Cover Crops
Legume cover crops should be avoided before beans

because many are closely related to beans and share pests.
3.3 Non-Legume Cover Crops
Barley, rye grain, rye grass, Sudangrass, wheat, oats, and other
grain crops left on the surface or plowed under as green
manures or dry residue in the spring are beneficial because
these plants take up nitrogen that otherwise might be leached
from the soil, and release it back to the soil as they
decompose. If incorporated, allow two weeks or more for
decomposition prior to planting to avoid the negative impact
on stand establishment from actively decomposing material.
Three weeks might not be enough if soils are very cold. In
wet years, the presence of cover crop residues may increase
slug damage and infections by fungal pathogens such as
Pythium and Rhizoctonia, affecting stand establishment
A certified organic farmer is required to plant certified organic

cover crop seed. If, after contacting at least three suppliers,
organic seed is not available, then the certifier may allow
conventional seed to be used. Suppliers should provide a
purity test for cover crop seed. Always inspect the seed for
contamination with weed seeds and return if it is not clean.
Cover crop seed is a common route for introduction of new
weed species onto farms.
3.4 Biofumigant Cover Crops
Certain cover crops have been shown to inhibit weeds,

pathogens, and nematodes by releasing toxic volatile
chemicals when tilled into the soil as green manures and
degraded by microbes or when cells are broken down by
finely chopping. Degradation is quickest when soil is warm
and moist. These biofumigant cover crops include
Sudangrass, sorghum-sudangrasses, and many in the brassica
family. Varieties of mustard and arugula developed with high
glucosinolate levels that maximize biofumigant activity have
been commercialized (e.g. Caliente brands 199 and Nemat).
3.1 Goals and Timing for Cover Crops
Adding cover crops regularly to the crop rotation plan can

result in increased yields of the subsequent cash crop. Goals
should be established for choosing a cover crop; for example,
the crop can add nitrogen, smother weeds, or break a pest
cycle. The cover crop might best achieve some of these goals
if it is in place for the entire growing season. If this is
impractical, a compromise might be to grow the cover crop
between summer cash crops. Allow two or more weeks
between cover crop incorporation and cash crop seeding to
permit decomposition of the cover crop, which will improve
the seedbed and help avoid any unwanted allelopathic effects
on the next cash crop. Another option is to overlap the
cover crop and the cash crop life cycles by overseeding,
interseeding or intercropping the cover crop between cash
crop rows at final cultivation. An excellent resource for
determining the best cover crop for your situation is
Attend to the cultural requirements of the cover crops to

maximize growth. Fertilizer applied to the cover crops will be
taken up and then returned to the soil for use by the cash
crop after the cover crop is incorporated. Biofumigant cover
crops like mustard should be allowed to grow to their full
size, normally several weeks after flowering starts, but
incorporated before the seeds become brown and hard
indicating they are mature. To minimize loss of biofumigant,
finely chop the tissue early in the day when temperatures are
low. Incorporate immediately by tilling, preferably with a
second tractor following the chopper. Lightly seal the soil
2
2015
surface using a culti-packer and/or inch of irrigation or

rain water to help trap the volatiles and prolong their
persistence in the soil. Wait at least two weeks before
planting a subsequent crop to reduce the potential for the
breakdown products to harm the crop, also known as
phytotoxicity. Scratching the soil surface before planting will
release remaining biofumigant. This biofumigant effect is not
predictable or consistent. The levels of the active compounds
and suppressiveness can vary by season, cover crop variety,
maturity at incorporation, amount of biomass, fineness of

chopping, how quickly the tissue is incorporated, soil
microbial diversity, soil tilth, and microbe population density.
Cover Crops for Vegetable Growers: Decision Tool (Link 9).
Northeast Cover Crops Handbook (Reference 6).
Cover Crops for Vegetable Production in the Northeast (Reference 11).
Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning Manual (Link 11a).
Brassicas
e.g. mustards,
rapeseed
April or late Annual /

August-early Biennial a
Sept.
Buckwheat
Late springsummer
Cereal Rye
SEEDING
(LB/A)
SOIL TYPE
PREFERENCE
PH
PREFERENCE
SHADE
DROUGHT
--TOLERANCES--
COMMENTS
NI
5.3-6.8
Loam to
clay
5-12
NFT
7-8
5.0-7.0
Most
35-134 +Rapid grower (warm season)

+Good catch or smother crop
+Good short-term soil improver for
poor soils
August-early Winter annual

October
5.0-7.0
Sandy to 60-200 +Most cold-tolerant cover crop

clay
+Excellent allelopathic weed control
loams
+Good catch crop
+Rapid germination & growth
+Temporary N tie-up when turned
under
Fine Fescues
Mid March- Long-lived

mid-May OR perennial
late Aug.late Sept.
3-5
7-9
7-8
5.3-7.5 (red)
5.0-6.0 (hard)
Most
Oats
Mid-Septearly
October
5.0-6.5
Silt &
clay
loams
Ryegrasses
August-early Winter annual 6 (AR)

Sept.
(AR)/
4 (PR)
Short-lived
perennial (PR)
7
(AR)
5
(PR)
6.0-7.0
Most
14-35 +Temporary N tie-up when turned

under
+Rapid growth
+Good catch crop
+Heavy N & moisture users
SorghumSudangrass
Late springsummer
NI
Near neutral
NI
10-36 +Tremendous biomass producers in

hot weather
+Good catch or smother crop
+Biofumigant properties
Summer
annual a
Summer
annuala
Summer
Annual a
6-8
HEAT
COLD HARDINESS
ZONE (LINK 1)
LIFE CYCLE
SPECIES
PLANTING DATES
Table 3.1. Non-Leguminous Cover Crops: Cultural Requirements and Crop Benefits
NFT
+Good dual purpose cover & forage

+Establishes quickly in cool weather
+Biofumigant properties
16-100 +Very good low-maintenance

permanent cover, especially in
infertile, acid, droughty &/or shady
sites
110
+Rapid growth
+Ideal quick cover and nurse crop
NI-No Information, NFT-No Frost Tolerance. Drought, Heat, Shade Tolerance Ratings: 1-2=low, 3-5=moderate, 6-8=high, 9-10=very high. . aWinter killed.
AR=Annual Rye, PR=Perennial Rye.
Reprinted with permission from Rodale Institute . M. Sarrantonio. 1994. Northeast Cover Crop Handbook. (Reference 6).
2015
A well-planned crop rotation is key to weed management.

Short season crops such as lettuce and spinach are harvested
before many weeds go to seed, whereas vining cucurbits, with
their limited cultivation time and long growing season, allow
weeds to go to seed before harvest. Including short season
crops in the rotation will help to reduce weed populations
provided the field is cleaned up promptly after harvest. Other
weed reducing rotation strategies include growing mulched
crops, competitive cash crops, short-lived cover crops, or
crops that can be intensively cultivated. Individual weed
species emerge and mature at different times of the year,
therefore alternating between spring, summer, and fall
planted crops helps to interrupt weed life cycles.
4. FIELD SELECTION
For organic production, give priority to fields with excellent
soil tilth, high organic matter, good drainage and airflow.
Beans do not thrive in wet soil.
4.1 Certifying Requirements
Certifying agencies have requirements that affect field

selection. Fields cannot be treated with prohibited products
for three years prior to the harvest of a certified organic crop.
Adequate buffer zones are required between certified organic
and conventionally grown crops. Buffer zones must be a
barrier, such as a diversion ditch or dense hedgerow, or be a
distance large enough to prevent drift of prohibited materials
onto certified organic fields. Determining what buffer zone is
needed will vary depending on equipment used on adjacent
non-certified land. For example, use of high-pressure spray
equipment or aerial pesticide applications in adjacent fields
will increase the buffer zone size. Pollen from genetically
engineered crops can also be a contaminant. An organic crop
should not be grown near a genetically engineered crop of the
same species. Check with your certifier for specific buffer
requirements. These buffers commonly range between 20 to
250 feet depending on adjacent field practices.
Cash and cover crop sequences should also take into account
the nutrient needs of different crops and the response of
weeds to high nutrient levels. High soil phosphorus and
potassium levels can exacerbate problem weed species. A
cropping sequence that alternates crops with high and low
nutrient requirements can help keep nutrients in balance. The
crop with low nutrient requirements can help use up nutrients
from a previous heavy feeder. A fall planting of a non-legume
cover crop will help hold nitrogen not used by the previous
crop. This nitrogen is then released when the cover crop is
incorporated in the spring. See Section 5: Weed Management,
and Section 3: Cover Crops for more specifics.
4.2 Crop Rotation Plan
Rotating crops that produce abundant organic matter, such as

hay crop and grain-legume cover crops, with ones that
produce less, such as vegetables, will help to sustain organic
matter levels and promote good soil tilth (see Section 2: Soil
Health and Section 8: Crop and Soil Nutrient Management). Beans
generally have a lower nutrient requirement (Table 4.2.1).
Growing a cover crop, preferably one that includes a legume
(unless the field has a history of Pythium or Rhizoctonia
problems), prior to or after a bean crop, will help to renew
soil nutrients, improve soil structure, and diversify soil
organisms. Deep-rooted crops in the rotation to help break
up compacted soil layers.
A careful crop rotation plan is the cornerstone of organic

crop production because it allows the grower to improve soil
quality and proactively manage pests. Although growing a
wide range of crops complicates the crop rotation planning
process, it ensures diversity in crop residues in the soil, and a
greater variety of beneficial soil organisms. Individual organic
farms vary widely in the crops grown and their ultimate goals,
but some general rules apply to all organic farms regarding
crop rotation. Rotating individual fields away from crops
within the same family is critical and can help minimize cropspecific disease and non-mobile insect pests that persist in the
soil or overwinter in the field or field borders. Pests that are
persistent in the soil, have a wide host range, or are windborne, will be difficult to control through crop rotation.
Conversely, the more host specific, non-mobile, and shortlived a pest is, the greater the ability to control it through crop
rotation. The amount of time required for a crop rotation is
based on the particular pest and its severity. Some particularly
difficult pests may require a period of fallow. See specific
recommendations in the disease and insect sections of this
guide (Sections 11, 12, 13). Partitioning the farm into
management units will help to organize crop rotations and
ensure that all parts of the farm have sufficient breaks from
each type of crop.
Table 4.2.1 Crops Nutrient Requirements
Crop
Lower
bean
beet
carrot
herbs
pea
radish
Nutrient Needs
Medium
cucumber
eggplant
brassica greens
pepper
pumpkin
spinach
chard
squash
winter squash
Higher
broccoli
cabbage
cauliflower
corn
lettuce
potato
tomato
From NRAES publication Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning

Manual. Charles L. Mohler and Sue Ellen Johnson, editors, (Link 11a).
2015
rot problems. A good rotation helps reduce the incidence of

foliar diseases and lowers the population of plant pathogens
that cause root rot. Corn and cereal grains are excellent
rotation crops to reduce root rot problems because they are
not hosts for root rot pathogens of vegetable crops.
Crop information specific to Beans
Beans should only be grown in fields that have had no

legumes for 3 years. Legumes including soybean, clovers,
alfalfa and hairy vetch are hosts for many soil-borne fungal
pathogens and should be avoided in fields with severe root
Table 4.2.2 Potential Interactions of Crops Grown in Rotation with Beans

Crops in Rotation
Potential Rotation Effects
Comments
Lettuce, potato, tomato, other

legumes, crucifers, or cucurbits
Increase Sclerotinia
Avoid growing these crops prior to or after snap beans to reduce the
buildup of Sclerotinia in the soil. Grow grains or corn for several years to
help reduce Sclerotinia.
Bean, tomato, cucumber,

buckwheat, aromatic herbs
Decrease Clubroot
Clubroot in brassicas has declined more quickly in fields where tomato,

cucumber, snap bean and buckwheat have been grown. Aromatic
perennial herbs such as summer savory, peppermint, or garden thyme
helps to reduce clubroot when grown for 2 to 3 consecutive years.
Soybean, dry bean
Increases Bacterial blight

(Xanthomonas campestris)
Xanthomonas campestris is found in legumes as well as some crucifers

and weeds in the mustard family.
Soybean, dry bean
Increases Soybean cyst nematode
Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines increases to high densities

on snap beans through the snap bean crop is rarely affected.
Snap bean, soybean, dry bean,

alfalfa
Increase Fusarium, Pythium, and

Sclerotinia
Do not plant these legumes prior to or for several years after snap
beans to prevent a buildup of these soilborne diseases.
Excerpt from Appendix 2 of Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning Manual. Charles L. Mohler and Sue Ellen Johnson, editors. (Link 11a)
Snap bean is a host for root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus

penetrans, and therefore it is important to know whether or not
lesion nematode is present in the field in order to develop
long-term crop rotations and cropping sequences that either
reduce the populations in heavily infested fields or minimize
their increase in fields that have no to low infestation levels.
Refer to Section 12 for more information on nematodes.
4.3 Pest History
Knowledge about the pest history for each field is important

for planning a successful cropping strategy. Germination may
be reduced in fields with a history of Pythium or Rhizoctonia.
Avoid fields that contain heavy infestations of perennial
weeds such as nutsedge, bindweed, and quackgrass as these
weeds are particularly difficult to control. One or more years
focusing on weed population reduction using cultivated
fallow and cover cropping may be needed before organic
crops can be successfully grown in those fields. Susceptible
crops should not be grown in fields with a history of Sclerotinia
white mold without a rotation of several years to sweet corn
or grain crops. If there is a field history of white mold,
beans should not be preceded by tomato, potato, lettuce,
crucifer crops, or bean (including soybean). Treat with
Contans to reduce fungal sclerotia in the soil immediately
after an infected crop is harvested.
4.4 Soil and Air Drainage
Most fungal and bacterial pathogens need free water on the

plant tissue or high humidity for several hours in order to
infect. Any practice that promotes leaf drying or drainage of
excess water from the root zone will minimize favorable
conditions for infection and disease development. Fields
with poor air movement, such as those surrounded by
hedgerows or woods, create an environment that favors
prolonged leaf wetness. Plant rows parallel to the prevailing
winds, which is typically in an east-west direction and avoid
overcrowding by using wide row spacing to promote drying
of the soil and reduce moisture in the plant canopy.
If possible, beans should not be grown in fields with a history

of root rot problems, but if there is no choice, plant as late as
possible when the soil has warmed.
5. WEED MANAGEMENT
Root maggots prefer to lay eggs in soil with fresh organic

matter. Incorporate cover crop residues 2-3 weeks before
planting to allow time for decomposition.
Weed management can be one of the biggest challenges on

organic farms, especially during the transition and the first
several years of organic production. To be successful,
2015
ORGANIC SNAP BEAN PRODUCTION
weed management on organic farms must take an

integrated approach that includes crop rotation, cover
cropping, cultivation, and planting design, based on an
understanding of dominant weed biology and ecology of
dominant weed species. A multi-year approach that includes
strategies for controlling problem weed species in a sequence
of crops will generally be more successful than attempting to
manage each years weeds as they appear. Relying on
cultivation alone to manage weeds in an organic system is a
recipe for disaster.
growth. Tine weeders work best on very small weeds. The

final tine weeding can be more aggressive (faster and
deeper) than the pre-emergence weeding or early postemergence weeding. Test settings on a small area and
adjust.
The flex tine harrow is effective with weeds in the row, but
when crop reaches the early first trifoliate stage, the tine
weeders may cause damage to the crop. At this point, a
row crop cultivator can be used to control weeds between
the rows. Adjust row crop cultivator for close and shallow
cultivation. Cultivate to minimize disturbing the soil and
uprooting rocks that will cause problems with the
harvester. Perennial weeds will require deeper cultivation.
Bean varieties that grow higher off the ground will
minimize rocks in the harvester. Using a rolling cultivator
is another option.
For a field with persistent perennial weeds such as field
bindweed, several tactics might be needed to reduce
competition: tillage to break up rhizomes, one or more short
fallow periods to exhaust rhizome reserves, and planting a
crop that requires multiple cultivations.
Management plans should focus on the most challenging and

potentially yield-limiting weed species in each field. Be sure,
however, to emphasize options that do not increase other
species that are present. Alternating between early and lateplanted crops, and short and long season crops in the rotation
can help minimize buildup of a particular weed or group of
weeds with similar life cycles or growth habits, and will also
provide windows for a variety of cover crops.
5.1 Record Keeping
Scout and develop a written inventory of weed species and

their severity for each field. Accurate identification of weeds
is essential. Weed fact sheets provide a good color reference
for common weed identification. See Cornell weed ecology
and Rutgers weed gallery websites (Link 13 and 14).
Resources
Steel in the Field(Link 12).
Cornell Weed Ecology website (Link 13).
Rutgers University, New Jersey Weed Gallery (Link 14).
Univ. of Vermont videos on cultivation and cover cropping (Link 15).
ATTRA Principles of Sustainable Weed Mgt. for Croplands (Link 16).
Cultivation Tools for Mechanical Weed Control in Vegetables (Link 17)
5.2 Weed Management Methods
Planting and cultivation equipment should be set up on the

same number of rows to minimize crop losses and damage to
crop roots during cultivation. It may be necessary to
purchase specialized equipment to successfully control weeds
in some crops.
6. RECOMMENDED VARIETIES
Variety selection is important both for the horticultural
characteristics specified by the processor and the pest
resistance profile that will be the foundation of a pest
management program. Collaborate with processors on
varieties, choosing those with some level of disease resistance
if possible. Cornell research on developing CMV-resistant
snap bean varieties is ongoing.
A certified organic farmer is required to plant certified organic
seed. If, after contacting at least three suppliers, organic seed
is not available for a particular variety, then the certifier may
allow untreated conventional seed to be used.
Begin blind cultivation with a tine weeder, or flexible harrow,

just before ground crack, when weeds are at white thread
stage. Beans are very susceptible to breakage when they are in
the "crook" stage from just before ground crack until the
seed leaves are unfolded and horizontal. Avoid tine weeding
during this period. Correct cultivation depth is 2/3rd of
seeding depth. Note, however, that penetration will vary with
soil conditions and you must avoid hitting the seed with the
weeder in soft spots. Effective tine weeding is an art that
requires adjustment of the weeder to obtain good weed
control without harming the crop. Examples of tine weeders
are the Einbock, Lely and the Kovar. The tines on various
brands and models of harrows differ in flexibility. Tines that
are too stiff can break bean stems. Tines with a 70 to 80
degree bend work well for beans as they hook out grassy
weeds without pulling out the beans, which have a taproot.
Tines with a 45-degree bend can also be used effectively.
After bean emergence, make two more passes using a tine
weeder at about 5 to 7 day intervals depending on weed
6
2015
that produce large droplets is not advised because blossoms

can be knocked off the plant.
6.1.1 Varieties Currently Grown for Processing in NY

Large Sieve Green
Huntington
BA1001
Envy
Venture
3-4 Sieve Green
Bowie
Cabot
Caprice
Cassidy
Colter
Whole Bean Type (2-3 sieve)

Flavor Sweet
Masai
Oakley
8. CROP & SOIL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

To produce a healthy crop, soluble nutrients must be
available from the soil in amounts that meet the minimum
requirements for the whole plant. The total nutrient needs of
a crop are much higher than just the nutrients that are
removed from the field when that crop is harvested. All of
the roots, stems, leaves and other plant parts require nutrients
at specific times during plant growth and development. The
challenge in organic systems is balancing soil fertility to supply
these required plant nutrients at a time and at sufficient levels
to support healthy plant growth. Restrictions in any one of
the needed nutrients will slow growth and can reduce crop
quality and yields.
Romano Type
Furnano
Wax Bean Type
Gold Ribbon
6.1.2 Varieties Identified as Candidates for Organic

Production1
3-4 Sieve Green
Bowie
Caprice
Cassidy
Lewis
1Suggested
Whole Bean Type (2-3 sieve)

Banga
Oakley
Organic growers often speak of feeding the soil rather than

feeding the plant. A more accurate statement is that organic
growers focus their fertility program on feeding soil
microorganisms rather than the plant. Soil microbes
decompose organic matter to release nutrients and convert
organic matter to more stable forms such as humus. This
breakdown of soil organic matter occurs throughout the
growing season, depending on soil temperatures, water
availability and soil quality. The released nutrients are then
held on soil particles or humus making them available to
crops or cover crops for plant growth. Amending soils with
compost, cover crops, or crop residues also provides a food
source for soil microorganisms and when turned into the soil,
starts the nutrient cycle again.
for trial use only until more information is available
7. PLANTING METHODS
Recommended earliest planting date for untreated snap bean
seed is June 1. The crop matures in 50 to 60 days, depending
on the specific variety and desired pod size. Only westerngrown, certified seed should be planted. Optimal
germination of snap bean seed occurs at soil temperatures of
75 to 80F. The minimum temperature at which snap bean
germination will occur is 55 to 60F. Plant rows in an eastwest direction if possible and use wide row spacing, 36
inches, 5-7 plants/foot, to promote drying of the soil,
increase air circulation, reduce moisture in the plant canopy
and reduce risk of foliar diseases. Bean seed is sensitive to
chilling during the initial stage of germination. If the soil is
cold at this time, permanent damage may occur.
During the transition years and the early years of organic

production, soil amendment with composts or animal
manure can be a productive strategy for building organic
matter, biological activity and soil nutrient levels. This practice
of heavy compost or manure use is not, however, sustainable
in the long-term. If composts and manures are applied in the
amounts required to meet the nitrogen needs of the crop,
phosphorous may be added at higher levels than required by
most vegetable crops. This excess phosphorous will gradually
build up to excessive levels, increasing risks of water pollution
or invigorating weeds like purslane and pigweed. A more
sustainable, long-term approach is to rely more on legume
cover crops to supply most of the nitrogen needed by the
crop and use grain or grass cover crops to capture excess
nitrogen released from organic matter at the end of the
season to minimize nitrogen losses to leaching. See Section 3:
Cover Crops. When these cover crops are incorporated into the
soil, their nitrogen, as well as carbon, feeds soil
microorganisms, supporting the nutrient cycle. Harvesting
alfalfa hay from the field for several years can reduce high
phosphorus and potassium levels.
A good rotation helps reduce the incidence of foliar

diseases and lowers the population of plant pathogens that
cause root rot. Corn and cereal grains are excellent
rotation crops. Planting on raised beds or ridges will help
reduce root rot severity because the soil will be warmer
and drier than the unridged soil. To allow for adequate
aeration and drainage of excess moisture, avoid
compacting the soil.
A water deficiency resulting from a lack of soil moisture or
excessive transpiration can lead to deformed or pithy snap
bean pods. Both yield and quality can be increased by
irrigation before bloom and during pod enlargement if there
is moisture stress. Irrigation during bloom with irrigation guns
2015
The primary challenge in organic systems is synchronizing

nutrient release from organic sources, particularly nitrogen,
with the crop requirements. In cool soils, microorganisms are
less active, and nutrient release may be too slow to meet the
crop needs. Once the soil warms, nutrient release may exceed
crop needs. In a long-term organic nutrient management
approach, most of the required crop nutrients would be in
place as organic matter before the growing season starts.
Nutrients required by the crop in the early season can be
supplemented by highly soluble organic amendments such as
poultry manure composts or organically approved bagged
fertilizer products (see Tables 8.2.4 to 8.2.6). These products
can be expensive so are most efficiently used if banded at
planting. The National Organic Standards Board states that
no more than 20% of total N can be applied as Chilean
nitrate. Be sure to confirm the practice with your organic
certifier prior to field application.
temperature and moisture, N mineralization potential, and

leaching. As many of the nutrients as possible should come
from cover crop, manure, and compost additions in previous
seasons.
The source of these nutrients depends on soil type and
historic soil management. Some soils are naturally high in P
and K, or have a history of manure applications that have
resulted in elevated levels. Additional plant available nutrients
are supplied by decomposed soil organic matter or through
specific soluble nutrient amendments applied during the
growing season in organically managed systems. Many types
of organic fertilizers are available to supplement the nutrients
supplied by the soil. ALWAYS check with your certifier
before using any product to be sure it is approved.
8.2 Preparing an Organic Nutrient Budget
Insuring an adequate supply of nutrients when the crop needs

them requires careful planning. Developing an organic
nitrogen budget can help estimate the amount of nutrients
released by various organic amendments as well as native soil
organic matter. Table 8.2.3 estimates common nutrient
content in animal manures; however actual compost and
manure nutrient content should be tested just prior to
application. Analysis of other amendments, as well as cover
crops, can be estimated using published values (see Tables
8.2.4 to 8.2.6 and 3.1 for examples). Keeping records of these
nutrient inputs and subsequent crop performance will help
evaluate if the plan is providing adequate fertility during the
season to meet production goals.
Regular soil testing helps monitor nutrient levels, in particular

phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Choose a reputable soiltesting lab (Table 8.0.1) and use it consistently to avoid
discrepancies caused by different soil extraction methods.
Maintaining a soil pH between 6.3 and 6.8 will maximize the
availability of all nutrients to plants.
x
x
x
x
x
x
LINK
FORAGE
Cornell Soil Nutrient Analysis Lab

Agri Analysis, Inc.
A&L Eastern Ag Laboratories, Inc.
Penn State Ag Analytical Services Lab.
The Agro-One Lab
University of Massachusetts
COMPOST/
MANURE
TESTING LABORATORY
SOIL
Table 8.0.1 Nutrient Testing Laboratories
18
19
20
21
22
23
Remember that with a long-term approach to organic soil

fertility, the N mineralization rates of the soil will increase.
This means that more N will be available from organic
amendments because of increased soil microbial activity and
diversity. Feeding these organisms different types of organic
matter is essential to building this type of diverse biological
community and ensuring long-term organic soil and crop
productivity. Consider submitting soil samples for a Cornell
Soil Health Test (Link 11). This test includes an estimate of
nitrogen mineralization rate, which indicates the potential for
release of N from soil organic matter. Testing soils over time
can be useful for monitoring changes in nitrogen
mineralization rate during the transition, and over time, in
organic production.
Develop a plan for estimating the amount of nutrients that

will be released from soil organic matter, cover crops,
compost, and manure. A strategy for doing this is outlined in
Section 8.2: Preparing an Organic Nutrient Budget.
8.1 Fertility
Recommendations from the Cornell Integrated Crop and

Pest Management Guidelines indicate that a bean crop
requires 40 lbs. of available nitrogen (N), 80 lbs. of
phosphorus (P), and 60 lbs. of potassium (K) per acre. These
levels are based on the total needs of the whole plant and
assume the use of synthetic fertilizers. Farmer and research
experience suggests that lower levels may be adequate in
organic systems. See Table 8.2.2 for the recommended rates
of P and K based on soil test results. Nitrogen is not included
because levels of available N change in response to soil
Estimating total nutrient release from the soil and comparing

it with soil test results and recommendations requires recordkeeping and some simple calculations. Table 8.2.1 below can
be used as a worksheet for calculating nutrients supplied by
the soil compared to the total crop needs.
2015
that has 3% organic matter could be expected to provide 60

pounds of N per acre.
Table 8.2.1 Calculating Nutrient Credits and Needs.

Nitrogen (N) Phosphate
Potash
lbs/A
(P2O5) lbs/A (K2O)lbs/A
1. Total crop nutrient
needs
2. Recommendations
based on soil test
3. Credits
a. Soil organic matter
b. Manure
c. Compost
d. Prior cover crop
4. Total credits:
5. Additional needs (24=)
Line 3b. Manure: Assume that applied manure will release N
for 3 years. Based on the test of total N in any manure

applied, estimate that 50% is available in the first year, and
then 50% of the remaining is released in each of the next two
years. For an application rate of 100 lbs. of N as manure, 50
lbs. would be available the first year, 25 lbs. in year 2, and
12.5 lbs. in year 3. The NOP rules allow manure applications
120 days or more before harvest of a vegetable crop, but your
farm certifer may have a more restrictive policy.
Not
provided
---
---
Line 3c. Compost: Estimate that between 10 and 25% of the N
contained in compost will be available the first year.

Compost maturity will influence how much N is available. If
the material is immature, more of the N may be available to
the crop in the first year. A word of caution: Using compost
to provide for a crops nutrient needs is not generally a
financially viable strategy. The total volume needed can be
very expensive for the units of N available to the crop,
especially if trucking is required. Most stable composts should
be considered as soil conditioners, improving soil health,
microbial diversity, tilth, and nutrient retaining capacity. Any
compost applied on organic farms must be approved for use
by your farm certifier. Compost generated on the farm must
follow an approved process outlined by your certifier.
Line 1. Total Crop Nutrient Needs: Research indicates that an
average bean crop requires 40 lbs. of available nitrogen (N),

80 lbs. of phosphorus (P), and 60 lbs. of potassium (K) per
acre to support a medium to high yield crop (see Section 8.1
Fertility above).
Line 2. Recommendations Based on Soil Test: Use Table 8.2.2
to determine the amount of P and K needed based on soil

test results.
Table 8.2.2 Recommended Amounts of Phosphorus and
Potassium for Beans Based on Soil Tests
Level shown in soil test
Total nutrient
recommendation
Line 3d. Cover Crops: Legume cover crops are a source of
Soil Phosphorus
Soil Potassium
Level
Level
low med high low med high
P2O5 lbs/A
K2O lbs/A
80
60
40
60
40
nitrogen but are not recommended prior to a bean crop.
Line 4. Total Credits: Add together the various N values from
the organic matter, compost, and cover crops to estimate the

N supplying potential of the soil (see example below). There
is no guarantee that these amounts will actually be available in
the season, since soil temperatures, water, and crop
physiology all impact the release and uptake of these soil
nutrients.
20
Line 3a. Soil Organic Matter: Using the values from your soil
test, estimate that 20 lbs. of nitrogen will be released from

each percent organic matter in the soil. For example, a soil
2015
Table 8.2.3 includes general estimates of nutrient availability for manures and composts but these can vary widely depending on
animal feed, management of grazing, the age of the manure, amount and type of bedding, and many other factors. See table 3.1
for estimates of the nitrogen content of various cover crops. Manure applications may not be allowed by your certifier or
marketer even if applied 120 days before harvest. Check with both these sources prior to making manure
applications.
Table 8.2.3 Nutrient Content of Common Animal Manures and Manure Composts
TOTAL N
P2O5
K2O
NUTRIENT CONTENT LB/TON
9
4
10
Dairy (with bedding)
N1 1
6
N2 2
P2O5
K2O
AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS LB/TON IN FIRST SEASON

2
3
9
Horse (with bedding)
14
14
13
Poultry (with litter)
56
45
34
45
16
36
31
Composted dairy manure
12
12
26
10
23
Composted poultry manure
17
39
23
31
21
80
104
Pelleted poultry manure
48
40
40
83
43
Swine finishing (liquid)
10
9
8
NUTRIENT CONTENT LB/1000 GAL.
50
55
25
AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS LB/1000 GAL FIRST SEASON

254
205
44
23
Dairy (liquid)
28
144
Swine (no bedding)
13
25
115
10
23
1-N1 is an estimate of the total N available for plant uptake when manure is incorporated within 12 hours of application, 2-N2 is an estimate of the total N
available for plant uptake when manure is incorporated after 7 days. 3 Pelletized poultry manure compost. (Available in New York from Krehers.)
4- injected, 5- incorporated.
Adapted from Using Manure and Compost as Nutrient Sources for Fruit and Vegetable Crops by Carl Rosen and Peter Bierman (Link 25) and Penn State
Agronomy Guide 2013 (Link 25a).
Tables 8.2.4-8.2.6 lists some commonly available fertilizers

and their nutrient content.
Table 8.2.4 Available Nitrogen in Organic Fertilizer
Pounds of Fertilizer/Acre to Provide X Pounds
of N per Acre
20
40
60
80
100
150
310
460
620
770
Sources
Blood meal, 13% N
Soy meal 6% N (x 1.5) 1
also contains 2% P and 3% K2O
Fish meal 9% N, also contains
6% P2O5
Alfalfa meal 2.5% N also
contains 2% P and 2% K2O
Feather meal, 15% N (x 1.5) 1
Chilean nitrate 16% N cannot
exceed 20% of crops need.
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
220
440
670
890
1100
800
1600
2400
3200
4000
200
400
600
800
1000
125
250
375
500
625
1 Application rates
for some materials are multiplied to adjust for their slow

to very slow release rates.
Table 8.2.5 Available Phosphorous in Organic Fertilizer

Pounds of Fertilizer/Acre to
Provide X Pounds of P2O5 Per Acre
20
40
60
80
100
130
270
400
530
670
270
530
800
1100
1300
SOURCES
Bonemeal 15% P2O5
Rock Phosphate 30%
total P2O5 (x4) 1
Fish meal, 6% P2O5
330
670
1000
1330
1670
(also contains 9% N)
1 Application rates for some materials are multiplied to adjust for their slow
to very slow release rates.
Table 8.2.6 Available Potassium in Organic Fertilizers.

Pounds of Fertilizer/Acre to
Provide X Pounds of K2O per acre:
20
40
60
80
100
S OURCES
Sul-Po-Mag 22% K 2O
90
180
270
360
450
also contains 11% Mg
also co
Wood ash (dry, fine,
grey) 5% K 2O, also raises
400
800
1200
1600
2000
pH
5% K 2O, also raises p
Alfalfa meal 2% K 2O
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
also contains 2.5% N
also co
Greensand or Granite
8000 16000 24000
32000
40000
dust 1% K 2O (x 4) 1
1% K 2O
Potassium sulfate
40
80
120
160
200
50% K 2O
1 Application rates for some materials are multiplied to adjust for their slow
to very slow release rates. Tables 8.4 to 8.6 adapted by Vern Grubinger from
the University of Maine soil testing lab (Link 24).
An example of how to determine nutrient needs for

beans.
You will be growing an acre of snap beans. The Cornell
Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines suggests a
total of 40 lb. N, 80 lb. P, and 60 lb. K per acre. Your soil
tests show a pH of 6.5, with medium P and K levels and
recommends 60 lbs P205/acre and 40 lbs K20/acre (see Table
8.2.2). The field you will plant has 3% organic matter which
will supply approximately 60 lbs N (line 3a). Last fall youalso contains 6% P2O
(also contains 9% N)
spread but did not promptly incorporate 5 tons/acre of dairy
manure with bedding before planting a rye cover crop
10
2015
supplying ~10 lbs N (line 3d). Nutrient credits for soil

organic matter, manure, and cover crop appear in Table 8.2.7.
cultural practices for insect and disease management cannot

be emphasized strongly enough. Pesticides should not be
relied on as a primary method of pest control. Scouting
and forecasting are important for detecting symptoms of
diseases at an early stage. When conditions do warrant an
application, proper choice of materials, proper timing, and
excellent spray coverage are essential.
Table 8.2.7 Bean Example: Calculating Nutrient Credits and

Needs Based on Soil Sample Recommendations.
1. Total crop nutrient

needs:
2. Recommendations
based on soil test
3. Credits
a. Soil organic matter 3%
b. Manure 5 ton dairy
c. Compost - none
d. Cover crop rye
4. Total credits:
5. Additional needed (2-4)
=
Nitrogen
(N)
lbs/acre
40
Phosphate
(P2O5)
lbs/acre
80
Potash
(K2O)
lbs/acre
60
Not
provided
60
40
60
10
0
0
70
0
15
0
0
15
45
45
0
0
45
0
10.1 Sprayer Calibration and Application
Calibrating sprayers is especially critical when using organic

pesticides since their effectiveness is sometimes limited. For
this reason, they tend to require the best spraying conditions
to be effective. Read the label carefully to be familiar with the
unique requirements of some products, especially those with
live biological organisms as their active ingredient (e.g.
Contans WG). The active ingredients of some biological
pesticides (e.g. Serenade ) are actually metabolic byproducts
of the organism. Calculating nozzle discharge and travel
speed are two key components required for applying an
accurate pesticide dose per acre. Applying too much
pesticide is illegal, can be unsafe and is costly whereas
applying too little can fail to control pests or lead to pesticide
resistance.
Because of the threat of seedcorn maggot and possible N tieup from the decomposing rye cover, wait at least three weeks
between plowing and planting. This would be a good
opportunity to do a shallow tine weeding just before planting.
The dairy manure and soil organic matter will release N and
K at adequate levels in this example; P is the only nutrient
that needs to be applied. Because beans are sometimes
planted into cold soils consider applying the 45 lbs/acre of P
in a relatively soluble form such as composted chicken
manure, which contains about 100 lbs P2O5 per ton. Thus,
banding about 900 lb at planting (2-3 inches to the side and
below the furrow) would provide the P needed in this
example, but would provide 40 lb of additional N, which is
already higher than needed. Banding about 600 lbs of rock
phosphate instead could avoid too much N, but the P would
be less available in colder soils.
Resources
Cornell Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines: Pesticide
Information and Safety (Link 56).
Calibrating Backpack Sprayers (Link 57).
Agricultural Pocket Pesticide Calibration Guide (Link 58).
Knapsack Sprayers General Guidelines for Use (Link 59)
Herbicide Application Using a Knapsack Sprayer (Link 60) This
publication is relevant for non-herbicide applications).
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Community Page (reference 64)
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Website (reference 65)
Vegetable Spraying (reference 66)
10.2 Regulatory Considerations
Organic production focuses on cultural, biological, and

mechanical techniques to manage pests on the farm, but in
some cases pesticides, which include repellents, allowed for
organic production are needed. Pesticides mentioned in this
organic production guide are registered by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or meet the EPA
requirements for a minimum risk pesticide. The pesticides
mentioned in this guide are also registered by the New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS
DEC) for use in New York State. See Cornells Product,
Ingredient, and Manufacturer System website (Link 2) for
pesticides currently registered for use in NYS. Additional
products may be available for use in other states.
Additional Resources
Using Organic Nutrient Sources (reference 25b)
Determining Nutrient Applications for Organic Vegetables
(reference 25c)
9. HARVESTING
All processing snap bean acreage is harvested by machine.
Snap beans are processed relatively soon after harvest.
10. USING ORGANIC PESTICIDES

Given the high cost of many pesticides and the limited
amount of efficacy data from replicated trials with organic
products, the importance of developing an effective system of
To maintain organic certification, products applied must also

comply with the National Organic Program (NOP) regulations
11
2015
as set forth in 7 CFR Part 205, sections 600-606 (Link 63). The
Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) (Link3) is one
organization that reviews products for compliance with the
NOP regulations and publishes lists of compliant products, but
other entities also make product assessments. Organic growers
are not required to use only OMRI listed materials, but the list
is a good starting point when searching for allowed pesticides.
10.3 Optimizing Pesticide Effectiveness
Information on the effectiveness of a particular pesticide

against a given pest can sometimes be difficult to find. Some
university researchers include pesticides approved for organic
production in their trials; some manufacturers provide trial
results on their web sites; some farmers have conducted trials
on their own. Efficacy ratings for pesticides listed in this
guide were summarized from university trials and are only
provided for some products. The Resource Guide for
Organic Insect and Disease Management (Reference 1)
provides efficacy information for many approved materials.
Finally, farms grossing more than $5,000 per year and labeling
products as organic must be certified by a NOP accredited
certifier who must approve any material applied for pest
management. ALWAYS check with the certifier before
applying any pest control products. Some certifiers will review
products for NOP compliance.
In general, pesticides allowed for organic production may kill

a smaller percentage of the pest population, could have a
shorter residual, and may be quickly broken down in the
environment. Read the pesticide label carefully to determine if
water pH or hardness will negatively impact the pesticides
effectiveness. Use of a surfactant may improve organic
pesticide performance. Omri lists adjuvants on their website
under Crop Management Tools and Production Aids (Link 3).
Regular scouting and accurate pest identification are essential
for effective pest management. Thresholds used for
conventional production may not be useful for organic
systems because of the typically lower percent mortality and
shorter residual of pesticides allowed for organic production.
When pesticides are needed, it is important to target the most
vulnerable stages of the pest. Thoroughly cover plant
surfaces, especially in the case of insecticides, since many
must be ingested to be effective. The use of pheromone traps
or other monitoring or prediction techniques can provide an
early warning for pest problems, and help effectively focus
scouting efforts.
Note that "home remedies" may not be used. Home remedies

are products that may have properties that reduce the impact
of pests. Examples of home remedies include the use of beer
as bait to reduce slug damage in strawberries or dish detergent
to reduce aphids on plants. These materials are not regulated as
pesticides, are not exempt from registration, and are therefore
not legal to use.
Do you need to be a certified pesticide applicator?
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) defines two categories of pesticides: general-use
and-restricted use. NYS DEC also defines additional
restricted-use pesticides. Pesticide applicator certification is
required to purchase and use restricted-use pesticides.
Restricted-use pesticides mentioned in this guide are
marked with an asterisk (*). Farmers who purchase and
use only general-use pesticides on property they own or
rent do not need to be certified pesticide applicators.
However, we do encourage anyone who applies pesticides
to become certified.
11. DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Worker Protection Standard training. If the farm has

employees who will be working in fields treated with a
pesticide, they must be trained as workers or handlers as
required by the federal Worker Protection Standard (WPS).
Having a pesticide applicator certification is one of the
qualifications needed to be a WPS trainer. Certified
pesticide applicators meet the WPS training requirements.
For more information on the Worker Protection Standard
see: How To Comply with the Worker Protection
Standard (Link 67). Find more information on pesticide
applicator certification from the list of State Pesticide
Regulatory Agencies (Link 68) or, in New York State, see
the Cornell Pesticide Management Education Program
website at http://psep.cce.cornell.edu (Link 69).
In organic systems, cultural practices form the basis of a

disease management program. Promote plant health by
maintaining a biologically active, well-structured, adequately
drained and aerated soil that supplies the requisite amount
and balance of nutrients. Choose varieties resistant to one or
more important diseases whenever possible. Plant only clean,
disease-free seed and maintain the best growing conditions
possible.
Rotation is an important management practice for pathogens
that overwinter in crop debris. Rotating between crop
families is useful for many diseases, but may not be effective
for pathogens with a wide host range, such as Sclerotinia white
mold. Rotation with a grain crop, preferably a sod that will be
in place for one or more seasons, deprives disease-causing
organisms of a host, and also contributes to a healthy soil
structure that promotes vigorous plant growth. The same
12
2015
practices are effective for preventing the buildup of root

damaging nematodes in the soil, but keep in mind that certain
grain crops are also hosts for some nematode species. See
more on crop rotation in Section 4.2: Crop Rotation Plan.
All currently available fungicides allowed for organic

production are protectants meaning they must be present on
the plant surface before disease inoculum arrives to effectively
prevent infection. They have no activity on pathogens once
they are inside the plant. A few fungicides induce plant
resistance and must be applied several days in advance of
infection to be effective. Biological products must be handled
carefully to keep the microbes alive. Follow label instructions
carefully to achieve the best results.
Other important cultural practices can be found under each

individual disease listed below. Maximizing air movement and
leaf drying is a common theme. Many plant diseases are
favored by long periods of leaf wetness. Any practice that
promotes faster leaf drying, such as orienting rows with the
prevailing wind, or using a wider row or plant spacing, can
slow disease development. Fields surrounded by trees or
brush that tend to hold moisture after rain, fog or dew,
should be avoided if possible.
Contact your local cooperative extension office to see if

newsletters and pest management updates are available for
your region. For example, in western New York, the Cornell
Vegetable Program offers subscriptions to VegEdge a report
that gives timely information regarding crop development,
pest activity and control. Enrollment in the Eastern New
York Commercial Horticulture Program includes a
subscription to Produce Pages and weekly seasonal newsletters
for vegetables, tree fruit, grapes and small fruit. On Long
Island, see the Long Island Fruit and Vegetable Update.
Scouting fields weekly is key to early detection and evaluating

control measures. The earlier a disease is detected, the more
likely it can be suppressed with organic fungicides. When
available, scouting protocols can be found in the sections
listed below for each individual disease. While following a
systematic scouting plan, keep watch for other disease
problems. Removing infected plants during scouting is
possible on a small operation. Accurate identification of
disease problems, especially recognizing whether they are
caused by a bacterium or fungus, is essential for choosing an
effective control strategy. Anticipate which diseases are likely
to be problems that could affect yield and be ready to take
control action as soon as symptoms are seen. Allowing
pathogen populations to build can quickly lead to a situation
where there are few or no options for control.
Organic farms must comply with all other regulations

regarding pesticide applications. See Section 10. Using
Organic Pesticides for details. ALWAYS check with your
organic farm certifier when planning pesticide
applications.
Resources:
Cornell Vegetable MD Online (Reference 7)
Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management
(Reference 1)
At the time this guide was produced, the following materials were available in New York State for managing this pest and were allowable for organic
production. Listing a pest on a pesticide label does not assure the pesticides effectiveness. The registration status of pesticides can and does change.
Pesticides must be currently registered with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) to be used legally in NY. However,
pesticides meeting the federal requirements for minimum-risk (25(b)) pesticides do not require registration. Current NY pesticide registrations can be
checked on the Pesticide Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System (PIMS) website (Link 2). ALWAYS CHECK WITH YOUR CERTIFIER before using a new
product.
Table 11.0 Pesticides Labeled for Organic Bean Disease Control

Botrytis Grey
Mold
Pod-Flecking
Complex
Root Rot &

Damping Off
Sclerotinia
White Mold
Bean Rust
Halo blight
Common
Bacterial
Blight
Class of Compound
Product name - Active ingredient
Bacterial
Brown
Spot
Bacterial Diseases
BIOLOGICALS
Actinovate AG (Streptomyces lydicus)
Actinovate STP Fungicide (Streptomyces lydicus )
BIO-TAM (Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma gamsii)
Contans WG (Coniothyrium minitans )
Double Nickel 55 Biofungicide (Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens str. D747)
Double Nickel LC Biofungicide (Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens str. D747)
13
2015
Mycostop Biofungicide (Streptomyces griseoviridis)
Sclerotinia
White Mold
Root Rot &

Damping Off
Pod-Flecking
Complex
Botrytis Grey
Mold
Bean Rust
Halo blight
Common
Bacterial
Blight
Class of Compound
Product name - Active ingredient
Bacterial
Brown
Spot
Bacterial Diseases
Mycostop Mix (Streptomyces griseoviridis)
Optiva (Bacillus subtilis str. QST 713)
Prestop Biofungicide Powder (Gliocladium catenulatum

str. J1446)
Regalia Biofungicide (Reynoutria sachalinensis)
X
X
X
X
X
X
RootShield Granules (Trichoderma)
RootShield PLUS+ Granules (Trichoderma)
RootShield PLUS+ WP (Trichoderma)
Serenade ASO (Bacillus subtilis)

Serenade MAX (Bacillus subtilis)
Serenade Optimum (Bacillus subtilis)
Serenade Soil (Bacillus subtilis)
SoilGard (Gliocladium virens str. GL-21)
X
X
X
X
X
Taegro (Bacillus subtilis)
Zonix (Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant)
BOTANICALS
Cinnerate (cinnamon oil)
Trilogy (neem extract)
COPPER
Badge X2 (copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide)
Basic Copper 53 (basic copper sulfate)

Champ WG (copper hydroxide)
CS 2005 (copper sulfate pentahydrate)
Cueva Fungicide Concentrate (copper octanoate)
NuCop 50DF (copper hydroxide)
Nu-Cop HB (copper hydroxide)
Nu-Cop 50 WP (copper hydroxide)
Nordox 75 WG (cuprous oxide)
SULFUR
Micro Sulf (sulfur)
Microthiol Disperss (sulfur)
OIL
JMS Stylet-Oil (paraffinic oil)
Organic JMS Stylet Oil (paraffinic oil)
PureSpray Green (petroleum oil)
OTHER
EcoMate ARMICARB 0 (potassium bicarbonate)
Heads Up Plant Protectant (Chenopodium quinoa)
OxiDate 2.0 (hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic acid)

PERpose Plus (hydrogen peroxide/dioxide)
X
X
TerraClean 5.0 (hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic acid)
X
X
X
X- labeled in New York state and OMRI listed product
14
2015
11.1 Sclerotinia White Mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Time for concern: From open blossoms through the end of harvest
Key characteristics: The fungus will initially attack bean blossoms, as blossoms are a readily available source of food.
Symptoms appear as white, fluffy cottony growth on blossoms, stems and pods. As the fungus grows, mounds of white
mycelium harden and darken. These dark, black structures become sclerotia that enable the fungus to overwinter. Bean
blossoms are an excellent source of nutrients for the fungus. Therefore control measures must be initiated at bloom. See
Link 26. See Cornell photo, and bulletin (Links 27-28) and learn more at the Dillard Lab Vegetable Pathology website (Link
28a).
Management Option
Recommendation for White Mold
Scouting/thresholds
Scout field prior to harvest to determine the need for treatment with Contans WG after harvest
to reduce overwintering inoculum. Keep an accurate history of white mold incidence and
severity in all fields.
Coverage
The best coverage can be obtained by using a minimum of 50 gallons per acre and high pressure
(100 to 200 psi). Thoroughly cover initials, buds, and blossoms.
Resistant varieties
No resistant varieties are available, however plant architecture influences disease development.
Select varieties with open canopies that hold pods high off the ground.
Crop rotation
If there is a field history of white mold, beans should not be preceded by a bean, tomato, potato,
lettuce, or crucifer crop for several years. Grains and corn are good rotation crops.
Site selection
Avoid planting in shaded areas and in small fields surrounded by trees; do not plant in fields that
drain poorly or have a history of severe white mold.
Planting
Plant rows in an east-west direction and use wide row spacing, 36 inches, to promote drying of
the soil and reduce moisture in the plant canopy.
Fertilization
Avoid over fertilization.
Postharvest
Incorporate crop debris immediately following harvest to allow soil microorganisms the
opportunity to feed on the survival structures called sclerotia or degrade disease
organisms/overwintering structures.
Seed selection/treatment
This is not currently a viable management options.
Note(s)
White mold tends to develop in dense plant canopies. The disease tends to be worse in fields
where there is poor weed management, where leaves have mechanical damage or pesticide
injury, and where dead leaves are on the ground. The fungus can grow on dead and living
material. White mold tends to develop when wet weather is persistent.
15
2015

product.
Table 11.1 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Sclerotinia White Mold

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
BIOLOGICALS
Actinovate AG
(Streptomyces lydicus WYEC
108)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
3-12 oz
Foliar spray or soil
drench
1hr or until
spray is dry
Streptomyces lydicus products effective

in 0/2 trials.
Reapply every 7-14 days. Use a
spreader-sticker.
Contans WG
(Coniothyrium minitans)
1-4 lbs
Soil treatment
Effective in 4/11 trials. Apply Contans

WG to a Sclerotinia-infected crop
immediately following harvest at 1 lb/A
and incorporate the debris into the soil
or apply at 2 lb/acre to a planted crop
right after planting followed by shallow
incorporation (or irrigate) to about a 1
to 2 inch depth. Do not turn the soil
profile after application of Contans WG
to avoid bringing untreated soil
containing viable sclerotia near the
surface. The seller recommends
applying Contans WG for at least 3 to 4
years to reduce soil levels, or every year
a susceptible crop is grown in that field.
Enhance storage life by keeping product
in the refrigerator or freezer.
Double Nickel 55 Biofungicide

(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens str.
D747)
0.125-1 lb
Soil treatment
Double Nickel LC Biofungicide

D747)
0.25-3 lb
Foliar treatment
0.5-4.5 pints
Soil treatment
0.5-6 qts
Foliar treatment
Optiva (Bacillus subtilis str. QST 14-24 oz
713)
Foliar treatment
Regalia Biofungicide
1 4 qts
(Reynoutria sachalinensis)
Foliar or in-furrow
treatment
Serenade ASO
2-6 quarts
(Bacillus subtilis)
Foliar spray
Serenade MAX
1-3 lbs
(Bacillus subtilis)
Foliar treatment
Serenade Optimum
(Bacillus subtilis)
COPPER
Cueva Fungicide Concentrate
(copper octanoate)
14-20 oz
Foliar treatment
Efficacy
Comments
Repeat on 7-10 day intervals or as

needed.
Apply every 7-14 days as needed. Foliar
application.
Not effective in 1/1 trial.
Copper products effective in 1/2 trials.

See comments
Foliar treatment
Up to day
of harvest
16
Product is mixed at 0.5 to 2.0 gallons

per 100 gallons of water and applied at
50 to 100 gallons of diluted spray
2015
Table 11.1 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Sclerotinia White Mold

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
Comments
mixture per acre. Apply at 25% bloom.
OTHER
Oxidate 2.0
(hydrogen dioxide,
peroxyacetic acid)
PERpose Plus
(hydrogen peroxide/dioxide)
32 fl oz 1
gal/100 gal water
Foliar treatment
1 fl oz/gal
(initial/curative)
Foliar treatment
0.25-0.33 fl oz/gal
(weekly
preventative)
Foliar treatment
Until spray
has dried
Until Dry
Hydrogen peroxide products not

effective in 1/1 trial. For initial or
curative use, apply higher rate for 1 to 3
consecutive days. Then follow with
weekly/preventative treatment.
For weekly or preventative treatments,
apply lower rate every five to seven
days. At first signs of disease, use
curative rate then resume weekly
preventative treatment.
Efficacy: 1- effective in half or more of recent university trials, 2- effective in less than half of recent university trials, 3-not effective in any known trials,
?- not reviewed or no research available . PHI = pre-harvest interval, REI = restricted-entry interval. - = pre-harvest interval isn't specified on label.
11.2 Botrytis Gray Mold, Botrytis cinerea

Time for concern: From open blossoms through the end of harvest
Key characteristics: Gray mold develops in dense plant canopies when the weather is warm and moist. Large necrotic
lesions produce gray spores on the pods, leaves and stems. This disease is worse in fields where leaves have mechanical
damage or other injury. See Cornell photo (Link 29) and learn more at the Dillard Lab Vegetable Pathology website (Link
28a).
Management Option
Recommendations for Botrytis Gray Mold
Scouting/thresholds
Botrytis cinerea can infect many species of plants. A reliable forecasting system has not been
developed for gray mold on beans. However, here are a few helpful hints on the development of
gray mold. Gray mold tends to develop in dense plant canopies. The disease tends to be worse in
fields where leaves have mechanical damage and where dead leaves are on the ground. The
fungus grows and produces spores on dead and living material. These spores will subsequently
infect bean pods. Gray mold tends to develop when the weather is warm and moist. Begin
scouting when the first buds are showing. Record the occurrence and severity of gray mold. See
Reference 5.
Coverage
(100 to 200 psi).
Resistant varieties
No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation
Regular crop rotation is recommended. Grains and corn are good rotation crops.
Site selection
drain poorly.
Planting
Plant rows in an east-west direction, and use wide row spacing (36 inches) to promote drying of the
soil and reduce moisture in the plant canopy.
Fertilization
Avoid over-fertilization with nitrogen.

17
2015

Postharvest
Incorporate debris immediately after harvest to hasten decomposition of the material.
Note(s)
Avoid mechanical damage to leaves.
product.
Table 11.2 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Botrytis Gray Mold

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
BIOLOGICALS
Actinovate AG
(Streptomyces lydicus)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
3-12 oz
Soil treatment
1 or when
dry

D747
D747)
Optiva (Bacillus subtilis str. QST
713)
0. 25-3 lbs
Foliar treatment
0.5-6 qts
Foliar treatment
14-24 oz
Foliar treatment
Repeat on 7-10 day intervals or as needed.
Prestop Biofungicide Powder

(Gliocladium catenulatum str.
J1446
Apply only when no above-ground harvestable

food commodities are present.
3.5 oz/5 gal water,

0.5 gal suspension
per 100 sq ft.
Foliar treatment
1 4 qts
Foliar treatment
Apply every 7-14 days as needed.
Serenade Optimum
(Bacillus subtilis)
14-20 oz
Foliar treatment
0.5-1.0% in 25-100
gal water/A
Foliar treatment
Up to
day of
harvest
Effective in 1/1 trial.

Apply sufficient water to achieve complete
coverage of foliage. Repeat applications every
7-14 days. Maximum labeled use of 2
gal/acre/application.
See comments
Up to
day of
harvest
Product is mixed at 0.5 to 2.0 gallons per 100

gallons of water and applied at 50 to 100 gallons
of diluted spray mixture per acre.
2.5-5 lbs/100 gal

water
Foliar treatment
32 fl oz 1 gal/100
gal water.
Foliar treatment
1 fl oz/
gal(initial/curative)
Foliar treatment
Until spray
has dried
BOTANICALS
Trilogy
(neem extract)
COPPER
(copper octanoate)
OTHER
EcoMate ARMICARB 0
(potassium bicarbonate)
Oxidate 2.0
(hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic
acid)
PERpose Plus
Efficacy
3
Until dry
18
Comments
Not effective in 1/1 trial.

For initial or curative use, apply higher rate for 1
to 3 consecutive days. Then follow with
2015
Table 11.2 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Botrytis Gray Mold

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
0.25 0.33 fl oz/

gal (weekly
preventative)
Foliar treatment
TerraClean 5.0
hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic
acid
128 fl. oz./100 gal

water.
Soil treatment
prior to seeding or
transplanting.
Comments
For weekly or preventative treatments, apply
lower rate every five to seven days. At first signs
of disease, use curative rate then resume
weekly preventative treatment
25 fl oz/200 gal
water/1000 ft2 soil
treated.
Soil drench with
established plants
or seedlings.
Efficacy: 1- effective in half or more of recent university trials, 2- effective in less than half of recent university trials, 3-not effective in any known trials, ?not reviewed or no research available. PHI = pre-harvest interval, REI = restricted-entry interval. - = pre-harvest interval isn't specified on label.
11.3 Pod-flecking complex (PFC), Alternaria alternata and Plectosporium tabacinum

Time for concern: From pod fill through the end of harvest
Key characteristics: Pod-flecking complex is sometimes referred to by consultants and producers as russet, seam rust, spots,
or rusty or spotty beans. PFC symptoms on pods intensify with pod maturity, and are most prevalent mid- to late August
following periods of prolonged rainfall or rainfall of high intensity. Symptoms on pods include tan, orange, or black
discolorations in the suture and/or small dark superficial specks, flecks, or spots (sometimes sunken) on the pod surfaces.
See more at the Dillard Lab Vegetable Pathology website (Link 28a).
Management Options
Recommendations for Pod-Flecking Complex
Scouting/thresholds
Pod-flecking complex can infect many species of plants. A reliable forecasting system has not been
developed for PFC on beans. However, here are a few helpful hints on the development of PFC.
Pod-flecking complex symptoms on pods intensify with pod maturity, and are most prevalent midto late August following periods of prolonged rainfall or rainfall of high intensity. Only the pods are
affected. Symptoms include tan, orange, or black discolorations in the suture and/or small dark
superficial specks, flecks, or spots (sometimes sunken) on the pod surfaces. Begin scouting at pod
fill. Record the occurrence and severity of PFC. See Reference 12.
Coverage
(100 to 200 psi).
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Regular crop rotation is recommended to improve plant health.
Site selection
drain poorly.
Planting
Plant rows in an east-west direction, and use wide row spacing (36 inches) to promote drying of the
soil and reduce moisture in the plant canopy.
19
2015

Fertilization
Avoid over-fertilization with nitrogen.
Harvest / Postharvest
To mitigate disease, harvest at or near peak maturity and avoid harvest delays that would result in
overripe pods. Dont store infected beans.
Incorporate debris immediately after harvest to hasten decomposition of the material.
product.
Table 11.3 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Pod-Flecking Complex

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
BIOLOGICALS
Actinovate AG
3-12 oz
(Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108) Foliar treatment

(Gliocladium catenulatum)
BOTANICALS
Trilogy
(neem extract)
1.4-3.5 oz/2.5
gal water
Soil drench.
0.5-1.0% in 25100 gal water/A
Foliar treatment
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
1 or until
dry
Up to day of
harvest
Efficacy
Comments
Labeled for Alternaria only.
Reapply every 7-14 days. The Label
recommends use of a spreader-sticker for foliar
sprays.
Labeled for Alternaria only. Treat only the
growth substrate when above-ground
harvestable food commodities are present.
Maximum labeled use of 2 gal/A/application.
11.4 Root Rot and Damping-Off.

There are four pathogenic fungi, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Thielaviopsis, and Fusarium that are often found
attacking bean roots and causing yield losses.
Time for concern: Planting through end of bloom stage. Long term planning is required for sustainable management.
Key characteristics: Pythium is seen early in the season when it causes rotting of seeds and damping-off of young seedlings.
In older plants, it causes reduction and discoloration of the root system. Pythium can also attack pods, causing lesions that
generally develop at the tip of the pod and expand toward the stem. See Cornell pythium photo (Link 31). Rhizoctonia is also
capable of causing seed decay and damping-off diseases on seedlings. See Cornell rhizoctonia photo (Link 32). On older
plants it produces reddish brown, sunken lesions on the stem and tap root, and is generally favored by warm soil conditions.
In addition, the sexual stage of Rhizoctonia may also be detected on the stem, petioles, and pods as a thin, whitish, compact
growth. Thielaviopsis is often referred to as black root rot because the initial elongated lesions and later large infected areas
on the stems and roots are dark brown to charcoal. This disease is favored by hot, wet conditions. Fusarium rot causes
longitudinal, brick red lesions on the stem and tap root and is very common. See Reference 9 and Cornell Bulletin 110 (Link
30) for more photos and information.
20
2015
Management Option
Recommendations for Root Rot and Damping-Off
Scouting/thresholds
Record the occurrence, type, and severity of root rot. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties
All commercially acceptable varieties are susceptible, but a number yield better under severe root rot.
Crop rotation
Rotate away from vegetables. One or two years with a grain crop such as barley, oats, rye, wheat,
or corn will prevent severe root rot development when practiced on relatively clean fields; longer
rotations are necessary in heavily infested fields. Avoid planting legumes as rotational crops or
cover crops in heavily infested areas.
Site selection
Choose healthy and well-drained soils. A soil-indexing procedure that differentiates relatively
pathogen-free fields from those with severe root rot problems is available. See the Cornell Soil
Health Assessment Manual (Link 11) for directions to do this yourself or to send a sample to
Cornell for testing.
Select vigorous, disease-free seeds.
Soil treatment
Breaking hard pans, plowing deep, or ripping and planting on raised ridges or beds will reduce
damage from root rot diseases.
Cover crop
Barley, rye grain, rye grass, wheat, oats, and other grain crops left on surface or plowed under as
green manures or dry residue in the spring are beneficial. If incorporated as green manures, allow
2 weeks or more for decomposition prior to planting. Sudangrass or sorghum sudangrass hybrids
can also be used as green manures. In wet years, using green manures may increase slug damage
and affect stand establishment.
Planting
Avoid planting in heavily infested fields, but if there is no choice, plant shallow and late. Plantings
exhibiting symptoms of severe root rot damage will benefit from a shallow cultivation not too
close to the stems. Also, covering the lower stem tissues with soil will promote further root
formation and reduce root rot damage. However, the latter should be done on an emergency
basis, as this practice has been observed to increase foliar infections with Rhizoctonia in wet
seasons.
Postharvest
Crop debris should be plowed down to initiate decomposition, if tillage system in use permits.
product.
Table 11.4 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Root Rot and Damping-Off
Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
BIOLOGICALS
Actinovate AG
(Streptomyces lydicus)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
3-12 oz
Soil treatment
1 or until
dry
Actinovate STP Fungicide

Streptomyces lydicus
432 oz/100 lb of seed

Seed treatment
1 or until
dry
BIO-TAM
(Trichoderma asperellum,
Trichoderma gamsii)
1.5-3 oz/1000 ft row

In furrow application
21
Efficacy Comments
Not labeled for Thielaviopsis.
2015
Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy Comments

D747)
D747)
0.125-1 lb
Soil application
0.5-4.5 pints
Soil application
Mycostop Mix
(Streptomyces griseoviridis
str. K61)
5-8 oz/100 lbs of seed

Seed treatment
7.6-30 oz. Soil spray or

drench
Use at planting; no pre-harvest interval noted.

Irrigate within 6 hours after soil spray or drench
with enough water to move Mycostop into the
root zone.
0.5-1 lb/ treated acre

Band, in-furrow or side
dress.
Mycostop Biofungicide
(Streptomyces griseoviridis
Strain K61)
7 oz/cwt seed
Seed treatment
Labeled only for root rots and damping off

caused by Fusarium spp.
15-30 oz
Soil spray or drench
Lightly incorporate furrow or band applications.

Labeled only for root rots and damping off
caused by Fusarium spp.
Irrigate within 6 hours after soil spray or drench
with enough water to move Mycostop
Biofungicide into the root zone.
Treat only the growth substrate when aboveground harvestable food commodities are
present. Not labeled for Thielaviopsis.

(Gliocladium catenulatum str.
J1446)
1.4-3.5 oz per 2.5 gal

water
Soil drench.
RootShield Granules
(Trichoderma)
5-12 lbs
In-furrow application
RootShield PLUS+ Granules

Biological Fungicide
(Trichoderma harzianum and T.
virens)
RootShield PLUS+ WP Biological
Fungicide
(Trichoderma harzianum and T.
virens))
5-12 lbs/A
In-furrow application.
3-8 oz/100 gal water

Chemigation application.
Regalia Biofungicide terracl

1-4 qts
In-furrow application.
Trichoderma harzianum products effective

against seedling diseases in 1/8 trials. T. virens
products effective against Fusarium root rot in
0/2 trials.
0/2 trials.
0/2 trials. Do not apply when above-ground
harvestable food commodities are present.
Not labeled for Thielaviopsis
Serenade Soil
(Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713)
SoilGard Microbial Fungicide
(Gliocladium virens str. GL-21)
2-6 qts
Soil surface drench.
2-10 lbs/A in 50-100 gal
water
In-furrow application
3 tsp/gallon of water
Seed treatment
Not labeled for Thielaviopsis
24
Taegro
(Bacillus subtilis var.
amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24)
Only labeled for Fusarium and Rhizoctonia.
2.6 oz/ 100 gallons for 2

acres. Over furrow at
time of planting
22
2015
Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
0.5-0.8 oz/gal water

Foliar treatment
.13 oz/gal water

Seed treatment
12
Oxidate 2.0
0.5-1 gal
(hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic In-furrow application.
acid)
Until
spray has
dried
PERpose Plus
Zonix
(Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant)
OTHER
Heads Up Plant Protectant
(Chenopodium quinoa extract)
Rate/A
1 fl oz/ gal
(initial/curative)
Soil drench
Efficacy Comments
Labeled for Pythium only.
?
Until dry
0.25 0.33 fl oz/ gal

(weekly preventative)
Soil drench
128 fl. oz./100 gal water

Soil treatment prior to
seeding or transplanting.

weekly preventative treatment.
1 fl oz/gal water
Soil drench
TerraClean 5.0
(hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic
acid)
Use 34 ounces of mixed product to treat 360

pounds of seed. Thoroughly coat seed surface
with solution. Use immediately after mixing.
25 fl oz/200 gal
water/1000 ft2 soil
treated.
Soil drench with
established plants or
seedlings.
Efficacy: 1- effective in half or more of recent university trials, 2- effective in less than half of recent university trials, 3-not effective in any known trials, ?not reviewed or no research available PHI = pre-harvest interval, REI = restricted-entry interval. - = pre-harvest interval isn't specified on label.
11.5 Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial brown spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae); Common bacterial blight, (Xanthomonas campestris
pv. phaseoli); and Halo blight, (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola)
Time for concern: From seeding stage through the end of harvest
Key characteristics: Brown spot - small, brown spots, 3/25 to 8/25 inch in diameter, often with a narrow, diffuse, pale margin,
appear on leaves. Sunken, brown spots can form on the pods. Common bacterial blight - light brown lesions of irregular
shape with distinct, bright yellow margins, 2/5 inch long, appear on leaves. Spots form on the pods and enlarge into reddish
brown lesions. In humid weather, yellow bacteria may be present on the lesions. Halo blight - small, water-soaked spots on
the undersides of leaves develop into numerous, small, reddish brown lesions with pale to yellow margins or halos. Pod
symptoms are similar to those of common blight. See Cornell fact sheet (Link 33).
Management Option
Recommendations for Bacterial Diseases
Scouting/thresholds
Fields should be scouted at least twice between midseason and harvest. Record the occurrence
and severity of the bacterial blights.
23
2015
Management Option
Recommendations for Bacterial Diseases
Resistant varieties
Some varieties have tolerance and/or resistance to one or more of these diseases. Depending
on the variety, brown spot development on leaves may or may not result in significant damage
to pods. Wisconsin growers report that Hystyle shows resistance to brown spot.
Crop rotation
In the case of halo blight, rotate away from fields where this disease has occurred for a
minimum of three years. Use a two-year minimum rotation for bacterial brown spot or common
bacterial blight. Xanthomonas campestris also harbors in weeds within the mustard family.
Site selection
Avoid planting snap bean fields near dry bean fields.
Plant only western-grown, certified seed.
Postharvest
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for future
plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation
Equipment used in fields with bacterial diseases should be thoroughly cleaned before being
moved to disease-free fields. To reduce the spread of bacteria on equipment or in spray water,
avoid making pesticide applications or cultivating when the leaves are wet. If possible, plow
under bean stubble immediately after harvest.
product.
Table 11.5 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Bacterial Diseases

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
BIOLOGICALS
1-4 qts
Foliar treatment
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy Comments
?
COPPER COMPOUNDS
Labeled only for Xanthomonas.

Good control has been inconsistent
with copper compounds.
Badge X2
(copper oxychloride, copper
hydroxide)
Basic Copper 53
(basic copper sulfate)
0.5-1.25 lbs
Foliar treatment
48
2 4 lbs
Foliar treatment
24
Champ WG
(copper hydroxide)
1.58 lbs
Foliar treatment
Up to day
of
harvest
-
48
CS 2005
(copper sulfate pentahydrate)
19.2 - 25.6 oz
Foliar treatment
48

(copper octanoate)
See comments
Nordox 75 WG
(cuprous oxide)
0.6 2.5 lbs

Foliar treatment
Up to day
of
harvest
-
12
NuCop 50DF
(copper hydroxide)
1-3 lbs
Foliar treatment
24
24
If possible time applications so that 12 hours of

dry weather follow application.
Product is mixed at 0.5 to 2.0 gallons per 100

gallons of water and applied at 50 to 100 gallons
of diluted spray mixture per acre.
Labeled only for halo blight. Apply when plants
are 5-6 inches tall, repeat in 7-14 day intervals.
2015
Table 11.5 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Bacterial Diseases

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy Comments
Nu-Cop HB
(copper hydroxide)
0.5-1.5 lbs
Foliar treatment
24
Nu-Cop 50 WP
(copper hydroxide)
1.5-3 lbs
Foliar treatment
24
7 lbs
Foliar treatment
24
Consult processor before using sulfur.
3-10 lbs
Foliar treatment
24

Only labeled for bacterial brown spot.
1 fl oz/
gal(initial/curative)
Foliar treatment

SULFUR
Micro Sulf
(sulfur)
Microthiol Disperss
(sulfur)
OTHER
PERpose Plus
Until dry
0.25 0.33 fl oz/

gal(weekly preventative)
Foliar treatment
Use higher rate for more severe disease. Repeat

on 7-14 day schedule depending on local
conditions.

weekly preventative treatment
11.6 Virus Diseases

Virus diseases of bean are spread by infected seed or by aphids. However, controlling aphids is not effective for reducing
these viruses. Virus expression is lower when the crop has adequate water. Irrigating in dry years may help mitigate impacts
of virus infection. Record the occurrence and severity of any viruses present. See Cornell photos (Link 35), fact sheet (Link
34), and a list of weed and crop hosts (Link 36). Information about aphid vector activity and spread of CMV in snap bean
fields can be found in References 3 and 6. Cornell research on developing CMV-resistant snap bean varieties is on going.
Disease/Symptoms
Spread by
Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)
Time for concern
Resistant
Varieties
Soybean aphid,
yellow clover
Leaf curl, green mottle, blistering, and a
aphid, pea
rugged zipper-like appearance along the
aphid, corn leaf
main veins involving only a few leaves.
aphid; rarely
Infected plants may also not express
seed transmitted
symptoms.
Primarily in
None available
plantings from
late June through
late July.
Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV)
Seed,
Symptoms include a green mosaic and

downward cupping along the main vein of
each leaflet. Green vein banding, blistering,
and malformation are common in leaves of
the same plant. Plants are small, and pods
bean aphid,
cowpea aphid,
pea aphid,
potato aphid,
green peach
Seeding through
harvest
25
Notes
Use certified, disease-free seed. CMV
does not persist in plant debris, in the
soil, or on equipment. For CMV and
the other aphid-transmitted viruses
listed below, there will be less risk of
yield loss if fields are planted early
(mid May to late June) than if planted
after this period.
Most varieties Use certified, disease-free seed.

carry the I-gene
for resistance
to BCMV.
2015
Disease/Symptoms
Spread by
Time for concern
Resistant
Varieties
Notes
may be mottled and malformed.

Symptoms are persistent.
aphid
Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV)
Bean aphid,
June through
cowpea aphid, harvest
pea aphid,
potato aphid,
and green peach
aphid.
None available BYMV does not persist in plant

debris, in the soil, or on
equipment.
Aphids
None available
Leaf mosaic formed by contrasting

yellow or green mosaic areas. Pods
generally are not affected, but the
number of seeds per pod may be
reduced.
Clover Yellow Vein Virus (CYVV)
In addition to deforming pods, this virus
also causes a prominent yellow mosaic,
malformation, and reduction in plant size.
June through
harvest
11.7 Bean Rust, Uromyces appendiculatus

Time for concern: Early in the growing season
Key characteristics: Regular occurrence of dew favors infection and development of severe epidemics. Bean rust is
characterized by reddish brown, circular pustules on leaves or pods. See University of Connecticut fact sheet (Link 37). Bean
rust is rarely seen in New York. However, growers commonly use the name rust to describe a diffuse light brown
discoloration that sometimes occurs on the pods. See section 10.3 on Pod-flecking complex (Reference 12). Also see the
Dillard Lab Vegetable Pathology website (Link 28a).
Management Option
Recommendations for Bean Rust
Scouting/thresholds
Record the occurrence and severity of bean rust. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
A minimum one-year rotation is recommended.
Site selection
Avoid areas with poor air and soil-moisture drainage.
Planting
Wider row spacing reduces leaf wetness and may slow epidemic development.
Postharvest
Incorporate infested debris immediately after harvest to hasten decomposition of the

material.
Sanitation
Avoid walking through the crop when the leaves are wet.
26
2015

product.
Table 11.7 Labeled Products for Management of Bean Rust

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
BIOLOGICALS
(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens str. D747)
(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens str. D747)
Serenade ASO
(Bacillus subtilis)
Serenade MAX
(Bacillus subtilis)
OILS
Cinnerate
(cinnamon oil)
SULFUR
Micro Sulf
(sulfur)
Microthiol Disperss
(sulfur)
OTHER
JMS Stylet-Oil
Organic JMS Stylet Oil
(paraffinic oil)
Oxidate 2.0 (hydrogen dioxide,
peroxyacetic acid)
PERpose Plus
PureSpray Green
(petroleum oil)
Trilogy
(neem extract)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
13-30 fl oz/100
gal water
Foliar treatment.
7 lbs
Foliar treatment.
3-10 lbs
Foliar treatment.
24
24
3-6 qts/100 gal

water
Foliar treatment.
32 fl oz 1 gal/100
gal water
Foliar treatment.
1 fl oz/ gal
(initial/curative)
Foliar treatment.
Until
spray has
dried
Rate/Acre
0.25-3 lbs
Foliar treatment.
0.5-6 qts
Foliar treatment.
1 4 qts
Foliar treatment.
2-6 qts
Foliar treatment.
1-3 lbs
Foliar treatment.
0.25 0.33 fl oz/

gal water (weekly
preventative)
Foliar treatment.
0.75-1.5 gal/ 50100 gal water.
Foliar treatment.
0.5-1.0% in 25-100
gal water/A
Foliar treatment.
?
Until dry
Comments
Apply every 7-14 days as needed.
Elemental sulfur not effective in 2/2 trials.

Elemental sulfur not effective in 2/2 trials. Do
not apply within 2 weeks of an oil application
nor at temperatures over 90 degrees.
For initial or curative use, apply higher rate

for 1 to 3 consecutive days. Then follow with
lower rate every five to seven days. At first
signs of disease, use curative rate then
resume weekly preventative treatment.
Up to day
of harvest
Up to day
of harvest
Maximum labeled use of 2

27
2015
12. Root-Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans

Time of concern: Before planting. Long term planning is required for sustainable management
Key characteristics: The root lesion nematode typically does not cause characteristic symptoms on snap bean roots.
However, severely infected plants may show general chlorosis and stunting as well as a reduced root system. Infection by this
nematode may predispose plants to infection and damage by other soil borne pathogens. See Cornell fact sheet for more
information and photos of damage (Link 40).
Management Option
Recommendations for Root-Lesion Nematode
Scouting/thresholds
Use a soil bioassay with soybean to assess soil root-lesion nematode infestation levels. Or,
submit the soil sample(s) for nematode analysis at a public or private nematology lab (Link 38).
See Section 4: Field Selection for more information as well as the following Cornell
publications for instructions:
Soil Sampling for Plant-Parasitic Nematode Assessment (Link 39).
A Soil Bioassay for the Visual Assessment of Soil Infestations of Lesion Nematode (Link 40).
Resistant Varieties
No resistant snap bean varieties are available.
Crop Rotation
Root-lesion nematode has over 400 hosts including many vegetable and grain crops that are
planted in rotation with snap bean thus making it difficult to manage lesion nematode strictly
using crop rotation once populations have reached damaging levels. Depending on the size of
the infested site, marigold varieties such as Polynema and Nemagone are very effective at
reducing nematode populations, where marigold can be established successfully.
Site Selection
Assay soil for nematode infestation, if needed.
Biofumigant Cover Crops
Cover crops with a biofumigant effect, used as green manure, may be used for managing rootlesion nematode. It is important to note that many biofumigant crops including Sudangrass,
white mustard, and rapeseed are hosts to root-lesion nematode and will increase the
population until they are incorporated into the soil as a green manure, at which point their
decomposition products are toxic to nematodes. Research has suggested that Sudangrass
hybrid Trudan 8 can be used effectively as a biofumigant to reduce root-lesion nematode
populations. Cover crops such as forage pearl millet CFPM 101 and Tifgrain 102, rapeseed
Dwarf Essex, and ryegrass Pennant are poor hosts, and thus will limit the build-up or reduce
root-lesion nematode populations when used as a standard cover crop.
Sanitation
Avoid moving soil from infested fields to un-infested fields via equipment and vehicles, etc.
Also limit/avoid surface run-off from infested fields.
Weed control
Many common weed species including lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, common purslane,
common ragweed, common dandelion and wild mustard are also hosts therefore effective
weed management is also important.
Regular scouting and accurate pest identification are essential

for effective insect management. Thresholds used for
conventional production may not be useful for organic
systems because of the typically lower percent mortality and
shorter residual of control products allowed for organic
production. The use of pheromone traps or other monitoring
and prediction techniques can provide an early warning for
pest problems, and help effectively focus scouting efforts.
13. INSECT MANAGEMENT

Effective insect management relies on accurate identification
of pests and beneficial insects, an understanding of their
biology and life cycle, knowledge of economically important
levels of pest damage, and a familiarity with the effectiveness
of allowable control practices, in other words, Integrated Pest
Management (IPM).
28
2015
The contribution of crop rotation as an insect management

strategy is highly dependent on the mobility of the pest. Crop
rotation tends to make a greater impact on reducing pest
populations if the pest has limited mobility. In cases where
the insects are highly mobile, leaving a greater distance
between past and present plantings is better.
Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North

America (Link 41).
Regulatory
Organic farms must comply with all other regulations
regarding pesticide applications. See Section 10 for details.
ALWAYS check with your organic farm certifier when
planning pesticide applications.
Natural Enemies
Learn to identify naturally occurring beneficial insects, and
attract and conserve them in your fields by providing a wide
variety of flowering plants in or near the field and by avoiding
use of broad-spectrum insecticides during periods when
natural enemies are present. In most cases, a variety of natural
enemies are present in the field, each helping to reduce pest
populations. The additive effects of multiple species of
natural enemies, attacking different host stages, is more likely
to make an important contribution to reducing pest
populations than individual natural enemy species operating
alone. Natural enemies need a reason to be present in the
field, either a substantial pest population, alternative hosts, or
a source of pollen or nectar, and may not respond to a
buildup of pests quickly enough to keep pest populations
below damaging levels. Releasing insectary-reared beneficial
organisms into the crop early in the pest outbreak may help
control some pests but sometimes these biocontrol agents
simply leave the area. For more information, see Cornells
Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests (Reference 3) and
Efficacy
In general, insecticides allowed for organic production kill a
smaller percentage of the pest population and have a shorter
residual than non-organic insecticides. University based
efficacy testing is not available for many organic pesticides.
See Section 10.3 for more information on application
techniques that can optimize effectiveness.
Resources:
Natural enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests (Reference 3)
Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America
(Link 41).
Resource guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management
(Reference 1)
product.
Two-Spotted
Mite
Tarnished
Plant Bug
X
Seedcorn
Maggot
Potato
Leafhopper
Mexican Bean
Beetle
European Corn
Borer
Table 13.0 Pesticides Labeled for Organic Bean Insect Control
BOTANICALS
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin)
AzaGuard (azadirachtin)
AzaMax (azadirachtin)
AzaSol (azadirachtin)
X
X
Azatrol EC (azadirachtin)
Azera (azadirachtin and pyrethrins)
BioLink (garlic juice)
BioLink Insect & Bird Repellant (garlic juice)
Ecozin Plus 1.2% ME (azadirachtin)
29
2015
Tarnished
Plant Bug
Garlic Barrier (garlic juice)
Molt-X (azadirachtin)
Neemazad 1% EC (azadirachtin)
Neemix 4.5 (azadirachtin)
Seedcorn
Maggot
Envirepel 20 (garlic juice)
Potato
Leafhopper
Two-Spotted
Mite
Mexican Bean
Beetle
European Corn
Borer
PyGanic Crop Protection 1.4EC II (pyrethrin)
PyGanic Crop Protection 5.0 EC II (pyrethrin)
Safer Brand #567 (pyrethrin & potassium salts of fatty

acids)
BIOLOGICALS
Deliver (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki)
DiPel DF (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki)
Entrust Naturalyte Insect Control (spinosad)
Entrust SC (spinosad)
Grandevo (Chromobacterium subtsugae str. PRAA4-1)

Javelin (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki)
Mycotrol O (Beauveria bassiana str. GHA)
PFR-97 20% WDG (Isaria fumosorosea Apopka str. 97)
X
X
OILS
BioRepel Natural Insect Repellent (garlic oil)
Cedar Gard (cedar oil)
X
X
Cinnerate (cinnamon oil)

Ecotec (rosemary and peppermint oils)
X
X
GC-Mite (cottonseed, clove and garlic oils)
Glacial Spray Fluid (mineral oil)
Golden Pest Spray Oil (soybean oil)
JMS Stylet Oil (paraffinic oil)

Oleotrol-I Bio-Insecticide Concentrate (soybean oil)
Omni Supreme Spray (mineral oil)
Organocide 3-in-1 Garden Spray (sesame oil)
PureSpray Green (petroleum oil)
SuffOil-X (petroleum oil)
TriTek (mineral oil)
OTHER
Micro Sulf (sulfur)
Microthiol Disperss (sulfur)
30
2015
Seedcorn
Maggot
Tarnished
Plant Bug
Two-Spotted
Mite
M-pede (potassium salts of fatty acids)
Potato
Leafhopper
Mexican Bean
Beetle
European Corn
Borer
Nuke Em Natural Insecticide and Funigicide (citric acid)
Sil-Matrix (potassium silicate)
Surround WP Crop Protectant (kaolin)
Trilogy (neem extract)
X-labeled for use in NYS and also listed on the Organic Materials Review Institute
13.1 Mexican Bean Beetle

Time for concern: June through September
Key characteristics: Adults are 1/4 -1/3 inch long, convex, and oval /in form. They vary in color from yellow when newly
emerged to a coppery brown when mature. Each wing has eight black dots in three rows across the back. Eggs are orange to
yellow in color and deposited in groups of 40 to 50 on the underside of leaves. Larvae are yellow, and the bodies are covered
with six rows of long, black-tipped spines. Feeding by adults and larvae results in the skeletonizing of leaves. See Cornell fact
sheet and photo of damage (Links 42, 43).
Management Option
Recommendations for Mexican Bean Beetle
Scouting/thresholds
Overwintering adults move into fields and feed for 1-2 weeks and then lay their eggs. Monitor
fields by scouting for adults, eggs, and larvae. Because populations vary within a field and
between fields in an area, it is difficult to determine when population numbers present a
threat.
Natural Enemies
Natural enemies such as parasitic flies, wasps, and predators help to control Mexican bean
beetle populations. An imported parasitoid, Pebiobus foveolatus, can be important for control.
The parasitoid does not overwinter successfully, so it must be reared and released each year.
Use Reference 3 or see Cornells Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North
America for identification of natural enemies (Link 41).
Trap Crop
A small strip of early-planted beans in the previous years snap bean field could be used as a
trap crop to attract overwintered beetles where they can be managed with foliar applications
of products listed below or tilled under after adults have completed oviposition.
Resistant Varieties
Planting Date
Avoiding early plantings can reduce damage.
Cultural
Avoid planting sequential crops adjacent to each other. Rotating fields as far away as possible
from the previous seasons fields should help to reduce populations.
Postharvest
Soon after harvest, plow under the infested crop to prevent immature beetles from
completing development on the foliage and to destroy potential overwintering beetles.
31
2015
product.
Table 13.1 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Mexican Bean Beetle

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
BOTANICAL
Azadirachtin
Comments
Azadirachtin-based products effective in
1/1 trial.
Aza-Direct may be tank mixed /at rates as
low as 4 oz/A. Maximum rate is 3.5 pt/A for
heavy pest infestations.
Use in combination with OMRI approved
0.25-1% non-phytotoxic spray oil in
sufficient water to cover undersides of
leaves.
Aza-Direct
1-2 pts
Foliar treatment
AzaGuard
8-16 fl oz
Foliar treatment
AzaMax
1.33 fl oz/1000
ft2
Foliar treatment
6 oz/50 gal water
0.29-0.96 fl
oz/1000 ft2
Foliar treatment
15-30 oz
Foliar treatment
8 oz
Foliar treatment
18-72 fl oz
Foliar treatment
4-16 oz
Foliar treatment
Product works on insect larvae and

nymphs.
Neemix effective in 1/1 trial. Neemix
controls larvae only; apply early and often
for best control.
0.5-2 qts
Foliar treatment
0.5-4 qts
Foliar treatment
12 hr
25(b) pesticide
12 hr
25(b) pesticide
10-32 oz
Foliar treatment
See comments
Foliar treatment
12 hr
12 hr
25(b) pesticide
25(b) pesticide. See label for specific

information.
1 qt
Foliar treatment
1-4 pints/100 gal
spray
Foliar treatment
0.75-1 gal/100gal
Foliar treatment
2 gal
Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide
25(b) pesticide
Up to day of
harvest
-
Only for use against larvae.

See label for specific application volumes
AzaSol
Azatrol EC
Ecozin Plus 1.2% ME

Molt-X
Neemazad 1% EC
Neemix 4.5
Garlic juice
BioLink
BioLink Insect & Bird
Repellant
Envirepel 20
Garlic Barrier AG+
OILS
Cedar Gard
(cedar oil)
Ecotec
(rosemary and peppermint
oils)
Glacial Spray Fluid
(mineral oil)
Golden Pest Spray Oil
(soybean oil)
32
Make at least 2 applications in sequence 710 days apart for maximum efficacy
2015
Table 13.1 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Mexican Bean Beetle

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
PureSpray Green
(petroleum oil)
SuffOil-X
(petroleum oil)
TriTek
(mineral oil)
PYRETHRINS
Pyganic Crop Protection EC
1.4 II
(pyrethrins)
5.0 II
(pyrethrins)
OTHER
Surround WP
(kaolin)
COMBINATIONS
Azera
(azadirachtin, pyrethrins)
1.4 II
OR
5.0 II
(pyrethrins)
plus
Neemix 4.5
(azadirachtin)
Pyganic Crop
Protection EC 1.4 II
OR
5.0 II (pyrethrins)
plus
Nu Film P (spreader sticker)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
Comments
0.75 1.5 gal/50100 gallons water

Foliar treatment
1-2 gal/100 gal
water
Foliar treatment
1-2 gal/100 gal
water
Foliar treatment
Up to day of
harvest
Larvae only.
Up to day of
harvest
Only for use against larvae. Do not mix with

sulfur products.
Up to day of
harvest
Larvae only. Apply as needed.
16-64 fl oz
Foliar treatment
Until dry
12
4.5-17 fl oz
Foliar treatment
12
25-50 lbs
Foliar treatment
Up to day of
harvest
1-3 pints
Foliar treatment
32oz
Foliar treatment
12
Until dry
12
10 oz
Foliar treatment
12
8 oz
Foliar treatment
32 oz
Foliar treatment
Until dry
12
12
12
12
Rate/A
10 oz
Foliar treatment
4-6 oz
Foliar treatment
Safer Brand #567 Pyrethrin & 1 gal of mixed
Insecticidal Soap
spray/700 ft2 of
Concentrate II
plant surface
(pyrethrin & potassium salts area
of fatty acids)
Foliar treatment
Until spray
has dried
Pyganic effective in 3/3 trials.

Pyganic in combination with Neemix,
provided even better protection than
Pyganic alone in 1/1 trial.
Pyganic in combination with Nufilm

provided better protection than Pyganic
alone in 1/1 trial.
See label for specific mixing instructions.
33
2015
13.2 Potato Leafhopper (PLH), Empoasca fabae

Time for concern: Early June through pre-bloom
Key characteristics: The adult is wedge-shaped, iridescent green in color, and 1/8 inch long. The body is widest at the head.
See Cornell fact sheet for photo (Link 44). Eggs are laid singly on the underside of leaves. Both adults and nymphs are very
active, running forwards, backwards, or sideways. The symptoms produced by feeding have been termed hopperburn. The
first sign of hopperburn is whitening of the veins. These areas become flaccid and yellow in color, then desiccate, turn brown,
and die. Leaf curling is also very common. The entire process takes four to five days. See Cornell photo of damage (Link 45)
or Reference 10.
Management Option
Recommendations for Potato Leafhopper
Resistant varieties
Resistance of the varieties currently grown is not known.
Scouting/thresholds
Potato leafhoppers migrate from southern areas each year and their time of arrival varies. Check for
the presence of adult potato leafhoppers by using a sweep net or by placing yellow, sticky traps near
field edges. Nymphs are best sampled by visual examination of the undersides of leaves on the lower
half of the plant. Bean yields are most likely to be reduced by potato leafhoppers if damage occurs
before bloom. Management should occur when a threshold is met of one nymph per trifoliate leaf or
when adults exceed 100/20 sweeps. On newly emerged beans, lower densities of leafhoppers than
those mentioned above may be damaging. See Reference 10.
Natural enemies
Although a variety of natural enemies of potato leafhoppers have been reported, their impact on
infestations is not well known. Use Reference 3 or see Cornell Biological Control: A Guide to Natural
Enemies in North America (Link 41).
product.
Table 13.2 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Potato Leafhopper

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
BIOLOGICAL
Grandevo (Chromobacterium
subtsugae str. PRAA4-1)
Mycotrol O
(Beauveria bassiana strain
GHA)
BOTANICAL
Azadirachtin
Rate/A
2-3 lbs
Foliar treatment
0.25 1 qt
Foliar treatment
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Up to day
of
harvest
Efficacy Comments
Azadirachtin-based product was

effective in 1 /1 trial.
Aza-Direct
1-2 pints
Foliar treatment
AzaGuard
10-16 fl oz
Foliar treatment
AzaMax
1.33 fl oz/1000 ft2

Foliar treatment
0.24-0.96 fl oz/1000 ft2
Foliar treatment
Azatrol EC
Ground or aerial application.
34
Use in combination with OMRI approved 0.251% non-phytotoxic spray oil in sufficient water
to cover undersides of leaves.
2015

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
15-30 oz
Foliar treatment
10 oz
Foliar treatment
31-72 fl oz
Foliar treatment
7-16 oz
Foliar treatment
Product works on insect larvae and nymphs.
Neemix alone not effective in 1/1 trial. Neemix

in combination with Pyganic was effective in
1/1 trial.
0.5 2 qts
Foliar treatment
12 hr
25(b) pesticide. Repellant.
BioLink Insect & Bird Repellant
0.5-4 q/A
Foliar treatment
12 hr
Envirepel 20
10-32 oz/A
Foliar treatment
12 hr
12 hr
Garlic Barrier AG+
See comments
Foliar treatment

information.
Until dry
12
Pyganic alone effective in 2/3 trials. Two

applications of Pyganic may be needed to
reduce adult and nymph leafhopper
populations. Pyganic in combination with
Neemix effective in 1/1 trial.
12
1 gal of mixed
spray/700 ft2 of plant
surface area
Foliar treatment
12
1 part product to 100

parts water
Foliar treatment
1 qt
Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide
25(b) pesticide
Up to day
of
harvest
Up to day
of
harvest
-
Ecozin Plus 1.2% ME

Molt-X
Neemazad 1% EC
Neemix 4.5
Garlic juice
BioLink
Rate/A
Pyrethrins
Pyganic Crop Protection EC 1.4 II 16-64 fl oz
(pyrethrin)
Foliar treatment
Pyganic Crop Protection EC 5.0 II 4.5-17 fl oz

(pyrethrin)
Foliar treatment
Safer Brand #567 Pyrethrin &
Insecticidal Soap Concentrate II
(pyrethrin & potassium salts of
fatty acids)
OIL
BioRepel Natural Insect
Repellent
(garlic oil)
Cedar Gard
(cedar oil)
Glacial Spray Fluid
(mineral oil)
0.75-1 gal/100gal
Foliar treatment
PureSpray Green
(petroleum oil)
0.75 1.5 gal/50-100

gallons of water
Foliar treatment
2 gal
Foliar treatment

(soybean oil)
Efficacy Comments
JMS Stylet-Oil
paraffinic oil
3-6 qt/100 gal water

Foliar treatment
SuffOil-X
(petroleum oil)
1-2 gal/100 gal water

Foliar treatment
Up to day
of
35
Make at least 2 applications in sequence 7-10

days apart for maximum efficacy
Do not mix with sulfur products.
2015

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy Comments
harvest
TriTek
(mineral oil)
OTHER
Azera
M-pede
(potassium salts of fatty acids)
Surround WP
(kaolin)

Foliar treatment
Up to day
of
harvest
1-3 pints
Foliar treatment
0.25% - 4% volume to
volume
Foliar treatment
25-50 lbs
Foliar treatment
12
12
Up to day
of
harvest
Apply as needed.
13.3 Seedcorn Maggot, Delia platura

Time for concern: Mid-May through late June
Key characteristics: Adult flies resemble small house flies, are slender, 1/4 inch long, and grayish black in color. Maggots are
yellowish white and infest seeds and other below-ground plant parts. See Cornell fact sheet for photo (Link 46). Maggots are
only a problem from planting to plant emergence. Damaged plants are weak, may not develop, or may be delayed in
maturity. Stand may be poor. See Cornell photo of damage (Link 47) or see a Cornell bulletin with more information about
damage (Link 48).
Management Option
Recommendations for Seedcorn Maggot
Scouting/thresholds
Although there are multiple generations per year, the first generation is the important one.
No thresholds are available. Five maggots per seed are required to significantly reduce stands
of snap beans.
Resistant varieties
Snap beans are particularly susceptible.
Planting date
Planting after the first generation maggots have pupated will reduce damage. In New York,
this occurs around June 21. Additionally, plantings after this period are less susceptible to
maggot damage because warmer soil temperatures allow seedlings to emerge soon after
planting, reducing the adult egg-laying period and young larval feeding period.
Site selection/preparation
Seedcorn maggots prefer soil with high organic matter. Incorporate crop residues at least 2
weeks before planting. Using shallow planting and other means to speed up germination and
emergence will reduce damage.
No seed treatments are currently approved for organic production.
Natural enemies
Natural enemies can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use
Reference 3 see Cornell Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America (Link
41).
36
2015
product.
13.4 Labeled Products for Management of Seedcorn maggot

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
BOTANICALS
Aza-Direct
(azadirachtin)
Ecozin Plus 1.2% ME
(azadirachtin)
1-2 pints
Foliar spray or soil drench
15-30 oz
Soil drench
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy Comments
Time sprays to anticipate egg hatch or when

pests first appear. Drench soil to kill larvae.
Make at least 2 applications in sequence 7-10
days apart for maximum efficacy.
Efficacy: 1- effective in half or more of recent university trials, 2- effective in less than half of recent university trials, 3-not effective in any known trials, ?not reviewed or no research available. PHI = pre-harvest interval, REI = restricted-entry interval. - = pre-harvest interval isn't specified on label
13.4 European Corn Borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis

Time for concern: June through September.
Key characteristics: The eggs are laid in fish scale-like masses on the undersides of leaves. Larvae are cream colored and
have a relatively smooth appearance with rows of brown spots. The head capsule is dark brown, and mature larvae are 3/4
inch long. Pupae are reddish brown, but the bean crop is harvested before pupation occurs. Adults are light yellow with
reddish brown markings and are about one inch in length. See Cornell fact sheet for photo (Link 49) or Reference 2.
European corn borer feeding will damage pods and their feeding within the pod will cause contamination at harvest. See
Cornell photo of damage (Link 50). See reference 9.
Management Option
Recommendations for European Corn Borer
Scouting/thresholds
There are no formal thresholds for this pest on snap bean. Because tolerance for this pest is
extremely low, insecticide use is relied upon heavily. Decision for control should be based on
the stage of the bean crop and level of moth activity. Beans should be treated only when they
are in the vulnerable stage, i.e., from early bud until early pod development. Moth activity can
be monitored using traps (black light or pheromone) and trap catch information is updated on
the Timely Tips section of the following website: Penn State Pest Watch website (Link 51).
Natural enemies
A variety of natural enemies help suppress ECB populations including predatory lady beetles,
minute pirate bugs and lacewings, and fly and wasp parasitoids. Natural enemies can be
preserved using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 3 or see the Cornell
publication Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America (Link 41).
Trichogramma ostriniae, a parasitoid of eggs, has been used successfully for ECB control in
sweet corn and is commercially available. Releases should be timed to susceptible crop stage
and ECB flight peaks.
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
This is not a viable management option
Site selection
Avoid planting in or adjacent to a field that was planted with corn the previous year. However,
this is likely applicable only to early-planted fields. Late-planted snap bean fields adjacent to
mature untreated corn could be at risk for attack by second-generation corn borers that
emerge from the mature corn.
37
2015
Management Option
Recommendations for European Corn Borer
Postharvest and Sanitation
These are not currently viable management options
product.
13.4 Labeled Products for Management of European Corn Borer

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours) Efficacy Comments
BIOLOGICALS
Deliver
(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
kurstaki)
0.25-1.5 lbs
Foliar treatment
Javelin WG
kurstaki)
0.12-1.5 lbs
Foliar treatment
DiPel DF
kurstaki)
Entrust Naturalyte Insect Control
(spinosad)
0.5-2 lbs/A
Foliar treatment
1-2 oz
Foliar treatment
Entrust SC
(spinosad)
3-6 fl oz
Foliar treatment
Mycotrol O
(Beauveria bassiana str. GHA)
0.25 1 qt
Foliar treatment
Up to day
of
harvest
AzaMax
(azadirachtin)
1-2 pints
Foliar spray or soil
drench
1.33 fl oz/1000 ft2
Foliar treatment
Azatrol EC
(azadirachtin)
Azera
0.24-0.96 fl oz/1000 ft2

Foliar treatment
1-3 pints
Foliar treatment
12
BioLink
(garlic juice)
0.5 2 qts
Foliar treatment
12 hr
25(b) pesticide. Repellant

(garlic juice)
0.5 4 qts
Foliar treatment
12 hr
Ecozin Plus 1.2% ME

(azadirachtin)
15-30 oz
Foliar spray or drench.
Envirepel 20
(garlic juice)
10-32 oz/A
Foliar treatment
12 hr
12
Spray soon after egg hatch. Make at least 2

applications in sequence 7-10 days apart for
maximum efficacy.
BOTANICAL
Aza-Direct
(azadirachtin)
38
Bacillus thuringiensis products not effective in

2/2 trials. Must be eaten by the larvae to be
effective; most effective against small, newly
hatched larvae, so good scouting program to
determine early infestations is recommended.
Spinosad products effective in 41/47 trials.

33 studies showed good control of caterpillars,
including ECB
Spinosad products effective in 41/47 trials.
33 studies showed good control of caterpillars,
including ECB
Ground or aerial application
Can use for ECB, but requires an intensive

scouting program.
2015
13.4 Labeled Products for Management of European Corn Borer

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours) Efficacy Comments
Garlic Barrier AG+

(garlic juice)
See comments
Foliar treatment
Molt-X
(azadirachtin)
8 oz
Foliar treatment
Pyganic Crop Protection EC 1.4 II

(pyrethrin)
16-64 oz
Foliar treatment
Until dry
12
12
Pyganic Crop Protection EC 5.0 II 4.5-17 fl oz

(pyrethrin)
Foliar treatment

information.
OIL
Cedar Gard
(cedar oil)
1 qt
Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide
Ecotec
(rosemary and peppermint oils)
1-4 pints/100 gal spray

Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide
early stages only
OTHER
Efficacy: 1- effective in half or more of recent university trials, 2- effective in less than half of recent university trials, 3-not effective in any known trials, ?not reviewed or no research available. . PHI = pre-harvest interval, REI = restricted-entry interval. - = pre-harvest interval isn't specified on label
13.5 Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae

Time for concern: June through September.
Key characteristics: The adult mite is yellow to dark green with two or four black, dorsal spots. See Cornell fact sheet (Link
52). Heavy damage may cause leaves to drop. Hot, dry weather favors spider mite outbreaks.
Management Option
Recommendation for Two-Spotted Spider Mite
Natural enemies
Natural enemies help to control spider mite populations. See the Cornell guide Biological
Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America (Link 41) or use Reference 3.
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation, Site selection,

and Sanitation, Postharvest
These are not currently viable management options.
Note(s)
Dry, warm conditions may increase the chance of a two-spotted spider mite infestation.
product.
Table 13.5 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Two-Spotted Spider Mites

Class of Compounds
Product Name
(active ingredient)
BIOLOGICALS
Grandevo (Chromobacterium
subtsugae str. PRAA4-1)
PFR-97 20% WDG
(Isaria fumosorosea Apopka
str. 97)
Product Rate/Acre
2-3 lbs
Foliar treatment
1-2 lbs
Foliar treatment
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
39
Comments
Repeat at 3-10 day intervals as needed to

maintain control.
2015

Class of Compounds
Product Name
(active ingredient)
Product Rate/Acre
BOTANICALS
Aza-Direct
(azadirachtin)
AzaGuard
(azadirachtin)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
1-2 pts
Foliar treatment
10-16 fl oz
Foliar treatment
AzaMax
(azadirachtin)
Azatrol EC
(azadirachtin)
Azera
BioLink Insect Repellant
(garlic juice)
1.33 fl oz/1000 ft2

Foliar treatment
0.24-0.96 fl oz/1000 ft2
Foliar treatment
1-3 pints
Foliar treatment
0.5- 2 qts
Foliar treatment
12
12 hr

(garlic juice)
0.5-4 q
Foliar treatment
12 hr
Envirepel 20
(garlic juice)
10-32 oz
Foliar treatment
12 hr
12 hr
Garlic Barrier AG+

(garlic juice)
See comments
Foliar treatment

information.
PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4

II (pyrethrins)
PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
II (pyrethrins)
fatty acids)
Trilogy
(neem extract)
16-64 fl oz
Foliar treatment
4.5 17 fl oz
Foliar treatment
1 gal spray mix/700 ft2
plant surface area
Foliar treatment
until dry
12
12
12
0.5-2.0% in 25-100 gal

water/A
Foliar treatment
Up to day
of harvest
Maximum labeled use of 2

13-30 fl oz/ 100 gal water

Apply 100-160 gal of
spray/A
Foliar treatment
Ecotec
(rosemary and peppermint oils) Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide
GC-Mite (cottonseed, clove and 1 gal/100 gal spray water

garlic oils)
Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide
Comments
Use in combination with OMRI approved 0.251% non-phytotoxic spray oil in sufficient water
to cover leaves.
OILS
Cinnerate
(cinnamon oil)
Glacial Spray Fluid

(mineral oil)
0.75-1 gal/100gal
Foliar treatment
Up to day
of harvest

(soybean oil)
2 gal
Foliar treatment
JMS Stylet-Oil
(paraffinic oil)
3-6 qt/100 gal water

Foliar treatment
40
2015

Class of Compounds
Product Name
(active ingredient)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
12
Up to day
of harvest
SuffOil-X
(petroleum oil)
0.75 1.5 gal/50-100

gallons of water
Foliar treatment
Foliar treatment
Up to day
of harvest
Do not mix with sulfur products.
TriTek
(mineral oil)

Foliar treatment
Up to day
of harvest
Apply as needed.
7 lbs
Foliar treatment
24
Microthiol Disperss
(sulfur)
3-10 lbs
Foliar treatment
24
M-pede
volume
Foliar treatment
1 fl oz/31 oz water to 2 fl
oz/30 fl oz water
Foliar treatment
0.5% - 1% solution
Foliar treatment
12
Oleotrol-I Bio-Insecticide
Concentrate
(soybean oil)
Omni Supreme Spray
(mineral oil)
Organocide 3-in-1 Garden
Spray
(sesame oil)
PureSpray Green
(petroleum oil)
OTHER
Micro Sulf
(sulfur)
Nuke Em Natural Insecticide

and Funigicide
(citric acid)
Sil-Matrix
(potassium silicate)
Product Rate/Acre
1 part concentrate:300
parts water
Foliar treatment
1 2 gal/100 gallons of
water
Foliar treatment
2 oz/gal water
Foliar treatment
Comments
25(b) pesticide
Mix 2-4 qts in 100 gallons of water and apply

at 20 gallons finished spray/A.
13.6 Tarnished Plant Bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris

Time for concern: June through September
Key characteristics: The adult is an oval, brown bug, mottled with various shades of reddish and yellowish brown, and
about 1/4 inch long. The eggs are elongated and curved with a square outer end. Nymphs are small and greenish yellow. See
Cornell fact sheet (Link 53). The nymphs feed more than the adults. The sucking injury from the nymphs causes buds to
drop, pods to be misshapen, and plants to be stunted and distorted. Tarnished plant bug can be a problem from bloom
through harvest. See Cornell photo of damage (Link 54) or Reference 8.
Management Option
Recommendations for Tarnished Plant Bug
Scouting/thresholds
Check for TPB on pigweed seed heads or by using a sweep net. Trials on snap beans indicated
no yield reductions occurred with five adult TPBs or less per plant at blossom through pin pod
stages.
41
2015
Natural enemies
Natural enemies that can help control TPB populations can be preserved by using pesticides
that are less harmful to them. See the Cornell guide Biological Control: A Guide to Natural
Enemies in North America (Link 41) or use Reference 3.
Resistant varieties
No resistant varieties are available. Although the TPB will feed on bean pods under New York's
growing conditions, most snap bean varieties are somewhat tolerant with minimal pod-spotting
resulting at harvest. It would be advisable to schedule plantings of susceptible varieties for
early-season harvests since TPB numbers increase in bean fields as the season progresses.
Crop rotation, Site selection,

Postharvest, and Sanitation
Effective weed management could eliminate potential hosts for tarnished plant bugs in fields
and thereby minimize risk of injury to the snap bean crop. TPB has a wide-range of hosts
including many weeds and is particularly attracted to flower buds. Minimizing weeds that tend
to bloom prior to bean blooms can help reduce the overall population of TPB in the field. Avoid
situations in which snap beans, in a vulnerable stage, are near hayfields where TPB numbers
may build up and move into beans when the hay is cut.
product.
Table 13.6 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Tarnished Plant Bug

Class of Compounds
Product Name
(active ingredient)
Product Rate/Acre
BIOLOGICALS
Mycotrol O
(Beauveria bassiana str. GHA)
0.25 qt/A
Foliar treatment
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Up to day
of
harvest
-
Ground or aerial spray.
Repeat at 3-10 day intervals as needed to

maintain control.
Efficacy Comments
PFR-97 20% WDG

(Isaria fumosorosea Apopka str.
97)
BOTANICALS
Aza-Direct
(azadirachtin)
1-2 lbs
Foliar treatment
1-2 pts
Foliar treatment
AzaGuard
(azadirachtin)
10-16 fl oz
Foliar treatment
AzaMax
(azadirachtin)
1.33 fl oz/1000 ft2

Foliar treatment
Azatrol EC
(azadirachtin)
0.24-0.96 fl oz/1000 ft2

Foliar treatment
Azera
1-3 pints
Foliar treatment
12
BioLink
(garlic juice)
0.5 2 qts
Foliar treatment
12 hr

(garlic juice)
0.5-4 q
Foliar treatment
12 hr
Ecozin Plus 1.2% ME

(azadirachtin)
15-30 oz
Foliar treatment
Spray nymphs early and repeat application

after 7 days. Make at least 2 applications in
sequence maximum efficacy.
42
Spray nymphs early.
2015
Table 13.6 Pesticides Labeled for Management of Tarnished Plant Bug

Class of Compounds
Product Name
(active ingredient)
Product Rate/Acre
Envirepel 20
(garlic juice)
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
10-32 oz/A
Foliar treatment
12 hr
12
Garlic Barrier AG+

(garlic juice
See comments
Foliar treatment

information.
Molt-X
(azadirachtin)
10 oz
Foliar treatment
PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4 II

(pyrethrins)
16 64 fl oz
Foliar treatment
Until dry
12
PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0 II

(pyrethrins)
4.5 17 fl oz
Foliar treatment
12

fatty acids)
OILS
1 gal spray mix/700 ft2

plant surface area
Foliar treatment
12
Cedar Gard
(cedar oil)
1 qt
Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide
Ecotec
(rosemary and peppermint oils)

Foliar treatment
25(b) pesticide

(soybean oil)
2 gal
Foliar treatment
volume
Foliar treatment
12
OTHER
M-pede
Efficacy Comments
Efficacy: 1- effective in half or more of recent university trials, 2- effective in less than half of recent university trials, 3-not effective in any known trials, ?not reviewed or no research available. . PHI = pre-harvest interval, REI = restricted-entry interval. - = pre-harvest interval isn't specified on label
14. SLUGS
Time of concern: May through September.
Key characteristics: Adult slugs are between one and two inches in length. See Cornell fact sheet (Link 55). Slugs can
overwinter at any stage of development. Although slugs cannot survive prolonged subzero temperatures or desiccation, the
burrows of small mammals and worms provide insulation from the weather. Slugs begin to move, hatch, feed, and lay eggs in
the spring when temperatures are consistently above 40F. There is often little or no slug activity in the field during periods of
dry weather; however, there may be extensive feeding when the weather is damp.
Management Option
Recommendations for Management of Slugs
Scouting/thresholds
Record the occurrence and severity of slug damage. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties
Cultural
Practices that help dry the soil surface for example conventional tillage, good weed
control, and using raised beds that dry out more readily than flat beds, will reduce slug
populations. Heavy organic mulch creates an ideal environment for slugs.
43
2015
product.
Table 14. Pesticides Labeled for Management of Slugs

Class of Compound
Product
(Active ingredient)
Rate/A
PHI
(days)
REI
(hours)
Efficacy
Comments
IRON
Sluggo AG
(iron phosphate)
20-44 lbs
Soil treatment
Treat field perimeter.

Lasts up to 4 weeks.
Sluggo Slug and Snail Bait

(iron phosphate)
20-44 lbs
Soil treatment
Scatter bait around the perimeter of

the vegetable- plantings.
20-44 lbs
Soil treatment
IRON AND SPINOSAD

Bug-N-Sluggo
(iron phosphate and
spinosad)
BOTANICAL
BioLink
(garlic juice)
0.5 - 2 qts
Foliar treatment
12 hr
BioLink Insect & Bird

Repellant (garlic juice)
0.5-4 q/A
Foliar treatment
12 hr
15. PESTICIDES & ABBREVIATIONS MENTIONED IN THIS PUBLICATION

Table 1. Insecticides and molluscicides mentioned in this publication
TRADE NAME
COMMON NAME
EPA REG. NO.
Aza-Direct
AzaGuard
AzaMax
AzaSol
Azatrol EC
Azera
BioLink
BioRepel Natural Insect Repellent
Bug-N-Sluggo
Cedar Gard
Cinnerate
Deliver
DiPel DF
Ecotec
Ecozin Plus 1.2% ME
Entrust Naturalyte Insect Control
Entrust SC
azadirachtin
azadirachtin
azadirachtin
azadirachtin
azadirachtin
azadirachtin, pyrethrins
garlic juice
garlic juice
garlic oil
iron phosphate and spinosad
cedar oil
cinnamon oil
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
rosemary and peppermint oil
azadirachtin
spinosad
spinosad
71908-1-10163
70299-17
71908-1-81268
81899-4
2217-836
1021-1872
exempt-25(b) pesticide
exempt 25(b) pesticide
67702-24-70051
70051-69
73049-39
5481-559
62719-282
62719-621
44
2015
Table 1. Insecticides and molluscicides mentioned in this publication

TRADE NAME
COMMON NAME
EPA REG. NO.
Envirepel
Garlic Barrier
GC-Mite
Glacial Spray Fluid
Grandevo
Javelin WG
JMS Stylet Oil
Micro Sulf
Molt-X
M-pede
Mycotrol O
Neemazad 1%EC
Neemix 4.5
Nuke Em Natural Insecticide and
Funigicide
Oleotrol-I Bio-Insecticide
Concentrate
Omni Supreme Spray
Organocide 3-in-1 Garden Spray
PureSpray Green
PFR-97 20% WDG
Pyganic Crop Protection EC 1.4II
Pyganic Crop Protection EC 5.0 II
Sil-Matrix
SuffOil-X
Sluggo AG
Sluggo Slug & Snail Bait
Surround WP
Trilogy
TriTek
garlic juice
garlic juice
cottonseed, clove and garlic oils
mineral oil
soybean oil
34704-849
57538-11
84059-17
70051-66
65564-1
55146-75
68539-11
10163-324
82074-3
70051-104
70051-9
Chromobacterium subtsugae str. PRAA4-1

paraffinic oil
sulfur
azadirachtin
potassium salts of fatty acids
Beauveria bassiana
azadirachtin
azadirachtin (neem)
citric acid
soybean oil
mineral oil
paraffinic oil
sesame oil
petroleum oil
Isaria fumosorosea Apopka str. 97
pyrethrin
pyrethrin
pyrethrin & potassium salts of fatty acids
5905-368
65564-1
69526-9
70051-19
1021-1771
1021-1772
59913-9
potassium silicate
petroleum oil
iron phosphate
iron phosphate
kaolin
neem extract
mineral oil
82100-1
48813-1-68539
67702-3-54705
67702-3-70051
61842-18
70051-2
48813-1
Table 2. Fungicides mentioned in this publication

TRADE NAME
Actinovate AG
Actinovate STP
Badge X2
Basic Copper 53
BIO-TAM
Champ WG
Contans WG
CS 2005
EcoMate ARMICARB 0
JMS Stylet Oil
COMMON NAME
Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108
Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108
Copper oxychloride, Copper
hydroxide
basic copper sulfate
Trichoderma asperellum,
Trichoderma gamsii
copper hydroxide
copper octanoate
Coniothyrium minitans
copper sulfate pentahydrate
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens str. D747
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens str. D747
potassium bicarbonate
paraffinic oil
45
EPA REG. NO.

73314-1
73314-4
80289-12
45002-8
80289-9-69592
55146-1
67702-2-70051
72444-1
66675-3
70051-108
70051-107
5905-541
65564-1
2015
Table 2. Fungicides mentioned in this publication

TRADE NAME
Micro Sulf
Microthiol Disperss
Mycostop Biofungicide
Mycostop Mix
Nordox 75 WG
NuCop 50DF
Nu-Cop HB
Nu-Cop 50 WP
Optiva
Oxidate 2.0
PERpose Plus
PureSpray Green
RootShield Granules
RootShield PLUS+ Granules
RootShield PLUS+ WP
Serenade ASO
Serenade MAX
Serenade Optimum
Serenade Soil
SoilGard Microbial Fungicide
Taegro
TerraClean 5.0
Trilogy
Zonix
COMMON NAME
sulfur
sulfur
Streptomyces griseoviridis
Streptomyces griseoviridis
cuprous oxide
copper hydroxide
copper hydroxide
copper hydroxide
Bacillus subtillis str. QST 713
paraffinic oil
hydrogen dioxide
hydrogen peroxide/dioxide
Gliocladium catenulatum str. J1446
petroleum oil
Reynoutria sachalinensis
Trichoderma
Trichoderma species
Trichoderma species
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis
Gliocladium virens str. GL-21
Bacillus subtilis
hydrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic acid
neem oil
Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant
EPA REG. NO.

55146-75
70506-187
64137-5
64137-9
48142-4
45002-4
42750-132
45002-7
69592-26
65564-1
70299-12
86729-1
64137-11
69526-9
84059-3
68539-3
68539-10
68539-9
69592-12 and 264-1152
69592-11 and 264-1151
264-1160
69592-12 and 264-1152
70051-3
70127-5
70299-13
70051-2
72431-1
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in This Publication

A acre
AG agricultural use label
AR annual rye
ASO aqueous suspension-organic
AS aqueous suspension
DF dry flowable
EC emulsifiable concentrate
F
flowable
HC high concentrate
K
potassium
K2O potassium oxide
N
nitrogen
NE
NI
NFT
P
PHI
P2O5
PR
R
REI
WP
WG
WPS
not effective
no information
not frost tolerant
phosphorus
pre-harvest interval
phosphorus oxide
perennial rye
resistant varieties
restricted entry interval
wettable powder
water dispersible granular
Worker Protection Standard
16. REFERENCES
1
Caldwell, B. Rosen, E. B., Sideman, E., Shelton, A. M., Smart, C. (2013). Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management 2nd Ed.
New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. (http://web.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/resourceguide/pdf/resource-guidefor-organic-insect-and-disease-management.pdf ).
Colorado State University. (1996). Dry Bean Production and Pest Management. Regional Bulletin 562A, Cooperative Extension Resource
Center, 115 General Services Building, Fort Collins, CO.
46
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Hoffmann, M. P., and Frodsham A. C. (1993). Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. (64 pp). Cornell Cooperative Extension. New
York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY.( http://nysaes-bookstore.myshopify.com/products/natural-enemies-ofvegetable-insect-pests )
New York State Integrated Pest Management Program. (2008). Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable
Production: Chapter 13, Beans-Dry and Snap. Cornell Cooperative Extension, Geneva, NY.
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Petzoldt, C. H., Pederson L. H., and Koplinka-Loehr, C. eds. (1990). Snap Bean Pest Management: A Guide to Regular Field Monitoring in New
York. IPM Publication. 105b. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY.
Sarrantonio, M. (1994) Northeast Cover Crop Handbook. Rodale Institute, PA. (http://www.amazon.com/Northeast-Cover-CropHandbook-Health/dp/0913107174).
Zitter, T. A., McGrath, M. T. Vegetable MD Online. (http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Bean_List.htm).
Muka, A. A. (1983). Tarnished plant bug, In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Bean, Potato, and Celery (p. 771.00). New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station, Geneva, NY.
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Management. North Central Regional Extension Publication 327. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
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Tingey, W. M., Muka A. A. (1983). Potato leafhopper, In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Vegetables (p. 760.20). New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station, Geneva, NY.
11
Stivers, L.J., Brainard, D.C. Abawi, G.S., Wolfe, D.W. (1999) Cover Crops for Vegetable Production in the Northeast. Cornell Cooperative
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12
Dillard, H. R., and Cobb, A. C. 2008. Alternaria alternata and Plectosporium tabacinum on snap beans: Pathogenicity, cultivar reaction, and
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17. WORLD WIDE WEB LINKS

All links accessed 15 April 2015
General
1
United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. 2012 Revised Plant Hardiness Zone Map for New York (
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Certification
3
Organic Materials Review Institute. (https://www.omri.org/).
New York Department of Agriculture and Markets, Organizations Providing Organic Certification Services for Producers and
Processors in New York State. (http://www.agriculture.ny.gov/AP/organic/docs/Organizations-Providing-Organic-Certification-Services.pdf ).
New York Department of Agriculture and Markets, Organic Farming Development/Assistance.

(http://www.agriculture.ny.gov/AP/organic/index.html).
Agriculture Marketing Service, National Organic Program. (http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/NOP/standards/ProdHandPre.html).
National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, Organic Farming. (http://attra.ncat.org/organic.html).
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Soil Health, Cover Crops, and Crop Rotation

9
Bjrkman,Thomas. Cornell University, Cover Crops for Vegetable Growers. (http://covercrops.cals.cornell.edu/decision-tool.php ).
10
Magdoff, F., Van Es, H., (2010). Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, Building Soils for Better Crops, 3rd Edition.
(http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition),
11
Cornell University, Department of Horticulture. Soil Health Website. (http://soilhealth.cals.cornell.edu/).
11 a Mohler, C. L. and Johnson, S. E., editors. (2009). Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning Manual. Sustainable Agriculture Research
and Education. Natural Resource, Agriculture and Engineering Service. Cooperative Extension, Ithaca NY.
(http://www.nraes.org/nra_crof.html).
47
2015
Weed Management
12
Bowman, G., (1997). The Sustainable Agriculture Network. Steel in the Field. Beltsville, MD.
(http://nydairyadmin.cce.cornell.edu/uploads/doc_20.pdf ).
13
Cornell University, Weed Ecology and Management Laboratory. (http://weedecology.css.cornell.edu/).
14
Rutgers University, New Jersey Weed Gallery (http://njaes.rutgers.edu/weeds/).
15
University of Vermont, Videos for Vegetable and Berry Growers. (http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/Videos/videos.html).
16
Sullivan, P., National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service (formerly ATTRA), Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for
Croplands. (http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/weed.html).
17
Colquhoun, J., Bellinder, R., Cornell University. New Cultivation Tools for Mechanical Weed Control in Vegetables.
(http://www.vegetables.cornell.edu/weeds/newcultivationmech.pdf).
Crop and Soil Nutrition

18
Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory. (http://cnal.cals.cornell.edu/).
19
Agri Analysis, Inc.. (http://www.agrianalysis.com/).
20
A&L Eastern Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. (http://al-labs-eastern.com/).
21
The Pennsylvania State University, Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory. (http://aasl.psu.edu).
22
Dairy One Forage Lab, Ithaca, NY. (http://dairyone.com/analytical-services/agronomy-services/soil-testing/ ).
23
University of Massachusetts, Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Laboratory. (http://soiltest.umass.edu/).
24
Analytical Laboratory and Maine Soil Testing Service, University of Maine. (http://anlab.umesci.maine.edu/).
25
Rosen, C., Bierman, P. Using Manure and Compost as Nutrient Sources for Fruit and Vegetable Crops. University of Minnesota.
(http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/M1192.html).
25 a. The Pennsylvania State University. (2013). Penn State Agronomy Guide Section 2: Soil Fertility Management. Department of Agronomy. University
Park, PA.( http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec2 ).
25b Snchez, E. S. and Richard, T. L., (2009) Pennsylvania State University Publication, UJ256. Using Organic Nutrient Sources.
(http://extension.psu.edu/publications/uj256 ).
25c DuPont, T. (2011) Pennsylvania State University Publication, Determining Nutrient Applications for Organic Vegetables.
(http://extension.psu.edu/business/start-farming/soils-and-soil-management/determining-nutrient-applications-for-organicvegetables-basic-calculations-introduction-to-soils-fact-3 ).
Managing Bean Diseases

26
Abawi, G. S., and Hunter J. E. (1979). White Mold of Beans in New York. (4 pp.). New Yorks Food and Life Sciences Bulletin 77. New
York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. (http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/5083/1/FLS077.pdf).
27
Vegetable MD online. Photo Gallery of Important New York Vegetable diseases: Bean: White Mold.
(http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/PhotoPages/Impt_Diseases/Beans/Bean_White.htm ).
28
George S. Abawi and J.E. Hunter (1979). Vegetable MD Online. White Mold of Beans. New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin
No.77 (http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Beans_WhiteMold.htm).
28a. Dillard Lab Vegetable Pathology Website. Cornell University. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station. (http://web.pppmb.cals.cornell.edu/dillard/ ).
29
Vegetable MD online. Photo Gallery of Important New York Vegetable diseases: Bean: Gray mold.
(http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/PhotoPages/Impt_Diseases/Beans/Bean_Gray.htm).
30
Abawi, G. S., Crosier D. C., and Cobb A. C. (1985). Root Rot of Snap Beans in New York. (8 pp). New Yorks Food and Life Sciences
Bulletin 110. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY.
(http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/5141/1/FLS-110.pdf ).
31
Cornell University, Vegetable MD Online. Photo Gallery of Important New York Vegetable Diseases: Bean: Pythium Root Rot
(http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/PhotoPages/Impt_Diseases/Beans/Bean_Phythium.htm).
32
Cornell University, Vegetable MD Online. Photo Gallery of Important New York Vegetable diseases: Bean: Rhizoctonia Root Rot.
(http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/PhotoPages/Impt_Diseases/Beans/Bean_Rhizo.htm).
48
2015
33
Dillard, H. R., and Legard, D. E. (1991). Cornell University, Vegetable MD Online. Bacterial Diseases of Beans. (p. 729.50). New York
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. (http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Beans_Bacterial.htm).
34
Zitter, T.A., Provvidenti, R. (1984). Cornell University, Vegetable MD Online. Virus Diseases of Snap and Dry Beans.
(http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Virus_Beans.htm).
35
Cornell University, Vegetable MD Online. Bean Virus Photo Collection.

(http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/PhotoPages/Bean/Viruses/BVphotoList.htm).
36
Zitter, T. A. (2001). Cornell University Vegetable MD Online. A Checklist of Major Weeds and Crops as Natural Hosts for Plant Viruses in
the Northeast. (http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Tables/WeedHostTable.html).
37
Mercure, P. S. (1998). University of Connecticut. Bean Rust.
(http://ipm.uconn.edu/documents/raw2/Bean%20Rust/Bean%20Rust.php?aid=114 ).
Managing Nematodes
38
Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic. Cornell University. (http://plantclinic.cornell.edu).
39
Abawi, F.S., Gugino, B.K. (2007) Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Soil Sampling for Plant-Parasitic
Nematode Assessment.
(http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berrytool/pdfs/Soil%20Sampling%20for%20Nematode%20Assessment%20Factsheet.pdf ).
40
Gugino, B.K., Ludwig, J.W., Abawi, G.S., Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. A Soil Bioassay for the
Visual Assessment of Soil Infestations of Lesion Nematode.
(http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/vegetables/Lesion_Nematode_Bioassay.pdf ).
Managing Bean Insects

41
Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M., Hoffmann, M. P., Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America.
(http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/index.php ).
42
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Mexican Bean
Beetle. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/pests/mbb.html ).
43
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2001). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Mexican
Bean Beetle- Damage to Bean. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/damage/mbb_beans.html ).
44
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2001). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Potato
Leafhopper Life Cycle. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/pests/plh.html ).
45
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2001). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Potato
Leafhopper Damage to Beans. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/damage/plh_beans.html ).
46
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Seedcorn
Maggot Life Cycle. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/pests/scm.html ).
47
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Seedcorn
Maggot Damage to Beans. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/damage/scm_beans.html ).
48
Vea, E. V., Webb D. R., and Eckenrode C. J. (1975). Seedcorn Maggot Injury (4 pp.). New Yorks Food and Life Sciences Bulletin 55.
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49
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. European
Corn Borer Life Cycle. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/pests/ecb.html ).
50
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. European
Corn Borer Damage to Bean. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/damage/ecb_beans.html ).
51
Fleischer, S. J., Penn State, PestWatch. University Park, PA (http://www.pestwatch.psu.edu/).
52
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Twospotted
Spider Mite Life Cycle. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/pests/tsm.html ).
53
Cornell Cooperative Extension. New York State Integrated Pest Management Program. (1991). Tarnished Plant Bug. Insect
Identification Sheet No. 21, 1991 (http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/treefruit/pests/tpb/tpb.asp).
54
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Tarnished
Plant Bug Damage to Beans. (http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/damage/tpb_beans.html ).
55
Wilsey, W.T., Weeden, C.R., Shelton, A.M. (updated 2007). Cornell University. Pests in the Northeastern United States. Slugs Life Cycle.
(http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/veg-insects-ne/pests/slugs.html ).
49
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Pesticide Use, Safety, and Sprayer Calibration

56
Cornell Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines (2009). Chapter 6 Pesticide Information and Safety.: ( http://vegguidelines.cce.cornell.edu/ ).
57
Calibration: Backpack Sprayer. Pesticide Environmental Stewardship. Center for Integrated Pest Management.
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58
Dill, J. and Koehler, G. (2005). Agricultural Pocket Pesticide Calibration Guide. University of Maine Cooperative Extension and
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59
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Miller, A. and Bellinder, R. (2001) Herbicide Application Using a Knapsack Sprayer. Department of Horticultural Science, Cornell
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61
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62
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64
Extension: Americas Research Based Learning Network. (2015) Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Community Page.
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65
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66
Landers, Andrew. Cornell University Department of Entomology. (2003) Vegetable Spraying.

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67
EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. (2005). How To Comply with the Worker Protection Standard for
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This guide is published by the New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, which is funded through Cornell University, Cornell Cooperative
Extension, the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and USDANIFA. Copyright 2015 New York State Integrated Pest Management Program and Cornell University. Cornell Cooperative Extension provides equal
program and employment opportunities. NYS IPM Publication number 132. June 2015. www.nysipm.cornell.edu.
50
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Organic Production and IPM Guide for

NYS IPM Publication No. 132

Integrated Pest Management

Contributors and Resources

ORGANIC BEAN PRODUCTION

Certifying organizations may be able to provide a template

his guide for organic production of snap beans

The Organic Food Production Act of 1990 (OFPA or

The guide attempts to compile the most current information

More details may be found at the Agricultural Marketing

1. GENERAL ORGANIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

To use a certified organic label, farming operations that gross

Rotating between crop families can help prevent the buildup

1.2 Organic Farm Plan

An organic farm plan is central to the certification process.

ORGANIC BEAN PRODUCTION

information, refer to the Cornell Soil Health website (Link

Northeast Cover Crop Handbook, by Marianne Sarrantonio

Leaving cover crop residue to remain on the soil surface

Unlike cash crops, which are grown for immediate economic

3.2 Legumes Cover Crops

Legume cover crops should be avoided before beans

A certified organic farmer is required to plant certified organic

3.4 Biofumigant Cover Crops

Certain cover crops have been shown to inhibit weeds,

3.1 Goals and Timing for Cover Crops

Adding cover crops regularly to the crop rotation plan can

Attend to the cultural requirements of the cover crops to

ORGANIC BEAN PRODUCTION

surface using a culti-packer and/or inch of irrigation or

maturity at incorporation, amount of biomass, fineness of

April or late Annual /

35-134 +Rapid grower (warm season)

August-early Winter annual

Sandy to 60-200 +Most cold-tolerant cover crop

Mid March- Long-lived

August-early Winter annual 6 (AR)

14-35 +Temporary N tie-up when turned

10-36 +Tremendous biomass producers in

+Good dual purpose cover & forage

16-100 +Very good low-maintenance

ORGANIC BEAN PRODUCTION

A well-planned crop rotation is key to weed management.

Certifying agencies have requirements that affect field

4.2 Crop Rotation Plan

Rotating crops that produce abundant organic matter, such as

A careful crop rotation plan is the cornerstone of organic

Table 4.2.1 Crops Nutrient Requirements

From NRAES publication Crop Rotation on Organic Farms: A Planning

ORGANIC BEAN PRODUCTION

rot problems. A good rotation helps reduce the incidence of

Crop information specific to Beans

Beans should only be grown in fields that have had no

Table 4.2.2 Potential Interactions of Crops Grown in Rotation with Beans

Potential Rotation Effects

Lettuce, potato, tomato, other

Bean, tomato, cucumber,