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Formulae

This document provides formulas and concepts related to mathematics including: 1) Basic algebraic formulas for expanding and simplifying expressions 2) The BODMAS rule for order of operations 3) Formulas for average, percentage, ratios, proportions, and concepts like principal, interest, profit, loss, cost price, selling price.

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68 views4 pages

Formulae

This document provides formulas and concepts related to mathematics including: 1) Basic algebraic formulas for expanding and simplifying expressions 2) The BODMAS rule for order of operations 3) Formulas for average, percentage, ratios, proportions, and concepts like principal, interest, profit, loss, cost price, selling price.

Uploaded by

jyotiangel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Some Basic Formulas:


(a + b)(a b) = (a2 b2)

2.

(a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)

3.

(a b)2 = (a2 + b2 2ab)

4.

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)

5.

(a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2)

6.

(a3 b3) = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2)

7.

(a3 + b3 + c3 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ac)

8.

When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Simplification:

Rule of BODMAS: This BODMAS rule depicts the correct


sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out
the value of given expression. Full form of BODMAS is B Bracket, O
of, D Division, M Multiplication, A Addition and S Subtraction.
Thus, while solving or simplifying a problem, first remove all brackets,
strictly in the order (), {} and ||. After removing the brackets, we will use
the following operations strictly in the following order: (i) of (ii) Division
(iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction.
Average:

Average = (Sum of observations/Number of observations)


Suppose a train covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal
distance at y kmph. Then, the average speed of train during the whole
journey is kmph (2xy/x+y)kmph.
Percentage:

By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x


percent means x hundredths, written as x%. To express x% as a fraction:
We have, x% = x/100
To express a/b as a percent: We have, a/b = (a/b x 100)%

Percentage Increase/Decrease: If the price of a commodity


increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to
increase the expenditure is: [(R/(100+R)) x 100]%. If the price of a
commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as
not to decrease the expenditure is: [(R/(100-R)) x 100]%.

Result on Population: Let the population of a town be P now and


suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then: population after
n years = P (1+(R/100))n Population n years ago= P/ (1+(R/100))n

Result on Depreciation: Let the present value of a machine be P.


Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then: Value of the
machine after n years = P (1-(R/100)n , Value of the machine n years ago
= P/ (1-(R/100)n, If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by [(R/
(100+R)) x 100] %, If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by [(R/
(100-R)) x 100] %
Ratio:

The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the


fraction and we write it as a : b. In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first
term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent. Eg. The ratio
5 : 9 represents 5/9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the


same non-zero number does not affect the ratio. Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 :
15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.
Proportion:

The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If a : b = c : d, we


write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion. Here a and
d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms. Product of
means = Product of extremes. Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).
Simple Interest:

Principal: The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is


called the principal or the sum.

Interest: Extra money paid for using others money is called


interest.

Simple Interest (S.I.): If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain


period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple interest. Let
Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then
Simple Interest = (P x R x T)/100
Profit and Loss:

Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its


cost price, abbreviated as C.P.

Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its


selling prices, abbreviated as S.P.

Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have
a profit or gain.

Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a
loss.

Gain = (S.P.) (C.P.)

Loss = (C.P.) (S.P.)

Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.

Gain Percentage: (Gain %) = (Gain x 100) / C.P.

Loss Percentage: (Loss %) = (Loss x 100) / C.P.

Selling Price: (S.P.) = [ ((100 + Gain %)/100) x C.P.]

Selling Price: (S.P.) = [ ((100 Loss %)/100) x C.P.]

Cost Price: (C.P.)= [ (100/(100 + Gain %)) x S.P.]

Cost Price: (C.P.)= [ (100/(100 Loss %)) x S.P.]

If an article is sold at a gain of say 10%, then S.P. = 110% of C.P.

If an article is sold at a loss of say, 20% then S.P. = 80% of C.P.

When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%,
and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given
by: Loss % = (x/10)2

If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false
weights, then Gain % = [(Error/(True Wight Error)) x 100 ]%

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