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G.S.Gupta Dbms PCMS, Chitwan Unit - I: Data and Information

1) Data refers to raw facts, while information is data that has been organized and placed in context. A database contains collections of related data that can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information. 2) A database management system (DBMS) provides tools for defining, constructing and manipulating databases, and producing information from stored data. It allows multiple users to concurrently access and update data in a secure manner. 3) A DBMS provides both a logical view of the data that is meaningful to users, as well as a physical view detailing how data is actually stored on storage devices. This allows users to access data independently of its physical storage structure.

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30 views

G.S.Gupta Dbms PCMS, Chitwan Unit - I: Data and Information

1) Data refers to raw facts, while information is data that has been organized and placed in context. A database contains collections of related data that can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information. 2) A database management system (DBMS) provides tools for defining, constructing and manipulating databases, and producing information from stored data. It allows multiple users to concurrently access and update data in a secure manner. 3) A DBMS provides both a logical view of the data that is meaningful to users, as well as a physical view detailing how data is actually stored on storage devices. This allows users to access data independently of its physical storage structure.

Uploaded by

raazoo19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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G.S.

Gupta
PCMS, Chitwan

DBMS
Unit I

Data and Information


The word data is used to refer to a fact about the person, place, object, event, or
concept. Data and information is not the same thing. Data arranged in certain order
and form which is useful to us is called infortain. Data is the raw material to generate
information I, e.,data is to be processed to produce information . Thus, information is
the output of data processing operation. So, we can that in formation is a data, place
into a meaningful context for recipient.
For example, the weight of student is
60, 70, 57, 41, 36, 44, 53.
The above numbers have no meaning. But, let us process the data to answer the
folloeing questions.
1) What is average weight?
2) What is the weight of the heaviest individual?
3) What is the weight of the lightest individual?
Database contains data not information. By, itself, the database is meaningless and
worthless. With the use of data, information can be produced. Thus, through the
proper design and use of database, it can be an essential tool to produce information
for making management decisions.
Using above data, information can be retrieved
1) Te average weight is 51.57.
2) The weight of the heaviest individual is 70.
3) The weight of the lightest individual is 36.
Above answer 51.57, 70, 36 are meaningful information for recipient. A database
management system (DBMS) consists of a collection of interrelated data and a set of
program to access those data. The collection of data, usually referred to as the
database, contains about one particular enterprise. The primary goal of DBMS is to
provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and
storing database information.

Database system
A Database is a repository for collection of related data or facts. A database contains
a collection of related items or facts arranged in a specific structure. The most
obvious example of a non computerized database is a telephone directory. Telephone
companies now use an electronic database program to produce their printed phone
book. Sometimes, we see a specialize phone book that is sorted not only by last
name, but by other items such as phone number or street address. These books are
easy to produce because the telephone companys electronic database can sort and
organize the data in many different ways. Database program can also sort lists of
data, arranging them in alphabetical, numeric, or chronological order.
Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information. The
management of data involves both the definition of structures for the stirage of
information and provision of mechanism for the manipulation of information. In

Page :1

G.S.Gupta
PCMS, Chitwan

DBMS
Unit I

addition, the database system must provide for the safety of information stored
despite the system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access. If the data ate to be
shared among several usres, the system must avoid possible anomalous results. The
importance of information inmost of the organization which determine the value of
the database has led to the development of large bodies of concepts and techniques
for efficient management of data.

Charateristics of Database Approach


1.
2.
3.
4.

Self-describing nature of a database system.


Insulation between programs and data,and data abstraction.
Support of multiple views of the data.
sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing.

1.

Self-describing
nature
of
a
database
system:
A fundamental characteristics of the database approach is that the database
system contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition or
description of the database structure and constraints. The definition is stored in the
DBMS catalog, which contain information such as the structure of each file, the type
and storage format of each data item, and various constraints on the data. The
information stored in the catalog is called mata-data, and it describes the structure
of the primary database.
2. It provides an efficient way to store and access the data from/to the computer
H/w. It also provide a way to organize the data in structure format.
3.
Once the data is stored in h/w , it can represented that data in to the
different logical and physical view according to the requirement.
4.
It provides the data on network user , so that they can share the information
according to the requirement. Today most of the organization uses this type of
database
Database Management System (DBMS)
DBMS is a suite of programs which typically manage large structured sets of
persistent data, offering ad hoc query facilities to many users. They are widely used
in
business
applications.
A database management system (DBMS) can be an extremely complex set of
software programs that controls the organisation, storage and retrieval of data
(fields, records and files) in a database. It also controls the security and integrity of
the database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and
instructs
the
operating
system
to
transfer
the
appropriate
data.
When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the
organisation's information requirements change. New categories of data can be
added
to
the
database
without
disruption
to
the
existing
system.

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G.S.Gupta
PCMS, Chitwan

DBMS
Unit I

Data security prevents unauthorised users from viewing or updating the database.
Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of the
database, called subschemas (pronounced "sub-skeema"). For example, an
employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one
group of users may be authorised to view only payroll data, while others are allowed
access
to
only
work
history
and
medical
data.
The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one
user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can keep duplicate
records out of the database; for example, no two customers with the same customer
numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database.

Logical view and physical view


A database management system provides the ability for many different users to
share data and process resources. But as there can be many different users, there
are many different database needs. The question now is: How can a single, unified
database meet the differing requirement of so many users?
A DBMS minimizes these problems by providing two views of the database data: a
physical view and a logical view.
The physical view deals with the actual, physical arrangement and location of data in
the direct access storage devices(DASDs). Database specialists use the physical view
to make efficient use of storage and processing resources. Users, however, may wish
to see data differently from how they are stored, and they do not want to know all
the technical details of physical storage. After all, a business user is primarily
interested in using the information, not in how it is stored.
The logical view/users view, of a database program represents data in a format that
is meaningful to a user and to the software programs that process those data. That
is, the logical view tells the user, in user terms, what is in the database. One
strength of a DBMS is that while there is only one physical view of the data, there
can be an endless number of different logical views. This feature allows users to see
database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical,
processing viewpoint. Thus the logical view refers to the way user views data, and
the physical view to the way the data are physically stored and processed.

7.2

Objective of DBMS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Provide for mass storage device of relevant data.


Making access to the data easy for the user.
Providing prompt response to user request for data.
Making the latest modification to the database available immediately.
Eliminate redundavt (duplicate) data.
Allow multiple users to be active at one time.
Allow the growth of database system.
Protect the data from physical harm and unauthorized access.

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G.S.Gupta
PCMS, Chitwan

DBMS
Unit I

Consider part of a saving-bank enterprise that keeps onformation about all customer
and saving accounts. One way to keep the information on a computer is to store it in
permanent system files. To allow users to manipulate the information, the system
has a number of application programs that manipulate the files, including
1)
2)
3)
4)

A
A
A
A

program
program
program
program

to
to
to
to

debit or credit an account.


add a new account.
generate monthly statements.
find blance of an account.

New application programs are added to the system as the need arises.

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