RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION

1. ________ is the amount of

voltage induced in wave by an
electromagnetic wave.
a. receive voltage
b. magnetic induction
c. field strength
d. power density

d. near and far fields

2. An electromagnetic wave
consists of ___________.
a. both electric and magnetic
fields.
b. an electric field only
c. a magnetic field only
d. non-magnetic field only

10. In electromagnetic waves,

polarization __________.
a. is caused by reflection
b. is due to the transverse
nature of the waves
c.
results
from
the
longitudinal nature of the
waves
d. is always vertical in an
isotropic medium

3. What is the lowest layer of

the ionosphere?
a. F1
b. F2
c. E
d. D
4.
Who
propounded
electro
magnetic radiation theory?
a. Sir Edward Appleton
b. James Clerk Maxwell
c. Christian Huygens
d. Sir Isaac Newton
5. The D, E and F layers are
known as ____________.
a. Mark space Layers
b. Davinson- Miller Layers
c. Kennely Heaviside Layers
d. Appleton Layers
6. Different grouping of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
a. band
b. bandwidth
c. channel
d. group
7. What is the relation in
degrees of the electric and
magnetic
fields
in
an
electromagnetic wave?
a. 180 degrees
b. 90 degrees
c. 270 degrees
d. 45 degrees
8. A changing electric field
gives rise to ________.
a. a magnetic field
b. sound field
c. electromagnetic waves

9. Frequencies in the UHF

range propagate by means of
a. ground waves
b. sky waves
c. surface waves
d. space waves

11. Electromagnetic Waves are

refracted
when
they
___________.
a. pass into a medium of
different dielectric constants
b. are polarized at right
angles to the direction of
propagation
c.
encounter
a
perfectly
conducting surface
d. pass through a small slot
in a conducting plane
12. What is the highest layer
of the atmosphere?
a. ionosphere
b. stratosphere
c. troposphere
d. ozone layer
13. What is the thickest layer
of the ionosphere?
a. F2
b. F1
c. D
d. E
14. Effective Earth radius to
true earth radius ratio.
a. index of refraction
b. K factor
c. Fresnel zone
d. path profile
15. Fading due to interference
between direct and reflected
rays.
a. atmospheric-multipath
b. Fresnel zone

c. reflection-multipath
d. Rayleigh fading
16. The layer that reflects
very low frequency waves and
absorbs
medium
frequency
waves.
a. D Layer
b. E Layer
c. F1 Layer
d. F2 Layer
17. What layer
high-frequency
propagation?
a. D Layer
b. E Layer
c. F1 Layer
d. F2 Layer

c. reduce the length of the

skip distance
d. have no effect on the
ground wave range
23. What is the unit
electric field strength?
a. volts per square meter
b. volt per square cm
c. volts per meter
d. millivolt per watt

of

is used for
day
time

24. Velocity of a radio wave

in free space.
a. 186,000 miles per sec
b. 300x106 meters per sec
c. 162,000 nautical mile per
sec
d. all of the above

18.
What
is
the
highest
frequency that can be sent
straight
upward
and
be
returned to earth?
a. MUF
b. skip frequency
c. critical frequency
d. gyro frequency

25. Refers to the direction of

the electric field vector in
space.
a. polarization
b. directivity
c. radiation
d. ERP

19. High frequency

from?
a. 0.3 to 3MHz
b. 3 to 30MHz
c. 30 to 300MHz
d. 3to 30MHz

range

is

20. Medium frequency range is

from
a. 0.01 to 0.03 MHz
b. 0.03 to 0.3MHz
c. 0.3 to 3MHz
d. 3 to 30 MHz
21. In tropospheric scatter
propagation, the attenuation
is dependent on
a. scatter angle
b. take-off angle
c. antenna size
d. the troposphere
22. If the transmitter power
remains constant, an increase
in the frequency of the sky
wave will
a. lengthen the skip distance
b. increase the range of the
ground wave

26.
An
TEM
wave
whose
polarization rotates.
a. vertically polarized
b. omnidirectional
c. horizontally polarized
d. circularly polarized
27. velocity of light in free
space
a. 300x10^6 m/s
b. 300x10^6 km/s
c. 186,000 km/s
d. 186,000 m/s
28. What is the effective
radiated power of a repeater
with 200W transmitter power
output, 4dB feed line loss,
4dB duplexer and circulator
loss,
and 10dB
feed line
antenna gain?
a. 2000 W
b. 126 W
c. 317 W
d. 260 W
29. Radio wave that is far
from its sources is called
a. Plane wave
b. isotropic wave
c. vertical wave

d. horizontal wave
30. Light goes from medium A
to medium B at angle of
incidence of 40 degrees. The
angle of refraction is 30
degrees. The speed of light in
B
a. is the same as that in A
b. is greater than that in A
c.
maybe
any
of
these,
depending
on
the
specific
medium
d. is less than that in A
31. In a vacuum, the speed of
an electromagnetic wave
a. depends on its constant
b. depends on its wavelength
c. depends on its electric
and magnetic fields
d. is a universal constant
32. The depth of an object
submerged in a transparent
liquid
a. always seems more that its
actual depth
b may seem less or more than
its actual depth, depending on
the object
c. always seems less than its
actual depth
d. may seem less or more than
its actual depth, depending on
the transparent liquid
33. What is a wave front?
a. a voltage pulse in a
conductor
b. a current in a conductor
c. a fixed point in an
electromagnetic wave
d. a voltage pulse across a
resistor
34.
VHF
ship
station
transmitters must have the
capability of reducing carrier
power to
a. 1 W
b. 10 W
c. 25 W
d. 50 W
35. Most of the effects an
electro magnetic wave produces
when it interacts with matter
are due to its

a.
b.
c.
d.

magnetic field
speed
frequency
electric field

36.
A
mobile
receiver
experiences dead areas of
reception as a result of
a. atmospheric absorption
b. tropospheric scatter
c. sporadic E
d. shading of the RF signal
by hills and trees
37. When the electric field is
perpendicular in the surface
of the earth, what is the
polarization of the TEM wave?
a. elliptical
b. vertical
c. horizontal
d. circular
38. When the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the surface
of the earth, what is the
polarization of the TEM wave?
a. circular
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. elliptical
39. When the magnetic field is
parallel to the surface of the
earth,
what
is
the
polarization of the TEM wave?
a. elliptical
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. circular
40.
What
are
the
two
interrelated fields considered
to make up an electromagnetic
wave
a. an electric field and a
current field
b. an electric field and
voltage field
c. an electric field and a
magnetic field
d. a voltage and current
fields
41. How does the bandwidth of
the transmitted signal affect
selective fading?
a. it is more pronounced at
narrow bandwidths

b. it is equally pronounced
at
both
narrow
and
wide
bandwidths
c. it is more pronounced at
wide bandwidths
d. the receiver bandwidth
determines
the
selective
fading

47. What is
earth
radius
refractivity,
300?
a. 6370 km
b.7270 km
c.7950 km
d. 8500 km

42.
A
wide-bandwidth
communications
systems
in
which the RF carrier varies
according
to
some
predetermined sequence.
a.
amplitude
compandored
single sideband
b. SITOR
c.
spread
spectrum
communication
d.
time-domain
frequency
modulation

48. If N = 250, what is the

earth radius K-factor?
a. 1.23
b. 1.29
c. 1.33
d. 1.32

43. A changing magnetic field

gives rise to
a. sound field
b. magnetic field
c. electric field
d. nothing in particular
44. When a space-wave signal
passes over a mountain ridge,
a small part of the signal is
diffracted down the far side
of
the
mountain.
This
phenomenon is called
a. discontinuity scattering
b. troposheric ducting
c. knife-edge diffraction
d. space-wave refraction
45. The index of refraction of
a material medium
a. is greater than 1
b. is less than 1
c. is equal to 1
d. maybe any of the above
46.
At
what
speed
do
electromagnetic waves travel
in free space?
a. approximately 468 million
meters per second
b. approximately 186300 ft/s
c. approximately 300 million
m/s
d. approximately 300 million
miles/s

49.
in
the
a.
b.
c.
d.

the effective
when
surface
and N equals

Electric field that lies

a plane perpendicular to
earths surface
vertical polarization
horizontal polarization
circular polarization
elliptical polarization

50. Electric field that lies

in a plane parallel to the
earths surface
a. vertical polarization
b. horizontal polarization
c. circular polarization
d. elliptical polarization
51. Indicate which one of the
following terms applies to
troposcatter propagation
a. SIDs
b. fading
c. atmospheric storms
d. faraday rotation
52. VLF waves are used for
some types of services because
a. of the low power required
b the transmitting antennas
are of convenient size
c. they are very reliable
d.
they
penetrate
the
ionosphere easily
53. Indicate which of the
following frequencies cannot
be used for reliable beyondthe-horizon
terrestrial
communications
without
repeaters
a. 20 KHz
b. 15 MHz
c. 900 MHz
d. 12 GHz

54. High-frequency waves are

a. absorbed by the F2 layer
b. reflected by the D layer
c. capable of use for longdistance communications on the
moon
d. affected by the solar
cycle
55. Distances near the skip
distance should be used for
sky-wave propagation
a. to avoid tilting
b. to prevent sky-wave and
upper ray interference
c.
to avoid
the faraday
effect
d. so as not to exceed the
critical frequency
56.
A
ship-to-ship
communications
system
is
plague by fading. The best
solution seems to be the use
of
a. a more directional antenna
b. a broadband antenna
c. frequency diversity
d. space diversity
57.
A range
of microwave
frequencies more easily passed
by the atmosphere than are the
others is called a
a. window
b. critical frequency
c. gyro frequency range
d.
resonance
in
the
atmosphere
58. frequencies in the UHF
range normally propagate by
means of
a. ground waves.
b. sky waves
c. surface waves
d. space waves
59. Tropospheric scatter is
used with frequencies in the
following range
a. HF
b. VHF
c. UHF
d. VLF
60. The ground wave eventually
disappears as one moves away

from the transmitter because

of
a. interference from the sky
wave
b. loss of line of sight
conditions
c.
maximum
single-hop
distance limitation
d. tilting
61. in electromagnetic waves,
polarization means
a. the physical orientation
of magnetic field in space
b. the physical orientation
of electric field in space
c. ionization
d. the presence of positive
and negative ions
62. an electromagnetic waves
travel in free space, only one
of the following can happen to
them.
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. refraction
d. reflection
63. the absorption of a radio
waves
by
the
atmosphere
depends on
a. their frequency
b. their distance from the
transmitter
c. the polarization of the
waves
d. the polarization of the
atmosphere
64.
diffraction
of
electromagnetic waves
a. is caused by reflections
from the ground
b. arises only with spherical
wavefronts
c. will occur when the waves
pass through a large slot
d. may occur around the edge
of a sharp object
65. In an electromagnetic wave
the electric field is
a. Parallel to both magnetic
field and the wave direction
b. Perpendicular to both the
magnetic field and the wave
direction

c. Parallel to the magnetic

field and perpendicular to the
wave direction
d.
Perpendicular
to
the
magnetic field and parallel to
the wave direction
66.
are
a.
b.
c.
d.

The highest frequencies

found in
X-rays
Radio waves
Ultraviolet rays
Radar waves

67.
Electromagnetic
transport
a. Wavelength
b. Charge
c. Frequency
d. Energy

waves

68. The ionosphere is a region

of ionized gas in the upper
atmosphere. The ionosphere is
responsible for
a. The blue color of the sky
b. Rainbows
c.
Long
distance
radio
communication
d. The ability of satellites
to orbit the earth
69.
Light
of
which
following
colors
has
shortest wavelength
a. Red
b. Yellow
c. Blue
d. Green

the
the

70. The quality in sound that

corresponds to color in light
is
a. Amplitude
b. Resonance
c. Waveform
d. Pitch
71.
a.
b.
c.
d.

All real images

Are erect
Can appear on screen
Are inverted
Cannot appear on a screen

72. When a beam of light

enters
one
medium
from
another, a quality that never
changes is its
a. Direction

b. Frequency
c. Speed
d. Wavelength
73. Relative to the angle of
incidence,
the
angle
of
refraction
a. Is smaller
b. Is larger
c. Is the same
d. Either A or B above
74. A light ray enters one
medium from another along the
normal.
The
angle
of
refraction is
a. 0
b. 90 degrees
c. Equal to the critical
angle
d. Dependent on the indexes
of refraction of the two media
75.
What
layer
aids
surface-wave
propagation
little and reflects some
waves in daytime?
a. E layer
b. D layer
c. F1 layer
d. F2 layer

MF
a
HF

76. Dispersion is the term

used to describe
a. The splitting of white
light
into
its
component
colors in refraction
b. The propagation of light
in straight lines
c. The bending of a beam of
light when it goes from one
medium to another
d. The bending of a beam of
light when it strikes a mirror
77. The depth of an objects
submerged in a transparent
liquid
a. Always seems less than its
actual depth
b. Always seems more than its
actual depth
c. May seems more than its
actual depth, depending on the
index of refraction of the
liquid
d. May seem less or more than
its actual depth depending on
the angle of view

78. Total internal reflection

can occur when light passes
from one medium to another
a. That has a lower index of
refraction
b. That has a larger index of
refraction
c. That has the same index of
refraction
d. At less than the critical
angle
79.
When
the
light
ray
approaches
a
glass-air
interface from the glass side
at the critical angle, the
angle of refraction is
a. 0
b. 90 degrees
c. 45 degrees
d. Equal to the angle of
incidence
80. The brightness of light
source is called its luminous
intensity , whose unit is
a. Candela
b. Lux
c. Lumen
d. Footcandle
81. Luminous efficiency is
least for a
a. Low-wattage light bulb
b. Mercury vapor lamp
c. High-wattage light bulb
d. Fluorescent tube
82. The minimum illumination
recommended for reading is
a. 8000 cd
b. 8000 lx
c. 8000 lm
d. 800 W
83. Light enters a glass plate
whose index of refraction is
1.6 at an angle of incidence
of 30 degrees . the angle of
refraction is
a. 18 degrees
b. 48 degrees
c. 19 degrees
d. 53 degrees
84. Light leaves a slab of
transparent
material
whose
index of refraction is 2 at an

angle
of refraction
of 0
degrees.
The
angle
of
incidence is
a. 0 degrees
b. 45 degrees
c. 30 degrees
d. 90 degrees
85. Light enters a glass plate
at an angle of incidence of 40
degrees and is refracted at an
angle
refraction
of
25
degrees. The index refraction
of the glass is
a. 0.625
b. 1.52
c. 0.66
d. 1.6
86.
An
underwater
swimmer
shines a flash light beam
upward
at
an
angle
of
incidence of 40 degrees. The
angle of refraction is 60
degrees.
The
index
of
refraction of water is
a. 0.67
b. 1.3
c. 0.74
d. 1.5
87. The critical angle of
incidence for light going from
crown glass (n=1.5) to ice
(n=1.3) is
a. 12 degrees
b. 50 degrees
c. 42 degrees
d. 60 degrees
88. The solid angle subtended
by a hemisphere about its
center is
a. /2 sr
b. 2 sr
c. sr
d. depends on the radius of
the hemisphere
89. the luminous flux emitted
by a 60-cd isotropic light
source is concentrated on an
area
of
0.5m2.
the
illumination of the area is
a. 9.6 lx
b. 377 lx
c. 120 lx
d. 1508 lx

90.
Microwave
signals
propagate by way of the
a. Direct wave
b. Sky wave
c. Surface wave
d. Standing wave
91.
The
ionosphere
radio signals to be
a. Diffused
b. Absorbed
c. Refracted
d. Reflected

causes

92. Ground wave communications

is most effective in what
frequency range?
a. 300 KHz to 3 MHz
b. 3 to 30 MHz
c. 30 to 300 MHz
d. Above 300 MHz
93. The ionosphere has its
greatest effect on signals in
what frequency range?
a. 300 KHz to 3 MHz
b. 3 to 30 MHz
c. 30 to 300 MHz
d. Above 300 MHz
94. The type of radio wave
responsible for long distance
communications
by
multiple
skips is the
a. Ground wave
b. Direct wave
c. Surface wave
d. Sky wave
95.
Line
of
sight
communications is not a factor
in which frequency range?
a. VHF
b. UHF
c. HF
d. Microwave
96. A microwave-transmitting
antenna is 550ft high. The
receiving antenna is 200ft
high. The minimum transmission
distance is
a. 20 mi
b. 33.2 mi
c. 38.7 mi
d. 53.2 mi
97.
To
transmission

signal, which of the following

should be done?
a. Increase antenna gain
b. Increase antenna height
c. Increase transmitter power
d.
Increase
receiver
sensitivity

increase
distance of

the
UHF

98.
is
the
a.
b.
c.
d.

States that power density

inversely proportional to
distance from its source.
Principle of reciprocity
Inverse square law
Huygens Princple
Faradays law

99. gets in contact with the

ionosphere and reflected by
it.
a. Space wave
b. Sky wave
c. Surface wave
d. Satellite wave
100. Highest layer in the
ionosphere
a. F1
b. D
c. F2
d. E
101. Next lowest layer in the
ionosphere.
a. D
b. E
c. F1
d. F2
102. What is the primary cause
of
ionization
in
the
atmosphere?
a. Sun spot
b. Cosmic rays
c. Galactic disturbance
d. Ultraviolet radiation
103. Which layer
disappear at night?
a. D
b. E
c. F1
d. F2

does

not

104. Which of the following

uses surface wave propagation?
a. ELF
b. VLF
c. MF
d. All of these

105.
The
ability
of
the
ionosphere to reflect a radio
wave back to the earth is
determined by
a. Operating frequency
b. Ion density
c. Angle of incidence
d. All of these
106. Highest frequency that
can be used for sky wave
propagation between two given
points on earth.
a. Critical frequency
b. MUF
c. Cut off frequency
d. UHF
107. The shortest distance
measured along the earths
surface that a sky wave is
returned to earth.
a. MUF
b. Quarter-wavelength
c. Skip distance
d. Skip zone
108. Fluctuation in the signal
strength at the receiver.
a. Interference
b. Fading
c. Tracking
d. Variable frequency
109. Two or more antennas are
used
separated
by
several
wavelengths
a. Space diversity
b. Frequency diversity
c. Hybrid diversity
d. Polarization diversity
110. Two or more receivers are
used using a single antenna.
a. Space diversity
b. Frequency diversity
c. Hybrid diversity
d. Polarization diversity
111. One of the following is
not a cause of fading.
a. Interference between upper
and lower rays of a sky wave.
b. Sky waves arriving at
different number of hops
c. Interference due to ground
reflected wave and sky wave
d. Diversity

112. What do you call the

gigantic emissions of hydrogen
from the sun?
a. Solar flares
b. SIDs
c. Kennely-Heaviside
d. Sun spots
113.
Sudden
ionospheric
disturbance
a. Solar flares
b. SIDs
c. Sun spots
d. Intertropical convergence
114. A means beyond the line
of sight propagation of UHF
signals.
a. Microwave propagation
b. Space wave propagation
c. Troposcatter propagation
d. Surface wave propagation
115. Two directional antennas
are pointed so that their
beams
intersect
in
the
troposphere.
a. Skywave
b. Surface wave
c. Microwave
d. Troposcatter
116. Super refraction.
a. Ducting
b. Trposcatter
c. Skywave
d. Space wave
117. A layer of warm
trapped above cooler air
a. Troposphere
b. SID
c. Duct
d. Huygens principle

air

118. Corresponds to voltage

a. Electric field
b. Magnetic field
c. Gyro
d. Direction of propagation
119. Absence of reception
a. Skip distance
b. Maximum usable
c. Shadow zone
d. Twilight zone

120. Each point in a spherical

waveform maybe a source of a
secondary spherical wavefront.
a. Senlls law
b. Huygens principle
c. Rayleighs principle
d. De Morgans theorem
121. Ducting occurs in which
region of the atmosphere?
a. Stratosphere
b. Troposphere
c. Ionosphere
d. Ozone layer
122. When is the E region most
ionized?
a. At midday
b. At midnight
c. At duck
d. At dawn
123.
Transequatorial
propagation is best during
a. Night time
b. Afternoon or early evening
c. Noontime
d. Morning
124. Which of the following is
most affected by knife-edge
refraction?
a. Very high and ultra high
frequencies
b. High frequencies
c. Medium frequency
d. Low frequency
125. Which ionosphere layer
has an average height of 225
km at night?
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F1 layer
d. F2 layer
126. A range of frequency
little
attenuated
by
the
atmosphere is called
a. slide
b. door
c. window
d. frame
127. It is defined as either
of two acute angles formed by
the intersection of the two
portions of the tropospheric

scatter beam tangent

earths surface.
a. critical angle
b. scatter angle
c. backscatter angle
d. sidescatter angle

to

the

128. It is a device that

permits
two
different
transmitters to operate with a
single antenna.
a. duplexer
b. diplexer
c. isolator
d. circulator
129. It is a gradual shift in
polarization of the signal in
the medium.
a. fading
b. faraday effect
c. ghosting
d. multipath fading
130.
A
diversity
scheme
wherein the receiver receives
two fading signals from two
different directions.
a. frequency diversity
b. time diversity
c. angle diversity
d. space diversity
131.
The
radio
wavelength
known
as
_________
falls
within the medium frequency
range.
a. centimetric wave
b. decametric wave
c. hectometric wave
d. myriametric wave
132. The most dense of
ionized
layer
of
ionosphere
a. E
b. F1
c. F2
d. D

all
the

133. The frequency band used

as sub-carriers, or signals
which
carry
the
baseband
modulating information but in
turn modulate another higherfrequency
carrier
is
_________.
a. LF
b. MF

c. VLF
d. VH

c. medium
d. millimeter

134. The range of frequency

band termed as super high
frequency
(SHF)
is
within
_________.
a. 30 300 GHz
b. 30 300 MHz
c. 3 30 GHz
d. 300 3000 MHz

141. What effect do sunspots

have on the ionosphere?
a.
makes
more
rare
and
regular
b.
makes more
dense and
irregular
c.
makes less
dense and
regular
d.
makes less
dense and
irregular

135. Electric field that lies

in a plane perpendicular to
the earths surface.
a. circular polarization
b. vertical polarization
c. horizontal polarization
d. elliptical polarization
136. The magnetic field of an
antenna is perpendicular to
the
earth.
The
antennas
polarization
a. is vertical
b. is horizontal
c. is circular
d. cannot be determined from
the information given
137.
The surface
wave is
effective only at frequencies
below about _________ MHz.
a. 30
b. 3
c. 300
d. 0.3
138. What wave propagation are
attenuated within a few miles?
a. space
b. sky
c. ground
d. direct
139. What happens to wave
velocity as it passes from air
to ionosphere?
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remain the same
d. not a factor
140.
What
wavelength
radiations
tend
to
be
transmitted entirely between
ionosphere and earth?
a. long
b. short

142. What is a double-hop

signal?
a. ground, ionosphere, ground
and back to ionosphere
b.
ground,
ground,
ionosphere, and ionosphere
c.
ionosphere,
ionosphere,
ground and ground
d.
ionosphere,
ground,
ionosphere and back to ground
143. What is the major cause
of fading?
a. phase difference
b. topographic variation
c. climate
d. ionosphere variation
144. Where is the skip zone?
a. between the sky and the
first reflected wave
b. between end of ground and
first reflected wave
c. between end of ground and
farthest reflected wave
d. between the end of sky to
the farthest reflected wave
145. What wave is the same day
or night?
a. sky
b. space
c. direct
d. ground
146. Why do HF communications
system shift frequencies at
different times of day?
a. to take advantage of best
reflected signals
b. to conserve the energy
used
c. to create diversity
d.
to
improve
noise
performance

147. Scatter transmission

used at what frequencies?
a. EHF and VLF
b. HF and VHF
c. VHF and UHF
d. ELF and VLF
148. Over what
often form?
a. desert
b. water
c. forest
d. mountain

areas

is

ducts

149. Polarization named

_________ component of
wave?
a. static
b. magnetic
c. direction
d. propagation

for
the

150.
What
polarization
is
employed
in
an
AM
broadcasting?
a. horizontal
b. parallel
c. transverse
d. vertical
151.
What
propagation
condition is usually indicated
when a VHF signal is received
from a station 500 miles away?
a. D-layer absorption
b. Faraday rotation
c. Tropospheric ducting
d. Moonbounce
152. How does the bandwidth of
the transmitted signal affect
selective fading?
a. It is more pronounced at
wide bandwidths
b. It is more pronounced at
narrow bandwidths
c. It is equally pronounced
in
both
narrow
and
wide
bandwidth
d. The receiver bandwidth
determines
the
selective
fading effect
153. How much farther does the
radio-path
horizon
distance
exceed the geometric horizon?
a. By approximately 15% of
the distance

b. By approximately twice the

distance
c. By approximately one-half
the distance
d.
By
approximately
four
times the distance
154. Determine the dB gain of
a
receiving
antenna
which
delivers a microvolt signal to
a transmission line over that
of an antenna that delivers a
2
microvolt
signal
under
identical circumstances.
a. -6
b. -3
c. 6
d. 3
155. What is transequatorial
propagation
a. Propagation between two
points at approximately the
same distance north and south
of the magnetic equator
b. Propagation between two
points on the magnetic equator
c. Propagation between two
continent by way of ducts
along the magnetic equator
d. Propagation between any
two
station
at
the
same
latitude
156. Knife edge diffraction:
a. Is the bending of UHF
frequency radio waves around a
building,
mountain
or
obstruction
b. Causes the velocity of
wave
propagation
to
be
different than the original
wave
c. Both a and b above
d. Attenuate UHF signal
157. The average range for VHF
communications is
a. 5 miles
b. 15 miles
c. 30 miles
d. 100 miles
158. A 500 kHz radiates 500 W
of power. The same antenna
produces
a
field
strength
equal 10 1.5 mV/, If the power
delivered by the antenna is
increased to 1 kW, what would

be
the
expected
intensity?
a. 3 mV/m
b. 1.732 mV/m
c. 2.12 mV/m
d. 1.456 mV/m

field

159. The earths layer is

struck
by
a
meteor;
a
cylindrical region of free
electron is formed at what
layer of the ionosphere?
a. F1 layer
b. E layer
c. F2 layer
d. D layer
160. What happens to a radio
wave as it travels in space
and
collides
with
other
particles
a. Kinetic energy is given up
by the radio wave
b. Kinetic energy is gained
by the radio wave
c. Aurora is created
d.
Nothing
happens
since
radio waves have no physical
substance
161. Find the characteristic
impedance
of
polyethylene,
which
has
a
dielectric
constant of 2.4.
a. 163.9 ohms
b. 377 ohms
c. 243 ohms
d. 250 ohms
162. What is the maximum range
for
signals
using
transequatorial propagation
a. About 1000 miles
b. About 2500 miles
c. About 5000 miles
d. About 7500 miles
163. Calculate the electric
field intensity in millivolts
per meter at 30 kW from a 5 km
source.
a. 190 mV/m
b. 95.49 uV/m
c. 0.189 W/m
d. 13.416 V/m
164. What is the index of
refraction
of
a
certain
substance if light travels

through the substance at 100

meters at a time it is 140
meter to air?
a. 1.183
b. 1.4
c. 0.714
d. 0.845
165. What s selective fading?
a. A fading effect caused by
small changes in beam heading
at the receiving station
b. A fading caused by phase
difference between radio wave
components
of
the
same
transmission as experienced at
the receiving station
c. A fading caused by large
changes in the height of the
ionosphere as experienced at
the receiving station
d. A fading effect caused by
the time difference between
the receiving and transmitting
stations
166. To what distance is VHF
propagation
ordinarily
limited?
a. Approximately 100 miles
b. Approximately 500 miles
c. Approximately 1500 miles
d. Approximately 2000 miles
167. Why does the radio path
horizon distance exceed the
geometric horizon?
a. E-layer skip
b. D-layer skip
c. Auroral skip
d. Radio waves may be bent
168. Determine the effective
radiated power of 20kW TV
broadcast
transmitter
whose
antenna has a field gain of 2.
a. 40 kW
b. 80 kW
c. 20 kW
d. 10 kW
169. What is the major cause
of selective fading?
a. Small changes in beam
heading
at
the
receiving
station
b.
Large changes
in the
height of the ionosphere as

experienced in the receiving

station
c. Time difference between
the receiving and transmitting
station
d. Phase differences between
the radio waves components of
the
same
transmission
as
experienced in the receiving
station
170. Determine the critical
frequency
value of
an HF
signal if its maximum usable
frequency is 7050.50 kHz at 35
degrees incidence.
a. 4936.8 kHz
b. 5775 kHz
c. 4044 kHz
d. 4908.75 kHz
171. What is the propagation
effect
called
when
phase
difference between radio wave
components
of
the
same
transmission are experiences
at the recovery station?
a. Faradays rotation
b. Diversity reception
c. Selective fading
d. Phase shift
172. What is the best time for
transequatorial propagation?
a. Morning
b. Noon
c. Afternoon or early evening
d.
Transequatorial
propagation
only
works
at
night
173. The dielectric strength
of a certain medium is about
2.85 MV/m. what is the maximum
power
density
of
an
electromagnetic wave in this
medium?
a. 23.9 GW/ sq. m
b. 67.7 GW/ sq. m
c. 21.5 GW/ sq. m
d. 6.86 GW/ sq. m
174. What is the knife edge
diffraction?
a. Allows normally line-ofsight signals to bend around
sharp edges, mountain ridges,
building and other obstruction

b. Arching in sharp bends of

conductors
c.
Phase
angle
image
rejection
d.
Line-of-sight
causing
distortion to other signals
175. The total power delivered
to
the
radiator
of
an
isotropic antenna is 200, 000
W. determine the power density
at a distance of 100 meters
a. 1.59 W/sq m
b. 24.49 W/sq m
c. 3.18 W/sq m
d. 244.95 W/sq m
176. The bending of radio
waves passing over the top of
a mountain range disperse a
weak portion of the signal
behind the mountain is
a. Eddy-current phase effect
b. Knife-edge diffraction
c. Shadowing
d. Mirror refraction effect
177. A radio wave moves from
air (er=1) to glass (er=7.8).
Its angle of incidence is 20
degrees. What is the angle of
refraction?
a. 7 degrees
b. 29 degrees
c. 10.3 degrees
d. 72.79 degrees
178. A dipole antenna requires
to be feed with 20 kW of power
to produce a given signal
strength available with an
input power of 11 kW. What is
the dB gain obtained by the
use of the reflector? (gain
referred to this particular
dipole)
a. -2.6 dB
b. 2.6 dB
c. 5.19 dB
d. -5.19 dB
179. What is a wavefront?
a. A voltage pulse in a
conductor
b. A current pulse in a
conductor
c. A voltage pulse across a
resistor

d. A fixed point
electromagnetic wave

in

an

180.
What
is
meant
by
referring to electromagnetic
waves
as
having
circular
polarization?
a. The electric field is bent
into a circular shape
b. The electric field rotates
c. The electromagnetic wave
continues to circle the earth
d. The electromagnetic wave
has been generated by a quad
antenna
181. An automobile travels at
90 km/h, find the time between
fades if the car uses a
cellphone at 800 MHz
a. 11.2 ms
b. 15 ms
c. 7.5 ms
d. 4.7 ms
182. When the electric field
is parallel to the surface of
the
earth,
what
is
the
polarization
of
the
electromagnetic wave?
a. Vertical
b. Horizontal
c. Circular
d. Elliptical
183.
At
what
speed
do
electromagnetic waves travel
in space?
a. Approximately 300 million
meters per second
b. Approximately 468 million
meters per second
c. Approximately 186, 300
feet per second
d. Approximately 300 million
miles per second

a. Alternating currents in
the core of an electromagnet
b. A wave consisting of two
electric
fields
at
right
angles to each other
c. A wave consisting of an
electric field and a magnetic
field at right angles to each
other
d. A wave consisting of two
magnetic
fields
at
right
angles to each other
186. When the electric field
is
perpendicular
to
the
surface of the earth, what is
the
polarization
of
the
electromagnetic wave?
a. Circular
b. Vertical
c. Horizontal
d. Elliptical
187. Determine the refractive
index of an ionospheric layer
with 1.567x10^6 free electrons
per cu m. The frequency of the
radio wave is 32 kHz.
a. 0.999
b. 0.936
c. 0.956
d. 0.987
188.
What
is
meant
by
electromagnetic
waves
as
horizontally polarized?
a. The electric field is
parallel to the earth
b. The magnetic field is
parallel to the earth
c. Both the electric and
magnetic field are horizontal
d. Both the electric and
magnetic field are vertical

184. The maximum number of

free electrons in a certain
ionospheric layer is 3.256x 10
^ 13 per cu m. the critical
frequency is
a. 51.355 MHz
b. 17.118 MHz
c. 34.237 MHz
d. 5.706 MHz

189. Why do electromagnetic

waves not penetrate a good
conductor to any great extent?
a. The electromagnetic field
induces
currents
in
the
insulator
b. The oxide on the conductor
surface acts as a shield
c. Because of eddy currents
d. The resistivity of the
conductor dissipates the field

185. What are electromagnetic

waves?

190. A transmitter has a power

output of 250 W at a carrier

frequency of 325 MHz. it is

connected to an antenna with a
gain of 12 dBi. The receiving
antenna is 10 km away and has
a gain of 5 dBi. Calculate the
power
delivered
to
the
receiver, assuming free-space
propagation. Assume that there
are no losses or mismatches in
the system.
a. 404 nW
b. 2.04 nW
c. 960 nW
d. 680 nW
191. What is the frequency to
use for skywave propagation if
the critical frequency is 15
MHZ and the angle of radiation
is 60 degrees?
a. 17.32 MHz
b. 30 MHz
c. 25.5 MHz
d. 14.722 MHz
192. When the magnetic field
is parallel tot eh surface of
the
earth,
what
is
the
polarization
of
the
electromagnetic field?
a. Circular
b. Horizontal
c. Elliptical
d. Vertical
193. What is the index of
refraction of a certain medium
if the velocity of propagation
of a radio wave in this medium
is 1.527x10^8 m/s?
a. 0.509
b. 0.631
c. 0.713
d. 1.965
194. When the magnetic field
is
perpendicular
to
the
surface of the earth, what is
the
polarization
of
the
electromagnetic field?
a. Circular
b. Horizontal
c. Elliptical
d. Vertical
195. Frequencies most affected
by knife-edge refraction are
a. Low and medium frequencies
b. High frequencies

c. Very high and ultra high

frequencies
d. 100 kHz to 3 MHz
196. The ionosphere
radio signals to be
a. Diffused
b. Absorbed
c. Refracted
d. Reflected

causes

197.
To
increase
the
transmission distance of a UHF
signal, which of the following
should be done?
a. Increase antenna gain
b. Increase antenna height
c. Increase transmitter power
d.
Increase
receiver
sensitivity
198.
A
receiver-transmitter
station used to increase the
communications range of VHF,
UHF and microwave signals is
called a(an)
a. Transceiver
b. Remitter
c. Repeater
d. Amplifier
199. A taxi company uses a
central dispatcher with an
antenna at the top of a 25 m
tower, to communicate with the
taxicabs. The taxi antennas
are on the roofs of the cars,
approximately 1.5 m above the
ground. Calculate the maximum
communication distance between
the dispatcher and a taxi.
a. 25.7 km
b. 8.8 km
c. 21 km
d. 10.1
200. Microwave propagate by
means of
a. Direct wave
b. Sky wave
c. Surface wave
d. Standing wavE
201. The cumulative sum of the
direct, ground-reflected, and
surface waves is reflected to
as _________.
a. Space wave
b. Ground wave
c. Sky wave

 d. Direct waves
202. The D layer of the
ionosphere reflects _________
waves.
a. MF and HF
b. VLF and MF
c. MF and VHF
d. VLF and LF
203.
A
diversity
scheme
wherein the same radio signal
is repeated or transmitted
more than once.
a. polarization diversity
b.
field
component
diversity
c. time diversity
d. frequency diversity
204.
The
disadvantage
of
ground wave propagation is
a. Ground waves require a
relatively
high transmission power
b.
Ground
waves
are
limited to very low, low
and
medium
frequencies
requiring large antennas
c. Ground losses very
considerably with surface
material
d. Any of these
205. A range of microwave
frequencies more easily passed
by the atmosphere than the
others is called a
a. window
b. critical frequency
c. gyro frequency range
d.
resonance
in
the
atmosphere
206.
It
is
simply
the
orientation of the electric
field vector in respect to the
surface of the Earth
a. Polarization
b. Wavefront
c. Rays
d. Power density
207. For an isotropic antenna
radiating 100W of power, what
is
power
density 1000m from
the source?
a. 1.99 W/m^2
b. 7.96 W/m^2
c. 3.22 W/m^2
d. 9.17 W/m^2
208.
The
ground
wave
eventually
disappears,
as
moves
away
from
the
transmitter, because of

a. interference from the

sky wave
b. loss of line-of-sight
conditions
c.
maximum single hop
distance limitations
d. tilting
209. If the electric field is
propagating parallel to the
surface of the Earth, the
polarization is _________.
a. Circular
b. Vertical
c. Horizontal
d. Elliptical
210. A taxi company uses a
central dispatcher, with an
antenna at the top of a 15m
tower, to communicate with
taxi cabs. The taxi antennas
are on the roofs of the cars,
approximately 1.5m above the
ground. What is the maximum
communication distance between
the dispatcher and a taxi?
a. 21 km
b. 30 km
c. 25 km
d. 33 km
211. The E layer of the
ionosphere
aid
_________
propagation
and
reflects
_________ waves
a. MF, HF
b. HF, MF
c. LF, MF
d. MF, LF
212.
When
microwave signals follows the
curvature of the earth, it is
known as
a. the Faraday effect
b. ducting
c. tropospheric scatter
d. ionospheric scatter
213.
If
the
polarization
vector rotates 360 degrees as
the wave moves one wavelength
through
space
and
field
strength
is
equal
at
all angles of
polarization,
the polarization is _________.
a. Vertically polarized
b. Horizontally polarized
c. Circularly polarized
d. Elliptically polarized
214.
_________
travels
essentially in a straight line

between the transmit and the

receive antennas
a. Direct waves
b. Sky waves
c. Space waves
d. Surface waves
215. Variations brought about
the revolution of the earth
around the sun
a. weather variation
b. cyclical variation
c. diurnal variation
d. seasonal variation
216. The dielectric strength
of air is about 3MV/m. Arching
is likely to take place at
field strengths greater than
that. What is the maximum
power
density
of
an
electromagnetic wave in air?
a. 40 GW/m^2
b. 15.5 GW/m^2
c. 23.9 GW/m^2
d. 18.9 GW/m^2
217. It is a single location
from
which
rays
propagate
equally in all directions
a. point source
b. omnidirectional source
c. ideal polarization
d. isotropic polarized
218.
Diffraction
of
electromagnetic waves
a.
is
caused
by
reflections
from
the
ground
b.
arises
only
with
spherical waveforms
c. will occur when the
waves
pass
through
a
large slot
d. may occur around the
edge of a sharp obstacle
219. The critical frequency at
a particular time is 11.6MHz.
What
is
the
MUF
for
a
transmitting station if the
required angle of incidence
for propagation to a desired
destination is 70 degrees?
a. 34 MHz
b. 45 MHz
c. 40 MHz
d. 15.5 MHz
220.
The
rate
at
which
energy passes through a given
surface area in free space is
called _________.
a. capture power

b. capture area
c. captured power density
d. power density
221. A radio wave moves from
air (relative permittivity is
1)
to
glass
(relative
permittivity is 7.8).
Its
angle
of incidence
is 30
degrees. What is the angle of
refraction?
a. 10.3 degrees
b. 11.2 degrees
c. 20.4 degrees
d. 0.179 degrees
222. It is the intensity of
the electric and the magnetic
fields of the electromagnetic
wave propagating in free space
a. field intensity
b. field density
c. power intensity
d. power intensity
223. Radio propagation was
predicted mathematically by
a. Heinrich R. Hertz
b. Guglielmo Marconi
c. James Clerk Maxwell
d. Alexander Graham Bell
224.
Tropospheric scatter is
used with frequencies in the
following range
a. HF
b. VHF
c. UHF
d. VLF
225.
A point
source that
radiates power at a constant
rate
uniformly
in
all
directions.
a. isotropic source
b. isotropic radiator
c. point source
d. any of these
226. The transmitting distance
with direct waves is limited
to
short distances and
strictly a function of the
_________ of the transmitting
and receiving antenna.
a. frequency
b. phase
c. power
d. height
227. One nautical mile is
equal to _________ statute
miles.
a. 2.12
b. 1.15

 c. 2.54
d. 1.90
228. It is the deflection or
bending
of
electromagnetic
waves such as radio waves,
light or even sound when the
waves cross the boundary line
between
two
mediums
with
different characteristics.
a. reflection
b. diffraction
c. refraction
d. dispersion
229. The reduction of power
density
with
distance
is
equivalent to a power loss.
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. distance loss
d. power dissipation
230. The signal refracted back
from the ionosphere strikes
the earth and is reflected
back up to the ionosphere
again to be bent and sent back
to earth.
a. skip transmission
b. multi-hop transmission
c. multi transmission
d. hop transmission
231. Electromagnetic waves are
refracted when they
a. pass into a medium of
different
dielectric
constant
b.
are
polarized
at
right angles to
the
direction of propagation
c. encounter a perfectly
conducting surface
d. pass through a small
slot
in
a
conducting
plane
232. The reduction in power
density due to non free-space
propagation
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. power dissipation
d. distance loss
233. _________ is the signal
that
is
radiated
by
the
antenna into the atmosphere
where it is bent or reflected
back to earth.
a. ground wave signal
b. sky wave signal
c. space wave signal
d. direct waves signal

234. It is a type of fading

having
different
effect
different frequencies
a. Selective fading
b. Polarization fading
c. Interference fading
d. Absorption fading
235. It is defined as the
modulation or redistribution
of energy within a wave front
as it passes near the edge of
an opaque object.
a. refraction
b. scattering
c. reflection
d. diffraction
236. What type of modulation
is primarily used in ground
wave propagation?
a. Frequency modulation
b. Amplitude modulation
c. Phase modulation
d. Pulse modulation
237. It states that every
point on a given spherical
wavefront can be considered as
a secondary point source of
electromagnetic
waves
from
which other secondary waves or
wavelets are radiated outward.
a. Hertzian principle
b. Maxwells principle
c. Huygens principle
d. Marconis principle
238. Calculate the electric
field intensity, in volts per
meter, 20 km from a 1-kW
source.
a. 3.44 mW/m
b. 7.65 mW/m
c. 8.66 mW/m
d. 1.45 mW/m
239. The absorption of radio
waves
by
the
atmosphere
depends on
a. their frequency
b. their distance from
the transmitter
c. the polarization of
waves
d. is always vertical in
an isotropic medium
240.
Calculate
the
radio
horizon
for
a
500-ft
transmitting
antenna
and
receiving antenna of 20 ft.
a. 23.1 mi
b. 31.2 mi
c. 14.8 mi

 d. 37.9 mi
241.
Calculate
the
power
received
from
a
20-W
transmitter, 22,000 miles from
earth,
if
the
receiving
antenna has an effective area
of 1600m^2
a. 4.06 x 10^-12 W
b. 2.03 x 10^-12 W
c. 1.02 x 10^-12 W
d. 0.91 x 10^-12 W
242. As electromagnetic waves
travel in free space, only one
of the following can happen to
them
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. refraction
d. reflection
243.
Electromagnetic
waves
travelling
within
Earths
atmosphere is called
a. Space wave
b. Surface wave
c. Terrestrial wave
d. Sky-wave
244.
Calculate
the
power
density in watts per square
meter (on earth) from a 10-W
satellite
source
that
is
22,000 miles from earth.
a. 3.17 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
b. 6.35 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
c. 2.31 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
d. 1.21 x 10^ -16 W/m^2
245. It is termed used to
describe variations in signal
strength that occur at the
receiver during this time a
signal is being received.
a. skipping
b. attenuation
c. absorption
d. fading
246. The constant temperature
stratosphere
is
called
_________.
a. E-layer
b. S-layer
c. isothermal region
d. ionosthermal region
247. It is the tendency of the
sun
to
have
grayish-black
blemishes, seemingly at random
times and at random place, on
its fiery surface.
a. solar intensity
b. sunspot
c. solar flare

d. solar flux
248. In electromagnetic waves,
polarization
a.
is
caused
by
reflection
b.
is
due
to
the
transverse nature of the
waves
c.
results
from
the
longitudinal
nature
of
waves
d. is always vertical in
an isotropic medium
249. It is an earth-guided
electromagnetic
wave
that
travels over the surface of
the Earth
a. Surface waves
b. Sky waves
c. Direct waves
d. Space waves
250. Frequencies in the UHF
range normally propagate by
means of
a. Ground waves
b. Sky waves
c. Surface waves
d. Space waves
251. The curvature of the
Earth presents a horizon to
space
wave
propagation
commonly called _________.
a. Optical horizon
b. Radio horizon
c. Horizontal horizon
d. Vertical horizon
252.
Electromagnetic
waves
that are directed above the
horizon
level
is
called
_________.
a. direct waves
b. sky waves
c. space waves
d. surface waves
253.
The
refracting
and
reflecting
action
of
the
ionosphere and the ground is
called
a. sliding
b. skipping
c. hopping
d. boosting
254. An electrical energy that
is escaped in free space
a. Electrical signal
b. Electromagnetic waves
c. Magnetic waves
d. Electromagnetism

255.
The
layer
of
the
ionosphere which farthest from
the sun
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F1 layer
d. F2 layer
256.
A
condition
which
manifest itself in the form of
double-image distortion
a. running
b. fading
c. ghosting
d. snowing
257. The D layer of the
ionosphere absorbs _________
waves.
a. LF and MF
b. MF and HF
c. HF and VHF
d. VHF and UHF
258. The E layer of the
ionosphere is sometimes called
_________
a. Kennely-Heavisides
b. Sporadic-E layer
c. E-densed layer
d. Kennely layer
259. It is defined as the
higher frequency that can be
propagated directly upward and
still be returned to earth by
the ionosphere
a. critical angle
b.
maximum
usable
frequency
c. critical frequency
d. virtual height
260.
The
maximum
vertical
angle at which electromagnetic
waves can be propagated and
still be reflected back by the
ionosphere
a. numerical aperture
b. incident angle
c. critical angle
d. refracted angle
261. It is defined as the
plane joining all points of
equal phase
a. rays
b. electromagnetic wave
c. wavefront
d. isotropic source
262. It is the height above
Earths surface from which a
reflected wave appears to have
been reflected.

a. virtual height
b. maximum height
c. vertical height
d. horizontal height
263.
It
is
the
highest
frequency that can be used for
sky wave propagation between
two specific points on Earths
surface
a.
optimum
working
frequency
b.
maximum
usable
frequency
c. critical frequency
d. maximum frequency
264.
The
polarization
of
electromagnetic waves can be
determined by the direction of
the
a. E field
b. H field
c. propagation
d. both E and H field
265. 85 percent of the maximum
usable
frequency
(MUF)
is
called _________.
a.
maximum
usable
frequency
b.
optimum
working
frequency
c. critical frequency
d. maximum frequency
266. It is defined as the
minimum
distance
from
the
transmit antenna that a sky
wave at a given frequency will
be returned to earth.
a. skip distance
b. skip zone
c.
skip
frequency
distance
d. skip zone frequency
267. At distance greater than
the skip distance, two rays
can take different paths and
still be returned to the same
point on Earth. The two rays
are called lower rays and
_________.
a. Pedersen ray
b. Light ray
c. Huygens ray
d. Millers ray
268. Undesired radiated energy
from a radio transmitter or in
another source.
a. ESD
b. EMI
c. RFI

 d. ESI
269. The area between where
the
surface
waves
are
completely dissipated and the
point where the first sky wave
returns to earth is called
_________.
a. skip distance
b. skip distance zone
c. optical horizon
d. quiet zone
270. The undesired radiated
energy
that
may
cause
interference
with
other electronic equipment in
the vicinity.
a. ESD
b. EMI
c. RFI
d. ESI
271. It is defined as the loss
incurred by an electromagnetic
wave as it propagates in a
straight line through a vacuum
with
no
absorption
or
reflection
of
energy
from
nearby objects.
a. free-space path loss
b. free space loss
c. path loss
d. any of these
272.
To
increase
the transmission distance of a
UHF
signal, which
of the
following should be done?
a. increase the antenna
gain
b.
increase
antenna
height
c. increase transmitter
power
d.
increase
receiver
sensitivity
273. For a carrier frequency
of 6 GHz and a distance of 50
km, determine the free-space
path loss
a. 132 dB
b. 123 dB
c. 142 dB
d. 152 dB
274. A microwave-transmitting
antenna is 550 ft. high. The
receiving antenna is 200 ft.
high.
The
maximum transmission distance
is
a. 20 mi
b. 33.2 mi

c. 38.7 mi
d. 53.2 mi
275. Indicate which one of the
following
term
applies
to
troposcatter propagation
a. SIDs
b. Fading
c. Atmospheric storms
d. Faradays rotation
276.
Line-of-sight
communications is not a factor
in which frequency range?
a. VHF
b. UHF
c. HF
d. Microwave
277. VLF waves are used for
some types of services because
a. of the low powers
required
b.
the
transmitting
antenna are of convenient
size
c. they are very reliable
d. affected by the solar
cycle
278.
Microwave signals propagate by
way of the
a. direct wave
b. sky wave
c. surface wave
d. standing wave
279. Indicate which of the
following frequencies cannot
be used for reliable beyondthe-horizon
terrestrial
communications
without repeaters:
a. 20 kHz
b. 15 MHz
c. 900 MHz
d. 12 GHz
280. The type of radio wave
responsible for long-distance
communications
by
multiple
skips is the
a. ground wave
b. direct wave
c. surface waves
d. sky wave
281. High-frequency waves are
a. absorbed by the F2
layer
b. reflected by the D
layer
c. capable of use for
long-distance

communications
on
the
moon
d. affected by the solar
cycle
282. The ionosphere has its
greatest effect on signals in
what frequency range?
a. 300 kHz to 3 MHz
b. 3 to 30 MHz
c. 30 to 300 MHz
d. above 300 MHz
283. Distances near the skip
distance should be used for
sky-wave propagation
a. to avoid tilting
b. to prevent sky-wave
and
upper
ray
interference
c.
to
avoid
Faraday
effect
d. so as not to exceed
the critical frequency
284.
Ground-wave
communications
is
most
effective in what frequency
range?
a. 300 kHz to 3 MHz
b. 3 to 30 MHz
c. 30 to 300 MHz
d. above 300 MHz
285. The ionosphere causes
radio signals to be
a. diffused
b. absorbed
c. refracted
d. reflected
286. Helical antenna are often
used for satellite tracking at
VHF because of
a. troposcatter
b. superrefraction
c. ionospheric refraction
d. the Faraday effect
287.
A
ship-to-ship
communication
system
is
plagued by fading. The best
solution seem to use of
a. a more directional
antenna
b. a broadband antenna
c. frequency diversity
d. space diversity
288. It is defined as the
ratio of the electric field
intensity of the reflected
wave to that of the incident
wave
a. refractive index
b. numerical aperture

c. reflection coefficient
d. absorption coefficient
289. It is the measure of
energy received per unit time,
per
unit
area,
per
unit
frequency interval.
a. solar intensity
b. sunspot
c. solar flare
d. solar flux
290. A long period with lack
of any solar activity
a. El Nio
b. La Nia
c. Maunder period
d. Sunspots
291. As a ground-wave signal
moves
away
from
the
transmitter, the ground wave
eventually disappears due to
the
a. absorption
b. tilting
c. refraction
d. diffraction
292. It is the lowest layer of
the
atmosphere
where all
weather disturbances
takes
place
a. D layer
b. Stratosphere
c. Ionosphere
d. Troposphere
293. It is the lower limit of
the range of frequencies that
provide useful communication
between two given points by
the way of the ionosphere.
a. MUF
b. LUF
c. OWF
d. MMF
294. It is the area that lies
between the outer limit of the
ground-wave
range
and
the
inner edge of energy return
from the ionosphere
a. skip distance
b. skip zone
c. virtual height
d. optical horizon
295. Variations brought about
by the rotation of the earth
around its axis.
a. cyclical rotation
b. seasonal variation
c. diurnal variation
d. weather variation

296. Ionospheric irregularity

caused by solar flares, which
are
gigantic
emissions
of
hydrogen from the sun.
a.
Sudden
ionospheric
disturbances
b. Dillenger fadeouts
c.
Mogul-Delliger
fadeouts
d. Any of these
297. It is a type of fading
caused by so-called Faraday
effect or Faraday rotation
a. interference fading
b. absorption fading
c. selective fading
d. polarization fading
298.
Radio
horizon
is
_________ greater than the
optical horizon.
a. one-third
b. four-third
c. two-third
d. twice
299.
An
increase
in
temperature with height which
gives rise to superrefraction
or
ducting
is
known
as
_________.
a. height inversion
b. depth inversion
c. temperature inversion
d. ionospheric inversion
300.
A
region
in
which
superrefraction occurs which
is formed in the troposphere
when the layer of cool air
becomes trapped underneath a
layer of warmer air.
a. duct
b. dielectric area
c. gateway
d. window
301. Whether or not
polarization of an antenna is
linear depends on changes in
direction in which:
a. The direction in which
the electric plane is
radiated.
b. The horizontal or
vertical plane of the
electric wave.
c. The direction in which
magnetic wave is
radiated.
d. None of these
302. The D, E and F layers of
the ionosphere are called

a. Mark-Space Layers
b. Davidson-Miller Layers
c. Kenelly Heaviside
Layers
d. Maxwell Layer
303. ________ refers to the
ratio of an electric field
component to a magnetic field
component at the same point of
the wave.
a. Characteristics
impedance
b. Load impedance
c. Intrinsic impedance
d. Wave impedance
304. The field strength of a
radio signal varies according
to the output or transmitted
power and the distance of the
receiver from the transmitter.
This wave behavior is
described by
a. The field strength
b. Huygens Principle
c. Faradays Law
d. Inverse Square Law
305. The antenna theory states
that reception
and transmission functions are
interchangeable is
a. Poynting Theorem
b. Snells Law
c. Huygens Principle
d. Law of Reciprocity
306. The frequency band where
electromagnetic waves travel
in straight path or in a
direct line of sight between
the transmitter and receiver
antenna is
a. ELF
b. HF
c. VLF
d. VHF and above
307. This mode of
electromagnetic wave
propagation uses the earths
surface or curvature as a
guide to transmit vertically
polarized waves
a. Sky wave
b. Tropospheric wave
c. Transionospheric wave
d. Ground wave
308. Frequencies in the UHF
range propagate by means of
a. Ground waves
b. surface waves
c. sky waves

 d. space waves
309. the ground wave
eventually disappear as it
moves farther away from the
transmitter, because of
a. tilting
b. reflection
c. refraction
d. diffraction
310. as electromagnetic waves
travel in free space, only one
of the following can happen
a. absorption
b. attenuation
c. refraction
d. reflection
311. In polarization
diversity, two signals are
a. Both polarized at one
specific location
b. Vertically and
horizontally polarized
separately
c. Polarized in the same
manner
d. Vertically and
horizontally polarized
using a common antenna
312. If the direction of the
electric field of a radio wave
is horizontal. That wave is
known to be _____ polarized.
a. Negatively
b. Vertically
c. Positively
d. Horizontally
313. The property of a
material that determines how
much change electrostatic
energy can be stored per unit
volume when voltage is applied
a. Miller effect
b. Permeability
c. Capacitance
d. Permitivity
314. According to this law or
principle, a wavefront may be
considered to consist of an
infinite number of isotropic
radiators, each one sending
out wavelets, always away from
the source.
a. Snells Law
b. Maxwells Law
c. Huygens Principle
d. Archimedes Principle
315. A number, which when
multiplied by the speed of
light in free space gives the

speed of light in the medium

in question is
a. Fibonacci number
b. Fermats number
c. Velocity factor
d. K-factor
316. The ability of a radio
wave to be bent slightly over
the edge of a sharp obstacle
such as a steep hill or
mountain top is
a. Diffraction
b. Reflection
c. Refraction
d. Attenuation
317. A space wave is
a. Sky wave
b. Radio wave
c. Surface wave
d. Line of sight
propagation wave
318. It is
a diagram indicating the
intensity in volts/meter, in
all directions, of the
radiated filed of an antenna
as it would occur under actual
operating conditions.
a. Constellation diagram
b. Argand diagram
c. Funicular diagram
d. Radiation pattern
319. Equivalent to capacitance
in electrical circuits
a. Inductance
b. Permittivity
c. Permeability
d. Power density
320. All of these cause
attenuation except
a. Tilting
b. Ground absorption
c. Atmospheric absorption
d. Surface wave
propagation
321. The transmission of radio
waves far beyond line of
sight distances by using high
power and large
transmitting antennas to beam
the signal upward into the
atmosphere and a similar large
receiving antenna to pick up a
small portion of the signal
scattered by the atmosphere is
called
a.
Forward scatter propagati
on

b. Beyond the horizon

propagation
c. Either a or b
d.
Meteoric Scatter Propagat
ion
322. The apparent height of an
ionized layer of the
atmosphere; as determined from
the time interval between the
transmitted signal and the
ionospheric echo at vertical
incidence. This height is the
maximum height reached if the
actual paths are projected
forming straight lines from
the ascent to the descent of
waves.
a. Optimum height
b. Virtual height
c. Complex height
d. Critical height
323. The highest frequency
whereby a wave will be
returned back to earth by an
ionospheric layer having been
beamed up at it and ranges
from 5 to 12 MHz. For F2
layers. This frequency is
directly proportional to the
secant function of the
smallest angle, which allows
reflection of sky waves.
a. Apex frequency
b. Critical frequency
c. Carrier frequency
d. Baseband frequency
324. The distant at which skywave signals are reflected
back to earth depend on
a. Height of the
reflecting layer
b. The takeoff angle of
the waves
c. Both a and b
d. Conductivity of the
soil
325. Perfect reflection of
waves occur when
a. The magnitude of the
incident is equal to the
reflected waves
b. The magnitude of the
incident is less than the
reflected waves
c. The magnitude of
incident is greater than
reflected waves
d. Both and b

326. The process by which a

radio wave is bent and
returned to earth from one
medium to another after
striking them is
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Diffraction
d. Absorption
327. An incident, traveling
obliquely from one medium to
another, will undergo a change
in direction if the velocity
of the wave in one medium is
different from that in the
other and the ratio of the
sine of the angle of incidence
to the sine of the angle of
refraction is the same ratio
of respectively wave
velocities in these media.
This law is called
a. Snells Law
b. Fishers Law
c. Hookes Law
d. Newtons Law
328. The lowest layer of the
ionosphere which exists
between 50 to 90 km from the
earths surface and reflects
VLF and LF waves while
absorbing MF and HF waves
during daytime is the
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F layer
d. Vantress layer
329. This phenomenon occurs
when the thicker air is on top
instead of being at the bottom
when the temperature of water
vapor gradient is lesser or
greater than the standard
rate.
a. Thermal inversion
b. Horizontal ducting
c. Elevated ducting
d. Sporadic E
330. An ionospheric layer,
which exists between 90 to 120
km above the earths surface
and is about 25 km thick.
It aids MF surface propagation
while reflecting some HF
during daytime
a. D-layer
b. E-layer
c. F layer
d. Vantress layer

331. Atmospheric condition is

controlled by
a. Pressure
b. Temperature
c. Humidity
d. All of these
332. This ionospheric layer
forms at night at about 300 km
from the earths surface and
is responsible for long
distance HF wave propagation
due to reflection and
refraction. It splits during
daytime due to the ionizing
energy from ultraviolet rays
of the sun.
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F layer
d. Vantress layer
333. When the transmitting and
receiving antennas are lineof-sight of each other, the
mode of propagation is _____
wave.
a. Space or direct
b. Sky
c. surface
d. ground
334. Power density is
inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from
the source or transmitter to
the destination or receiver.
This law is called:
a. Coulombs law
b. Law of Universal
Gravitation
c. Inverse Square Law
d. Lenzs Law
335. A one-hop, full duplex,
microwave system is in a space
diversity arrangement.
Determine how many receivers
in all are used?
a. 6
b. 2
c. 8
d. 4
336. ________ is the extra
ionization of the E-layer
resulting to irregular and
intermittent reflection of
frequencies of up to 80 MHz in
temperate and lower latitudes
of frequencies of up to 80 MHz
in temperate and lower
latitudes. It is variable in
time of occurrence, height.
Geographical distribution,

penetration frequency and

ionization density.
a. Sporadic E
b. Dillinger Effect
c. Faraday rotation
d. Scintillations
337. The decrease in signal
strength as a result of
absorption or scattering of
energy along a transmission
path is called:
a. Attenuation
b. Microbending
c. Dispersion
d. Multipath fading
338. The transfer of
electromagnetic waves or
acoustical energy from one
place to another through a
suitable transmission medium
is
a. Wave propagation
b. RF induction
c. Radio Frequency
Interference
d. Forward Scatter
339. The upper limit of
frequencies that can be used
at a specified time for radio
transmission between two
points and involving
propagation by reflection from
regular ionized layers of the
ionosphere is
a. Maximum usable
frequency
b. Optimum traffic
frequency
c. Minimum usable
frequency
d. Carrier frequency
340. Waves whose oscillations
are perpendicular to the
direction of propagation are
called
a. Huygens waves
b. Transverse waves
c. Longitudinal waves
d. Fraunhoffer waves
341. Indicate which one of the
following terms applies to
troposcatter propagation:
a. SIDs
b. Fading
c. Atmospheric storms
d. Faraday rotation
342. VLF waves are used for
some types of services because

a. Of the low power

required
b. The transmitting
antennas are of
convenient size
c. They are very reliable
d. They penetrate the
ionosphere easily
343. High frequency waves are
a. Absorbed by the F2
layer
b. Reflected by the D
layer
c. Capable of use for
long-distance
communications on the
moon
d. Affected by the solar
cycle
344. Distances near the skip
distance should be used for
sky-wave propagation
a. To avoid tilting
b. To prevent sky-wave
and upper ray
interference
c. To avoid the faraday
effect
d. So as not to exceed
the critical frequency
345. The ground wave
eventually disappears, as one
moves away from the
transmitter, because of
a. Interference from the
sky wave
b. Loss of line of sight
conditions
c. Maximum single-hop
distance limitation
d. Tilting
346. In electromagnetic waves,
polarization
a. Is caused by
reflection
b. Is due to the
transverse nature of the
waves
c. Results from the
longitudinal nature of
the waves
d. Is always vertical in
an isotropic medium
347. Radio fading resulting
from obstruction losses.
a. Log normal fading
b. Rayleigh Fading
c. Multi-path fading
d. None of these

348. The absorption of radio

waves by the atmosphere
depends on
a. Their frequency
b. Their distance from
the transmitter
c. The polarization of
the waves
d. The polarization of
the atmosphere
349. Electromagnetic waves are
refracted when they
a. Pass into a medium of
different dielectric
constant
b. Are polarized at right
angles to the direction
of propagation
c. Encounter a perfectly
conducting surface
d. Pass through a small
slot in a conducting
plane
350. Diffraction of
electromagnetic waves
a. Is caused by
reflection from the
ground
b. Arises only with
spherical wavefronts
c. Will occur when the
waves pass through a
large slot
d. May occur around the
edge of a sharp obstacle
351. What do you call of the travel
of electromagnetic waves through
a medium at the speed of light?

a. RF propagation

b. Radio propagation

c. Wave propagation

d. All of these

352. Electromagnetic waves are

a. Consist of electric
and magnetic component
that are parallel to each
other
b. Oscillations that
propagate through free
space
c. Irregular oscillations
d. Oscillations that are
produced by an
oscillating circuit
353. The region around an
electrically charged body in
which other charged bodies are

acted by an attracting or
repelling force.
a. Electric field
b. Radiation field
c. Magnetic field
d. Electromagnetic field
354. What are the two
components of electromagnetic
field?
a. Ray and wavefront
b. Magnet and electricity
c. Polar electrons and
magnetic field
d. Electric field (Efield) and magnetic field
355. Shows a surface of
constant phase of a wave and
is formed when points of equal
phase on rays propagated from
the source are joined
together.
a. Ray
b. Wavefront
c. Point source
d. Isotropic source
356. It is a line drawn along
the direction of propagation
of an electromagnetic wave
used to show the relative
direction of electromagnetic
wave propagation.
a. Ray
b. Wavefront
c. Point source
d. Isotropic source
357. Refers to the rate at
which energy passes through a
given surface area in free
space
a. Field intensity
b. Power density
c. Refractive index
d. Absorption coefficient
358. It its the intensity of
the electric and magnetic
fields of an electromagnetic
wave propagating in free space
a. Field intensity
b. Power density
c. Refractive index
d. Absorption coefficient
359. In a lossless
transmission medium, _______
of free space is equal to the
square root of the ratio of
its magnetic permeability to
its electric permittivity
a. Resistance
b. Field intensity

c. Characteristic
impedance
d. A or C is correct
360. Electromagnetic wave
measures all except
a. Inductance
b. Power density
c. Magnetic field
intensity
d. Permittivity of
the medium
361. A reduction in power
density due to the inverse
square law presumes free-space
propagation is called
a. Absorption
b. Wave attenuation
c. Space attenuation of
the wave
d. B or C is correct
362. Which of the following
are optical effects of radio
waves?
a. Refraction and
reflection
b. Diffraction and
interference
c. Induction and
diffraction
d. A and B
363. What is diffraction?
a. Is the change in
direction of a ray as it
passes obliquely from
one medium to another
with different velocities
or propagation
b. Refers to the
modulation or
redistribution of energy
within a wavefront when
it passes near the edge
of an opaque object
c. Is the phenomenon that
allows light or radio
waves to travel (peek)
around corners of an
obstacle.
d. A or C is right
364. A rare
refracting medium has
a. Smaller value
of dielectric constant
b. Higher value
of dielectric constant
c. Variable value
for dielectric constant
d. A dielectric constant
dependent on the medium

365. Refractive index refers

to
a. The ratio of velocity
of light in free space to
the velocity of light in
a given material
b. The ratio of the light
in free space towards the
light in a given medium
c. The ratio of the angle
of refraction
d. The amount of bending
or refraction that occurs
at the interface of two
material of different
densities
366. Why is it that rays
traveling near the top of
the medium travel faster than
those at the bottom?
a. The medium is more
dense near the bottom
b. The medium is less
dense at the top
c. The medium is less
dense near the bottom and
more dense at the top
d. A and B are
incorporated
367. When does reflection if
wave occur?
a. When an incident wave
strikes a boundary of two
media, and some of the
incident power does not
enter the second material
b. When the reflective
surface is irregular or
rough
c. When two or more
electromagnetic waves
combine in such a way
that the system
performance is degraded.
d. A and B
368. What is meant by specular
reflection?
a. Is a reflection from a
perfectly smooth surface
b. Is an incident
wavefront striking an
irregular surface,
randomly scattered in
many directions
c. Reflection of surfaces
that fall between smooth
and irregular
d. Is a combination of
diffused and semirough
surfaces

369. ________ states that a

semirough surface will reflect
as if it were a smooth surface
whenever the cosine of he
angle of incidence is greater
than 1/8d, where d is the
depth of the surface
irregularity and I is the
wavelength of the incident
wave.
a. Rayleigh criterion
b. Huygens principle
c. Linear superposition
d. Reflection coefficient
370. Energy that has neither
been radiated into space nor
completely transmitted
a. Modulated waves
b. Captured waves
c. Standing waves
d. Incident waves
371. What property of radio
waves occurs whenever two or
more waves simultaneously
occupy the same point in
space?
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Diffraction
d. Interference
372. Pertains to a source
which radiates equally in all
directions
a. Isobaric source
b. Isotropic source
c. Isentropic source
d. Isothermal source
373. Electromagnetic waves
travel at _____ in free space
a. 300,000 km/sec
b. 200 km/sec
c. 400,000 km/sec
d. 100,000 km/sec
374. Any space or region
wherein a magnetic force is
exerted on moving electric
charges
a. Electric field
b. Radiation field
c. Magnetic field
d. Electromagnetic field
375. Which of the following is
a characteristic of
electromagnetic wave?
a. Measures power,
voltage, capacitance and
impedance of a system

b. Measures power
density, voltage, and
inductance
c. Measures power
density, magnetic field
intensity, and electric
field intensity
d. All of the above
376. Reflection waves
a. Should take place at
one medium
b. Does not necessarily
take place at one medium
c. Occurs at any
other medium at the same
time
d. Is not possible
377. Way(s) of propagating
electromagnetic waves:
a. Ground-wave
propagation
b. Space wave propagation
c. Sky-wave propagation
d. All of these
378. At frequencies below 1.5
MHz, what propagation provides
the best coverage?
a. Ground wave
b. Space wave
c. Sky wave
d. All of these
379. Which of these causes the
wavefront to tilt
progressively forward?
a. Gradient density
b. Electric field
intensity
c. Absorption coefficient
d. Magnetic field
intensity
380. Which of following of
must be taken into
consideration to ensure
proper ground-wave
propagation?
a. Power
b. Terrain
c. Frequency
d. B and C
381. What are
the applications of ground
wave propagation?
a. Ship-to-ship and shipto-shore communications
b. Maritime mobile
communications
c. Radio navigation
d. All of these

382. The curvature of the

earth presents a horizon to
space wave propagation which
is approximately 4/3 that of
the optical horizon
a. Standard atmosphere
b. Optical horizon
c. Radio horizon
d. All of these
383. Refraction is caused by
what factors?
a. Changes in
tropospheres density and
temperature
b. Water vapor content
c. Relative conductivity
d. All of the above
384. Any of the flowing can be
caused to lengthen radio
horizon:
a. Elevating the transmit
or receive antennas above
Earths surface
b. Elevating both
antennas
c. Installing the
transmit and/or receive
antennas on top of
mountains or high
buildings
d. All of these
385. A special condition which
occurs when the density of the
lower atmosphere is such that
electromagnetic waves are
trapped between it and earths
surface
a. Duct propagation
b. Sky wave propagation
c. Space wave propagation
d. Ground wave
propagation
386. The vibrating electrons
at the ionosphere decrease
current which is equivalent to
reducing the dielectric
constant, which in turn, will
also cause the velocity of
propagation to______.
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Remain constant
d. Decrease by a factor
of 2
387. Increasing the velocity
of propagation causes a/an
_____ of the electromagnetic
waves.
a. Increasing refraction
b. Decreasing reflection

c. Increasing diffraction
d. Decreasing
interference
388. What layer has its
maximum density at
approximately 70 mi a noon,
when the sun is at its highest
point?
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. Kennelly-Heaviside
layer
d. B or C
389. The sporadic E layer is a
thin layer with a very high
ionization density. It is
considered separately from the
other layers and when it
appears, gives an unexpected
improvement in long distance
radio transmissions. What
cause(s) its unpredictable
appearance?
a. Sunspot activity
b. Sunspot cycle
c. Solar flares
d. A and C
390. The region in the
ionosphere with a very high
ionization density at roughly
55 to 90 miles and is used for
frequencies up to about 20
MHz. It is gone completely at
midnight.
a. D layer
b. E layer
c. F layer
d. G layer
391. A layer in the ionosphere
which is the most important
reflecting medium fir HF radio
waves. It has 2 sublayers, at
90 to 250 mi height
a. A layer
b. D layer
c. E layer
d. F layer
392. The apparent height of
the ionized layer and is
always greater than the actual
height
a. Critical height
b. Virtual height
c. Maximum height
d. Imaginary height
393. Refers to the shortest
distance in which a sky-wave
signal will be returned to the
earth. It includes the maximum

ground-wave range and the

width of the skip zone.
a. Hop
b. Skip distance
c. Actual distance
d. Critical distance
394. Concerns to the highest
frequency that is able to
return to earth when beamed at
a certain angle of incidence
a. Relative frequency
b. Optimum frequency
c. Resonant frequency
d. Maximum usable
frequency, MUF
395. In ________, the distant
of each succeeding hop from
earth to ionosphere and back
is also the skip distance.
a. Hop transmission
b. Single transmission
c. Unihop transmission
d. Multihop transmission
396. Concerns to the single
reflection of a radio wave
form the ionosphere back to
earth.
a. Jog
b. Hop
c. Skip
d. Fading
397. The fluctuation of signal
strength at the receiver that
are caused by changes in the
transmission medium
a. Fading
b. Hopping
c. Skipping
d. Diversity
398. Gradual variation in the
field strength of a radio
signal is compensated by
a. Fading techniques
b. Diversity techniques
c. Transverse techniques
d. Transmission
techniques
399. A modulation of two
different RF carrier
frequencies with the same IF
intelligence, then
transmitting both RF signals
to a given destination.
a. Diversity
b. Space diversity
c. Frequency diversity
d. Polarization diversity
400. To increase the
availability of the system, a

method in which the output of

a transmitter is fed to two or
more antennas that are
physically separated by an
appreciable number of
wavelengths.
a. Space diversity

b. Frequency diversity
c. Polarization diversity
d. Space wave propagation