Transcript

1. Philip B. Magtaan, Reg. Crim., MS Crim

2. Ballistics Chapter 1
3. DEFINITION OF BALLISTICS In its broadest sense, ballistics is defined as is the
science dealing with the motion of projectiles and the conditions governing that
motion. Science is a systematized body of knowledge which has been observed
tested and proven. Motion refers to movement or mobility. 3 Types of Motion
Direct motion is the forward movement of the bullet or shots out of the shell by
the action of the expansive force of gases from a burning gun powder. Gyroscopic
motion is the action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel firearm which
is either twisted to the left or right. Translational is the action of the bullet once
it hits a target and subsequently ricocheted.
4. Projectile means to metallic and non-metallic object propelled by means of
force. In strict sense, it is the study of natural laws relating to the performance of
gunpowder and projectiles in firearms and the means of predicting such
performance. It is also refers to the science of firearms identification which involves
the scientific examination of ballistics exhibits (fired bullets, fired shells, firearms
and allied matters) used in crimes involving scientific equipments such as bullet
recovery box, bullet comparison microscope and others.
5. ETYMOLOGY The term ballistics was derived from the Greek word ballo or
ballein which literally means to throw. Its root word was also said to have been
derived from the name of an early Roman war machine called ballista - a gigantic
bow or catapult which was used to hurl missiles or large objects such as stones at a
particular distance to deter enemy forces. The term ballistics is frequently used
synonymously in the press and in police parlance to firearm identification and
investigation.
6. BALLISTICS AS A SCIENCE Ballistics is classified, formulated and verifiable
knowledge gathered by observation, research and experiment and based on
scientific theory and using scientific equipment and apparatus. Results of firearms
identification is an exact science because it permits an absolute precision in results
free from possibility of error normal to human perception. Therefore, ballistics per se
is not an exact science rather it is a branch of physics or applied science which is
subject to changes and development depending upon the demands of the modern
civilization.
7. EARLY RECORDED FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION The earliest recorded
identification of firearms by the trained observer was recorded in the criminal
investigation by Hans Gross, the great Austrian Criminologist and considered as the
father of criminalistics. This refers to the French bullet fired by soldier of Napoleon
Bonapartes Army, which lodge behind the eye of his grandfather in 1799. The bullet

was recovered in 1845 after the death of his grandfather. When Hans Gross saw it,
he observed and found out that it was still with traces of gunpowder and this would
prove evidentiary value. Another was done by Charles Waite in the United States
of America. He was an employee of New York State who conducted an investigation
involving firearms. In 1915, a farmer was accused of murder with a gun. Waite was
not convinced by the evidence of the firearms experts, and his effort showed that
the accused is innocent. Through Waites effort, to trace the gun from which the
bullet was fired, consequently identify the manufacturer of the gun.
8. Alexandre Lacassagne (1844-1921)- was the first to recognize the significance
of the striations etched found on a bullet extracted from a murder victim and its to
link to the gun from which it was fired, thus beginning the science of ballistics.
Edmond Locard (1877-1966) established the first forensic laboratory in France. His
principles objects or surfaces which came into contact always exchange trace
evidence. Col. Calvin H Goddard (1920) pioneered the introduction of science of
Ballistics in the different universities in U.S., subsequently it was universally
practiced and accepted in the different courts throughout the world.
9. FORENSIC BALLISTICS Forensic a term originated from the Latin word forum,
meaning marketplace where people gather for public disputation or public
discussion. Forensic Ballistics it refers to the science of investigation and
identification of firearms and ammunition used in crimes. It is a refined Tool Mark
Identification where the firearm is made of a material harder than the ammunition
components, acts as a tool to leave impressed or striated marks on the various
ammunition components that come into contact with the harder surface of the
firearm. Dr. Albert Llewellyn Hall, the pioneer in the field in forensic ballistics, was
an expert in identifying firearm from the fired bullets. Identification of the crime gun
is in the principal purpose and objectives of criminal investigation, to establish the
identity of criminal offender and assist in their prosecution.
10. BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS 1. Interior (internal) Ballistics It refers to the
properties and attributes of the projectile while still inside the gun. It covers from
the time; the firearm is loaded with the cartridge, the explosion and the movement
of the bullet from the breech to the muzzle of the gun.
11. ATTRIBUTES OF INTERIOR BALLISTICS Firing pin hitting the primer In order
that the primer should explode, the firing pin should hit such. This is due to the
theory of friction wherein there is a resistance to motion created by the firing pin.
Ignition of the priming mixture Priming mixture is made up of very sensitive
material that is commonly located in the center portion of the cartridge case. In
order to ignite the priming mixture, it must be live and potent and must be devoid
of any moisture. Combustion of the gunpowder As the primer crushed and
ignited, the flash passes through the vent towards the gunpowder that provides the
combustion of gunpowder.

12. Expansion of the heated gas There will be equal expansion of heated gas
inside the cartridge, after the combustion of gunpowder. The gas expanded in the
different direction that tends the bullet and shell to separate from each other in the
cartridge. Pressure developed When the heated gas created by the burning
powder charge is developed, a tremendous pressure is produced in the chamber of
the firearm. Energy generated Energy refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet
compared to a pound that is drops from a certain height.
13. Recoil of the gun The recoil of the gun is due to the Newtons third law of
motion (law of interaction) which states that in every action is always equal and
opposite reaction. The forward movement of the bullet after the explosion results to
backward movement of the cartridge case. Recoil of the gun is affected by several
things such as tightness with which the firearm is held, height of the bore above the
center of the stock line of wrist for pistols, shape and design of the butt plate or the
pistols grip, weight of the firearm and the physical and mental condition of the
shooter.
14. Velocity of the bullet in the gun The bullet will travel the bore of the barrel
depending on the powder load of the cartridges, since it is the powder load that will
propel the bullet in the bore of the barrel of the firearm. Rotation of the bullet in
the barrel When the bullet is driven by the heated gas by tremendous pressure
towards the muzzle end, the bullet will rotate following the riflings inside the gun
barrel. But if the firearm does not have riflings inside the barrel, the bullet (shot)
would just move forward without rotating inside the bore of the barrel until the
bullet left the gun muzzle.
15. Engraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet The riflings starting from the
breech end up to the muzzle end of the barrel will engraved in the body of the
bullet, depending on the number of lands and grooves as part of the class
characteristics of the firearm.
16. 2. EXTERIOR (EXTERNAL) BALLISTICS It refers to the attributes and
movements of the bullet after it has left the gun muzzle, which includes the
condition of the bullets movement and flight up to the target.
17. ATTRIBUTES OF EXTERIOR BALLISTICS Muzzle blast it is the noise created at
the muzzle point due to sudden escape of the expanding gas coming in contact with
the surrounding atmosphere. Due to this sound at the muzzle end of the gun, a
silencer was invented to minimize the sound, which the criminal took advantage to
conceal the crime. Muzzle energy it is an energy generated at the muzzle point,
whenever the cartridge explodes from a firearm. Trajectory actual curve path of
the bullet during its flight from the gun muzzle to the target. There are three stages
of trajectory namely, straight horizontal line, parabola like flight and vertical drop.
18. Range straight distance from the muzzle to the target. It is classified into: 1.
Accurate /maximum effective range it is the distance within a shooter has control

of his shots. 2. Absolute maximum range it is the farthest distance that a projectile
can be propelled from a firearm. It is based upon the intrinsic accuracy of the
firearm and ammunition, size of the target, marksmanship ability of the shooter, the
ability to discern the target, knowledge of the ballistics characteristics of the
ammunition, and the level of power needed to be delivered to the target. Velocity
rate of speed per unit time.
19. Air resistance/aerodynamic drag resistance encountered by the bullet during
its flight which reduces its speed. There are three parts of drag bullet, the bow
resistance, skin friction and the base drag. Pull of gravity downward reaction of
the bullet towards the center of the earth, due to its weight. The pull of gravity will
apply only, starting from the parabola, then to the maximum range and to the final
vertical drop. However, in the effective range, the bullet could withstand the pull of
gravity due to its velocity and gyroscopic stability. Penetration depth of entry on
the target based on the power and velocity of the bullet.
20. 3. TERMINAL BALLISTICS It refers to the effects of the impact of the projectile
in the target. The knocking power of particular powder load of the cartridges which
makes a devastating lesion, caused by the bullet.
21. ATTRIBUTES OF TERMINAL BALLISTICS Terminal accuracy it is the size of the
bullet grouping on the target. Terminal energy/striking energy it is energy of the
projectile when it strikes the target. This refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet
when it struck the victim. Terminal velocity it is the speed of the bullet upon
striking the target. Terminal penetration it is the depth of entry of the bullet in
the target.
22. 4. FORENSIC BALLISTICS It refers to the investigation and identification of
firearms by means of ammunition fired through them. This is the real branch of the
science which the police use as their guide in field investigators.
23. ATTRIBUTES OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS Field investigations it is conducted the
first responders when they investigate a case wherein firearms have been used.
Technical examinations of ballistics exhibits it is conducted by the firearms
examiners in the ballistics laboratory to determine the value of firearms exhibits in
the solution of the case. Legal proceeding it includes making of ballistics report
and presentation of the result of the examination conducted before the court.
24. 5. SHOT BALLISTICS It is the study of shotgun ammunition including its
characteristics spread and trailing. 6. Wound Ballistics It refers to the study of the
effects of a projectile on a target and the conditions that affect them
25. Scientific Equipment Used in Firearms ID Chapter 2
26. INTRODUCTION By means of these equipment and with qualified men to use
them, the police will be more effective in their drive against crimes involving

firearms. At times, an insignificant fire bullet or shell found at the crime scene will
serve as the only missing link in the final solution of a crime wherein a gun has
been used. And this is brought out to light only in the laboratory by the use of
different equipment. It includes:
27. 1. BULLET COMPARISON MICROSCOPE It is designed to permit the firearm
examiner to differentiate two fired bullet or shell, by simultaneously observing their
magnified image in a single microscopic field. Fired bullet and shell are examined
and compared in either INTERMARRIAGE (half of the same image of the evidence
bullet/shell and half of the same image of the test bullet/shell of the same direction,
the same magnification, and the same level or plane are merge into one image to
look for the congruency of stations or the same markings) and in JUXTAPOSITION
(critical side by side comparison at the same time, direction, magnification, image
and level or plane to find the same feature, structure of striations to the specimens
under observation).
28. The forensic examiner can take photomicrographs which are needed for court
presentations as an exhibit to support the ballisticians findings he observed under
this instrument. The photomicrograph will give a clue to the judge how the
ballistician arrived with his findings and conclusions. It was introduced by Dr.
Calvin H. Goddard on April 1925. He was the first to own and use the first bullet
comparison microscope, and through his efforts, he is considered as the father of
modern ballistics. He took active participation in the examination of the fired shells
in the infamous General Castaeda and Salgado Ambuscade in Quezon City.
29. BULLET COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
30. 2. STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE It is generally used in the primary
examinations of fired bullet and shells to determine the relative distribution of the
class characteristics or for orientation purposes. It can also be used in the closed-up
examination of tampered serial numbers of firearms. In the middle of 19th
century, Francis Herbert Wenham of London designed the first successful
stereomicroscope. The first modern stereoscopic microscope was introduced in the
United States by Cycloptic.
31. STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE
32. 3. SHADOWGRAPH It contains a series of microscopic lenses of different
magnifications that can be used in examining fired bullets or fired shells to
determine the class characteristics and also for orientation purposes. This
instrument contains a large circular ground glass, and a diameter about 14 inches,
wherein the observation and comparison of class characteristics is dome similarly
with the bullet comparison microscope.
33. SHADOWGRAPH

34. 4. CP-6 COMPARISON PROJECTOR Similar to bullet comparison micro-scope in

which two fired bullets of shell can be compared simultaneously by projecting the
image on a large screen and is observed at a vertical and comfortable viewing.
The instrument was invented by William Howard Livens, an engineer and British
army.
35. CP-6 COMPARISON PROJECTOR
36. 5. BULLET RECOVERY BOX It used is to obtain test fired bullets or test fired
shells for examination and comparison to the questioned bullets or shell. Several
designs of bullet recovery box are now adopted, for as long as it could meet the
desired result in test firing and retrieved the fired bullet undamaged. This is
commonly filled with cotton but sometimes water tank, sawdust with oil, sand,
waste threads, darak, banana trunks or rubber strips can be used and separated by
cardboards.
37. BULLET RECOVERY BOX
38. 6. HELIXOMETER It is used in measuring pitch of riflings of firearms. This
instrument is generally used in highly advanced ballistics laboratory. With this
instrument, it is possible to measure the angle of twist in a rifled pistol or revolver
barrel. It is used in inserting the telescope and aligning it with the axis of the bore.
The scope is mounted in a rotatable bearing, with a graduated disc which permits
reading circular measurements to three minutes of an arc. This instrument was
invented by John H. Fisher.
39. 7. MICROMETER/CALIPER This is used in making measurements such as bullet
diameter, bore diameter, barrel length and other important details.
40. 8. ANALYTICAL OR TORSION BALANCE Used for determining weights of bullets
or shotgun pellets for possible determination of type, caliber and make of firearms
from which fired.
41. 9. ONOSCOPE A small instrument that is sometimes used in examining the
internal surface of the gun barrel with a tiny lamp at the terminal portion and this is
inserted inside the bore for internal examination.
42. 10. TAPER GAUGE Used primarily for determining the bore diameter of
firearms.
43. 11. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE A high powered electron microscope
used to identify left over particles like gunpowder residues and primer residues. This
is a computer system combined with an electron microscope and laser
spectrophotometry unit. Its power is so great that with a mere speck of dust it could
identify the elemental components of the particle under examination.
44. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

45. 12. ELECTRIC GUN MARKER/STYLUS Used in the laboratory for marking fired
bullets, fired shells and firearms submitted for examination.
46. 13. CHRONOGRAPH It is used to measure the speed of bullet. It was invented
by Alfred Lee Loomis in 1918.
47. 14. BULLET PULLER It is used to separate the bullet form the cartridge case.
48. 15. COMPUTERIZED COMPARISON MICROSCOPE It is similar to the bullet
comparison microscope; the only difference is the magnified image is seen in the
monitor. It is more convenient to use than a manual one.
49. Firearms Chapter 3
50. HISTORY OF FIREARM The development of firearms followed the invention of
gunpowder in Western Europe in the 13th century. Many stories have been told
about the discovery of gunpowder, but most are legendary and have little support
facts. It also often that gunpowder was first invented by the Chinese and that the
Arabs, with their advance knowledge of chemistry at that time, may have developed
it independently.
51. One of the earliest recorded uses of firearms in warfare was an attack in Seville,
Spain in 1247. History also showed that cannons were used by King Edward III of
England in Crecy in 1346 and by Mohammed II of Turkey in his famous conquest of
Constantinople in 1453. The first firearm were inefficient, large and heavy, making it
difficult for common soldier to carry; and later the development of small arms
weapons were rampant. It was many years later before the use of gunpowder was
applied to a portable arm which could be operated by single person.
52. MEN BEHIND FIREARM Roger Bacon an English monk and scientist who
credited for the invention of gunpowder in 1248. Berthold Schwartz credited for
the application of gunpowder for the propelling of a missile in the early 1300s.
53. COL. CALVIN HOOKER GODDARD (18911955) He was a forensic scientist, army
officer, academic, researcher and a pioneer in forensic ballistics. In 1925 Goddard
wrote an article for the Army Ordnance titled "Forensic Ballistics" in which he
described the use of the comparison microscope regarding firearms investigations.
He is generally credited with the conception of the term "forensic ballistics", though
he later admitted it to be an inadequate name for the science. He was considered
as the father of forensic ballistics.
54. HORACE SMITH (1808-1893) He was a gunsmith, inventor, and businessman. He
and his business partner Daniel B. Wesson formed two companies named Smith &
Wesson, the first of which was financed in part by Oliver Winchester and was
eventually reorganized into the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Smith was
employed by the U. S. Armory service from 1824 to 1842, when he moved to
Newton, Connecticut. He was employed by various gun makers up to the 1840s,

when he moved to Norwich, Connecticut. He is then listed as a partner of Cranston

& Smith. It is known that while in Norwich, he engaged in the manufacture of
whaling guns and he is credited with the invention of the explosive bullet used to kill
whales.
55. DANIEL BAIRD WESSON (1825 1906) He married Cynthia Maria Hawes, May 26,
1847 in Thompson, Connecticut. He partnered with Horace Smith in Norwich,
Connecticut in the early 1850s to develop the first repeating rifle, the Volcanic rifle.
He is an associate or partner of Smith in revolver making.
56. JOHN MOSES BROWNING (1825 1926) He was an American firearms designer
who developed many varieties of firearms, cartridges, and gun mechanisms, many
of which are still in use around the world. He is the most important figure in the
development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms and is credited with
128 gun patentshis first was granted October 7, 1879. Browning influenced nearly
all categories of firearms design. He invented or made significant improvements to
single-shot rifles, lever action rifles, and slide action firearms. His most significant
contributions were in the area of autoloading firearms. He developed the
autoloading pistol by inventing the slide design found on nearly every modern
automatic handgun. He also developed the first gas-operated machine gun, the
Colt-Browning Model 1895a system that would surpass recoil operation in
popularity. Other successful designs include the M1911 pistol, the Browning .50
caliber machine gun, the Browning Automatic Rifle, and a ground- breaking semiautomatic shotgun, the Browning Auto-5.
57. DAVID CARBINE WILLIAMS He was the maker of the first known carbine.
58. ALEXANDER FORSYTH (1768-1843) He was a Scottish Presbyterian clergyman
who invented the percussion ignition. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen,
and succeeded his father as minister of Belhelvie in 1791. While hunting wild duck
he was dissatisfied with his flintlock fowling-piece due to its hang-fire; by the time
the bullet was discharged the duck had time to dive before the shot reached them.
He patented his scent-bottle lock in 1807; this was a small container filled with
fulminate of mercury
59. ELISHA KING ROOT (180865) He was the inventor, engineer, manufacturer;
born in Ludlow, Mass. In 1849 he became superintendent of the Colt Firearms
Company, eventually becoming president. He remained there until his death. Root
invented a drop hammer in 1853, which was soon used in every forge. He also
invented a revolving cylinder firearm and developed numerous machines for tooling
firearms.
60. ELIPHALET REMINGTON (1793 1861) He was born in 1793 in the town of
Suffield, Connecticut, to parents whose origins lay in Yorkshire, England. He was a
blacksmith, and at 23, he hand-made a revolutionary sporting rifle using a firing
mechanism bought from a dealer, producing the barrel himself. The gun received

such an enthusiastic response that Remington decided to manufacture it in

quantity, and formed the firm of E. Remington and Sons, which he headed until his
death in 1861 . By the mid-1800s the gun had become immensely popular with
American sportsmen and was one of the standard guns used in what has been
called "the winning of the West". The company continued to grow and to develop its
product and gradually began the manufacture of other sporting goods, such as
bicycles. At the present time, the company is known as the Remington Arms Co.,
Inc.
61. JOHN MAHLON MARLIN (1836 - 1901) He was an American firearms
manufacturer and inventor. Marlin was born in Boston Neck, near Windsor Locks,
Hartford County, Connecticut as the son of Mahlon Marlin and Jennette Bradford. He
worked at the Colt plant in Hartford during the Civil War. Starting in 1863, he made
pistols in New Haven, Connecticut, expanding into manufacturing pistols and then
different types of firearms by 1872, then called Marlin Fire Arms Company, today
Marlin Firearms. Initially producing single-shot weapons only, his company started
manufacturing lever-action repeating rifles in 1881.
62. JAMES WOLFE RIPLEY (1794 1870) He was an American soldier, serving as a
brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War. He was instrumental in the
early days of the war in modernizing the artillery's ordnance. However, Ripley also
delayed the introduction of repeating rifles into U.S. arsenals, an act has been
widely criticized by later historians.
63. SAMUEL COLT (1804 - 1862) He was an American inventor and industrialist. He
was the founder of Colt's Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company (now known as
Colt's Manufacturing Company), and is widely credited with popularizing the
revolver. Colt's innovative contributions to the weapons industry have been
described by arms historian James E. Serven as "events which shaped the destiny of
American Firearms. Colt never claimed to have invented the revolver, as his design
was merely a more practical adaption of Collier's revolving flintlock, which was
patented in England and achieved great popularity there.
64. HENRY DERINGER (1786 1868) He was an American gunsmith. He invented,
and gave his name to the Deringer pistol. Further development and copying of his
design resulted in the derringer (note the double-r) pistol that was generically
manufactured widely by other companies. He was born in Easton, Pennsylvania on
Oct. 26, 1786 possibly to Johannes Heinrich (and Maria Catherina) Thuringer.
However, no family tree entry indicates that the senior Deringer had a son named
Henry. He may have been born to Henry Deringer, Sr., a colonial gunsmith who
made Kentucky Rifles (and Catherine McQuety Deringer). He married Elizabeth
Hollobush at the First Reformed Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 5,
1810. He gave his name to the whole class of firearms (rifles and pistol).
65. JOHN T. THOMPSON pioneered the making of Thompson SMG.

66. HIRAM MAXIM (1858) built the first fully automatic gun and the silencer.
67. Richard J. Gatling patented his design of the "Gatling Gun", a six-barreled
weapon capable of firing a (then) phenomenal 200 rounds per minute. Oscar
Mossberge maker of high quality caliber .22 rifle, sporting rifle and pump action
shotgun. Fedor Tokarev designed the service pistol for Soviet forces. Carl
Walter developed a reliable small caliber automatic pistol in 1866. George Luger
designed the 9mm parabellum and cartridge. Eugene Stoner designed the M16
assault rifle. Joseph Laumann invented the first automatic handgun.
68. DEFINITION The term firearm has two definition legal as well as technical.
Legal definition it may be found in Section 877 of Revised Administrative Code as
well as in Section 290 of National Internal Revenue Code and this runs as follows:
Firearms or arms are herein used, includes rifles, muskets carbines, shotguns,
pistols, revolvers and all other deadly weapon from which bullets, balls, shots, shells
or other missiles may be discharged by means of gunpowder or other explosives.
This term also includes air rifles except such as being of small caliber and of limited
range use as toys. The barrel of any firearms shall be considered a complete firearm
for all purposes thereof.
69. While Republic Act 10591, it is define as: Firearm refers to any handheld or
portable weapon, whether a small arm or light weapon, that expels or is designed to
expel a bullet, shot, slug, missile or any projectile, which is discharged by means of
expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder or other form of combustion or
any similar instrument or implement. For purposes of this Act, the barrel, frame or
receiver is considered a firearm. Technical definition a firearm is an instrument
used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of expansive force of gases coming
from the burning gunpowder.
70. PARTS OF FIREARM
71. THE MAIN PARTS A. Revolver C. Rifle 1. barrel assembly 1. barrel assembly 2.
cylinder assembly 2. magazine assembly 3. frame or receiver 3. stock group B.
Pistol D. Shotgun 1. barrel assembly 1. barrel assembly 2. slide assembly 2.
magazine assembly 3. frame or receiver 3. stock group
72. Hammer Hammer Spur Rear Sight Top Strap Barrel Front Sight Muzzle Ejector
Rod Trigger Guard Trigger Grip Panel Cylinder Release / Thumb Latch Cylinder Frame
Chamber Extractor Rachet
73. ACTIONS OF REVOLVER Single-action revolvers - the trigger performs only one
task, when the trigger is pulled the hammer falls, firing the handgun. Doubleaction revolvers - as the trigger is pulled two actions occur. The hammer comes
back and falls forward to fire the handgun.

74. Hammer Slide Ejection Port Muzzle Mainspring Cap Frame Trigger Guard Trigger
Grip Safety Magazine Front Sight Rear Sight Slide Lock Magazine Release Button
Thumb Safety Barrel
75. ACTION OF PISTOLS Semi-auto operation When the pistol is fired, the slide
moves to the rear, ejecting the spent cartridge and usually cocking the pistol in the
process. The cartridges located in the magazine are forced upward by the magazine
spring into the path of the slide. When the slide (under pressure from the recoil
spring) moves forward, it picks up and pushes the next cartridge into the chamber,
ready to be fired again. Automatic operation The firearm can fire continuously as
long as the trigger is pulled. Selective These fires either on automatic or semiautomatic by using the selector level of the firearm. Ex. Glock Pistols
76. Charging Handle Rear Sight Drum Carrying Handle Ejection Port Front Sight
Assembly Barrel Bayonet Stud Magazine Release Button Dust Cover Trigger Guard
Trigger Forward Assist Button Rubber Recoil Pad Flash Suppressor Gas Cylinder
Upper Sling Swivel Handguard Bolt Catch Pistol Grip Selector Lever Magazine
Slipring Rear Sling Swivel Stock
77. BASIC PARTS OF SHOTGUN
78. CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS 1. According to gun barrel construction a.
smooth-bore firearms have no riflings inside the gun barrel. b. rifled-bore firearms
firearms that have riflings inside their gun barrel.
79. 2. According to the caliber of the projectiles propelled a. artillery can propel
projectiles more than one inch in diameter. b. small arms - can propel projectiles
less than one inch in diameter. E.g. machine gun, shoulder arms and hand arms.
80. 3. According to mechanical construction a. single shot firearms b. repeating
arms c. bolt action type d. automatic loading type e. slide action type (trombone) f.
lever type (break-type)
81. 4. According to use a. military firearms b. pocket and home defense firearm c.
target and outdoor mens firearms 5. Unusual or miscellaneous type those types of
firearms that are unique in mechanism and construction. a. paltik pistols b. paltik
revolvers c. paltik rifles d. paltik shotgun
82. Break for 30 minutes!!!
83. Ammunition Chapter 4
84. LEGAL DEFINITION Found in Chapter VII, Section 290 of National Internal
Revenue Code as well as in Section 877 of Revised Administrative Code - It refers to
a loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers, and pistols from
which a ball, bullet, shot, shell or other missiles may be fired by means of
gunpowder or other explosives.

85. TECHNICAL DEFINITION It refers to a group of cartridges or to a single unit

cartridge meaning a complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet, cartridge case,
gunpowder and primer. The term may also refer to a single round. Cartridge is a
complete round of ammunition for a firearm. The term cartridge and ammunition
can be used interchangeably.
86. ORIGIN The cartridge evolved about the turn of the 16th century. In 1635, the
first cartridge was invented by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. He was credited
with this invention. These were simple packages, which he furnished to his troops
during the 30 years of war. The package was torn, and the content was poured
down inside the barrel. Most shooters during those days had to carry two powder
horns, the first is for the powder to be poured in the barrel, and the second is for the
fine grains powder for priming charge. The invention of paper cartridge eliminated
the package of the use of horn in carrying the powder mixture in bottles or tube.
87. The term cartridge evolved about the turn of 6th century. The earliest small
arms ammunition or cartridge consisted of a pre-measured charge of powder
wrapped in paper. The term cartridge is derived from the word charta, the Latin
word for paper. Later on, it came through the French word cartouche, meaning a
roll of paper, which indicates that the original cartridge were not the brass gliding
metal tipped units which we are familiar with today. The paper cartridge remained
standard, for muzzle loading firearms though the middle of the 19th century. The
paper cartridge was designed for combustible cartridge. It was employed in muzzleloading firearms, revolving chamber firearms, and in several breech-loading
firearms. The casing and enclosing the gunpowder was made from nitrated paper,
collodion, cloth, animal intestine or some other materials which would not leave a
residue in the chamber of the gun barrel after firing.
88. CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGES
89. ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF PRIMER 1. Needle-fire cartridge the primer is
placed in the base of the bullet. A long sharp firing pin is pierced the paper or foil
case to reach the primer. 2. Tit-fire cartridge a copper case nipple containing the
protruding cup, through which a hole rear the breech block, to the struck and
detonated by the falling hammer.
90. 3. Tail-fire cartridge the opening of the rifle for loading is compressed by
spring, once the rifle has been loaded and the breech is closed, operation of the
trigger to crush against the underside of the block, and detonate a flat percussion
tail from the rear of the cartridge. 4. Pin-fire Cartridge the first cartridge of selfexploding type developed by Monsieur Le Facheux of Paris, around 1836. The primer
was placed on the sidewall of a copper case and a brass pin was installed in the
opposite side of the case, the intended pin rested on the primer then the hammer
fall on the side of the case, driving the pin into the primer.

91. 5. Rim-fire Cartridge developed by Louis Nicolas Auguste Flobert of France,

around 1845, the priming mixture is contained or located in the cavity inside and
around the rim of the cartridge which is a very sensitive area. This cartridge is
usually applied to caliber .22 firearms. 6. Ring-fire cartridge it is a type of cartridge
used on the sabotage case. This is a special type of cartridge wherein the priming
mixture is placed in a circular hollow ring about 1/3 of the base of the cartridge.
92. 7. Volcanic cartridge a system made by Robin and Laurence around 1854. The
cartridge was a mini ball with a base cavity filled with propellant. A paper disc
holding a fulminate pellet is closed at the back of the base, this type of cartridge is
similar to needle-fire but the firing pin can easily damaged. 8. Center-fire Cartridge
in 1858, the Moors cartridge marked the development of this cartridge. The primer
cap is forced into the middle portion of the head of cartridge case.
93. ACCORDING TO TYPE OF FIREARM USED 1. Revolver cartridge it has a rimmed
base, which allows the cylinder where the chamber is located to clamp its rim. 2.
Pistol cartridge extracting grooves are designed to allow easier packaging of the
rounds in the magazine.
94. 3. Assault rifle cartridge longer than a hand weapon and generally bottle
necked for larger powder capacity and increased powder. 4. Shotgun cartridge the
case is generally made up of plastic or paper designed to fire several projectiles
spreading out to create a come of fire. 5. Caseless cartridge the powder is the
casing itself, of the projectiles. It requires varnishing to protect it from moisture and
moderate shocks. There are few residues left after the gunpowder had exploded.
The cross section is generally fragile to cause for fragmentation.
95. ACCORDING TO TYPE OF CALIBER The caliber of a gun is the diameter of its
bore, measure in fraction of an inch between two opposite lands for barrel with even
lands. The caliber of a firearm designated only as an approximation of the bore
diameter, and is usually closer to the groove diameter. The different systems of
measuring caliber of firearm are Metric or European (millimeter) and English or
American (inches) systems of measurement. In converting millimeters to inches
multiple the millimeters by .03937 or divide by 25.4 while converting inches to
millimeters multiple by 25.4 or divide by .03937.
96. SHOTGUN SHELL It is the cartridge for shotgun. It is also called a shell, and its
body may be made up of metal or plastic or paper with a metal head. The length of
a shot shell is normally given in inches and is based on the length of the spent hull.
97. PARTS OF SHOTGUN SHELL 1. Shot cup it is a plastic cup that holds shot in
pattern as it leaves from the muzzle of the firearm. 2. Tube or case prior to 1960, a
paper tube were used, with mouth closed by rolled crimps or with plastic body or
hull with mouth closed by die crimp, eliminating need for overshot wad. 3. Primer
it is the very sensitive part of the cartridge located in the bottom portion of the case
which ignites the powder charge. 4. Propellant a chemical compound used in

firearms that burns upon ignition. The gases produced by this rapid combustion
propel the pellet down the bore of the firearm.
98. 5. Crimp portion of the cartridge that is bent inward to hold the shots in place.
6. Wads it helps to contain the shot, seal off the shot payload from the ignition
gases to prevent deformation and protects the barrel from lead building up. The four
types of wads are base wad, under powder, over powder and filler. 7. Shot/pellet
small spherical projectiles for shotgun.
99. KINDS OF SHOT/PELLET 1. Buckshot (BS) consist of a number of lead balls that
spread out as they travel. These pellets are not very effective (in 00 buckshot, each
one is .33 inch in diameter), but collectively they result in large and destructive
wounds. At longer distance, however the shot spreads and fewer pellets hit the
target.
100. 2. Slug (SL) instead of a group of lead balls, the shell contains a single huge
bullet with angled grooves cut into its side to spin it, as it travels down the smooth
bore of a shotgun. The penetration of a slug is better than shot, but the wound
channel is not as wide as the shot. 3. Tungsten-Iron shot it is formed either
powdered tungsten and powdered iron, they are blended together and pressed into
pellet, then sintered or bonded together by heating process. The shot is coated with
a rust inhibitor and it is harder than both lead and steel.
101. 4. Flechette Shot (FS) a cluster of sturdy steel needles, replaced the shot of
the standard shotgun shell. These flechettes have tiny fins at their base to stabilize
them in flight. Air resistance is greatly improved over shot, than in armor piercing
capability. 5. Armor-piercing Bullet (APB) the discarding sabot slug processes an
aerodynamic shape that keeps it stable flight even though it does not spin. It is
smaller in diameter than a standard slug, and surrounded within the shell by a towpiece plastic sabot. After exiting the barrel, the sabot splits in half and falls away
because of air resistance.
102. 6. Steel Shot it is made by cutting soft steel wire into short lengths, which are
formed into shot. The shot is then annealed and coated with a rust inhibitor. Wads
for steel shot ammunition, are molded from high density polyethylene. It has thick
sidewalls to prevent the pellets from contracting the shotgun bore surface. High
velocity steel loads have a cushion to reduce recoil. 7. Tungsten-Iron and Steel this
shell has a layer of steel over a layer of tungsten-Iron. It gives a dense combined
pattern at longer ranges. It can be used in any shotgun recommended for steel
shot.
103. DIFFERENT CARTRIDGES AND ITS PARTS
104. Bullet Chapter 5

105. DEFINITION It is a metallic or nonmetallic, cylindrical projectile propelled from a

firearm by means of an expansive force of gases coming from burning gunpowder.
The term may also include projectiles propelled from shotguns, although strictly
speaking, these projectiles designed for shotgun are called shots or pellet.
106. ORIGIN The term bullet originated from the French word boulette, means
small ball. The projectile of most small arms ammunition primarily means a
projectile from a rifled arm which is cylindrical or cylindro-conoidal in shape as
opposed to round projectiles which are commonly called either a ball or shot.
107. CLASSIFICATION OF BULLET
108. ACCORDING TO USE 1. Ball bullets those have soft cores inside a jacket and
are used against personnel only. 2. Armor piercing bullet those that have steel
cores and are fired against vehicles and other armored targets in general.
109. 3. Tracer bullet those that contain compound at its base which is set on fire
when the bullet is projected. The flash of smoke from this burning permits the flight
of the bullet to be seen, especially at night time. This type of bullet is primarily used
for target acquisition. 4. Incendiary bullet those that contain mixture, such as
phosphorous or other material, that can be set on fire by impact. They are used
against the targets that will readily burn such as aircrafts or gasoline depots. 5.
Explosive (fragmentary) bullet those types of bullets that contain a highly charged
explosive. Because of their small size, it is difficult to make a fuse that will work
reliably in small arms ammunitions.
110. ACCORDING TO MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION 1. Lead bullets those which are
made of lead or alloys of this metallic lead, tin and antimony which are slightly
harder than pure lead. 2. Jacketed bullets those with a core of lead covered with a
jacket of harder material such as: gilding metal, a copper alloy of approximately
90% copper and 10% zinc. 3. Synthetic bullets those made of plastic/plasticize and
other composition or those made of sand polymer mixed. Such bullets were
designed for special purposes.
111. BULLET DESIGNED FOR HANDGUNS 1. Full metal jacket lead core is enclosed
by a strong metal jacket on this non-expanding, deep-penetrating, general purpose
bullet which provides smooth, reliable feeding in all types of semi-automatic
handguns.
112. 2. Jacketed hollow point the exposed lead at the tip of the jacketed hollow
point, rapidly initiates uniform controlled expansion that progresses to the depth of
the hollow point cavity. It has excellent accuracy and bullet integrity.
113. 3. Semi-jacketed hollow point it has more exposed lead at the tips, which
expand less than a jacketed hollow point bullet.

114. 4. Full metal cone the lead core of this bullet is enclosed in a light copper
jacket, which has a cone shape and a flat point. The result is less expansion than
JHP bullet, but more than an FMJ, and deeper penetration than SP bullet.
115. 5. Lead wadcutter the full wadcutter profile of this solid lead cuts clean
signature in paper targets for precise scoring.
116. 6. Lead semi-wadcutter solid lead bullet with semi-pointed nose. Formed by
swaging process with sharp shoulder for clean hole punching in paper targets. It is
good choice for general purpose shooting.
117. 6. Soft point Exposed lead soft point initiates reliable expansion, provides
deeper penetration than hollow point bullets. Precisely engineered copper jacket
and the swaged lead core provide the necessary concentricity and balance required
for top-level accuracy.
118. 7. Lead round nose solid lead bullet with rounded ogive for downrange
accuracy.
119. BULLET DESIGNED FOR RIFLES 1. Full metal jacket the lead core of this bullet
is enclosed in a heavy copper jacket, which results in little or no expansion and
deep penetration. 2. Full metal jacket boat tail same with full metal jacket with
boat tail heel to further reduce drag to improve downrange velocity.
120. 3. Hollow point boat tail extremely accurate hollow point bullet with pointed
aerodynamic design. Boat tail heel to further reduce drag to improve downrange
velocity. Precision balance and exceptional concentricity greatly increase bullet
stability to assure superb accuracy. 4. Soft point Exposed lead tip on this bullet
and broader point diameter provides rapid, controlled expansion at somewhat lower
velocities. Broad wound channel results from expansion up to 200% of original
bullet diameter.
121. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BULLET 1. Hard ball a copper sheath, the jacket, over a
core of lead. It is the standard projectile type, expanding very little, but giving good
penetration. 2. Depleted Uranium it is ideal for use in armor penetrators because
it has an exceptional performance against armored targets.
122. 3. Semi-wadcutter a bullet with a flat nose in front of a sharp wad-cutter style
shoulder. This type of bullet, when the shoulder is too sharp, this will have a clear
cut hole on the target. 4. Silver tip Winchester trademarks for certain bullet
designs. The jacket will disintegrate into small pieces that will precisely cause
hemorrhage. 5. Fragmentation or explosive bullet splits to fragment when hitting
soft tissues, creating big wounds but tends to retain its form when penetrating
armor.
123. 6. Spitzer a type of bullet having a sharply pointed nose. This type of bullet
when it hit the hard object likes bones inside the body, it changes it bullet track

hence, and the tendency is that, the bullet traveled sideways which will create a
wider size of exit wound. 7. Dumdum bullet outlawed for use in war, any bullet
with the core exposed. 8. Soft point or mushroom bullet expands as it strikes an
object and produces much more serious shock and has correspondingly greater
stopping power.
124. 9. Hollow point bullet a bullet with a cavity in the nose designed to increase
the expansion when it hits the target. 10. Steel jacketed bullet composed of a soft
steel jacket, often clad or plated with gliding metal to prevent rusting and reduce
frictional resistance in the bore. 11. X-bullet is a solid copper projectile, heat
treated for extra toughness with no separate jacket and no lead core. It designed by
Randy Brooks.
125. 12. Pointed bullet more effective than round ball because there are fewer
surfaces presented to the air and thus the speed of the bullet is less retarded so
quickly. 13. Boat tail a bullet with a base tapering to smaller diameter. 14. Gas
check a small metal cup fitted to the base of a lead bullet, to protect it from the
hot gases created by the burning gunpowder. 15. Glaser safety slug is high
performance ammunition that gives superior penetration in solid targets, while
delivering maximum stopping power, with minimum danger from over penetration
and ricochet.
126. SHAPES OF BULLET
127. PARTS OF BULLET 1. Base the portion of the bullet that receives the thrust
and heat from the burning gunpowder. 2. Bearing surface the area of the bullet
that contacts the barrel riffling. A tight fit is required to prevent chamber pressure
leaks and to provide good contact with the rifling grooves. 3. Core the bulk of the
mass in the bullet. 4. Head height length of the bullet from the shoulder to the tip.
5. Heel the location of the bullet where the heel ends and the bearing surface
begins.
128. 6. Jacket is material that covers some or the entire core. 7. Meplat is the
diameter of the flat or blunt end of the nose of a bullet. 8. Ogive is the radius of
curve between the bearing surface and the point usually stated with respect to the
caliber. 9. Point the most forward point of the ogive. 10. Shoulder is the place on
the bullet where the parallel sides end and the ogive begin.
129. PARTS OF BULLET
130. Cartridge Case Chapter 6
131. DEFINITION It refers to a tubular metallic or nonmetallic container which holds
together the bullet, gunpowder and primer. Another term used is shell or casing.
The cartridge is the portion of cartridge that is automatically ejected from automatic

firearm during firing and these remains in the crime scene. Drawing - refers to the
machine operation of making cartridge cases.
132. FUNCTIONS OF CARTRIDGE CASE It holds the bullet, gunpowder and primer
assembled into one unit. It serves as a waterproof container of the gunpowder and
gas seal at the breech end of the barrel.
133. PARTS OF CARTRIDGE CASE a. Rim limits the forward travel of cartridge into
their chambers and thus also limits the clearance between the heads and
supporting. b. Primer pocket holds the primer securely in the central position,
provides a means to prevent the escape of gas to the rear of the cartridge and a
solid support of primer anvils, without which the latter could not be fired. c.
Vents/flash hole the hole in the web which serves as opening or canal that
connects the priming mixture with the gunpowder.
134. d. Head/body constitutes the cork that plug the breech of the barrel against
the escape of gas. e. Neck it is occupied by the bullet. f. Cannelure the serrated
grooves that are sometimes found rolled into the neck and body of the case at the
location of the bases of the bullet; they prevent the bullet from being pushed back
or loosened. g. Shoulder portion that supports the neck. h. Base bottom portion
of the case which holds the primer and shell head. i. Extracting groove circular
groove near the base of the case or shell designed for the automatic withdrawal of
the case after firing. j. Crimp this is the part of the mouth of a case that is turned
in upon the bullet.
135. THREE TYPES OF CRIMP a. Roll Crimp the cartridge case neck was rolled into
the bullet material of groove in the bullet, to secure it, and ensure even from
tension of the cartridge case. It need to be trimmed to a uniform length and are
primarily used on cartridges that have headspace on the rim or cartridge case
shoulder.
136. b. Taper Crimp it is used primarily in the cartridge with headspace on the
cartridge case mouth, with lead bullets. While it can be used to secure jacketed
bullets, this can led to bullet distortion. With a taper crimp, the mouth of the
cartridge case run into a die, with a tapered opening that squeeze the diameter of
the neck down, enough to grip the bullet securely, but still leaves enough space for
headspace on the chamber.
137. c. Stab/Rim Crimp it is used only on jacketed ammunition, which consist
either several impressed dimples or a groove, pressed into the cartridge case mouth
by a collet. The crimp can either enter a groove on the bullet or can just press into
the bullet body, which distorts the bullet. It is primarily used on military or
commercial heavy caliber hunting ammunition, where rough handling may be
encountered.

138. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CASE SHAPE Straight Bottle neck

Tapered (obsolete)
139. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CASE RIM a. Rimmed the diameter of the
base of the cartridge is very much bigger than the diameter of the body of the
cartridge. (44 magnum, 303 British, 38 special, 357 magnum, etc.) b. Rimless the
diameter of the rim is equal with the diameter of the body of the cartridge case.
(.30-06, .270, .308 etc) c. Semi-rimmed the diameter of the rim is slightly greater
than the diameter of the body of the cartridge case. (.25 ACP, .38 Super) d. Belted
has a protruding metal around the body of the cartridge case. (.7mm Remington
Magnum, .300 Winchester, .375 H&H Magnum) e. Rebated the diameter of the rim
is smaller than the body of the cartridge case. (.41 AE, 50 Beowulf)
140. Primers Chapter 7
141. DEFINITION It is a small, self-contained metallic ignition cap at the center or at
the cavity of a cartridge case that when struck by the firing pin combusts and sends
sparks through the flash hole of the cases and ignites the powder charge.
(percussion)
142. ORIGIN Alexander John Forsyth (1847) is credited with being the first to
conceive the idea by using detonating compounds for igniting powder charge in
small arms by percussion. A Scottish Presbyterian clergyman, he invented the
percussion ignition. While hunting wild duck he was dissatisfied with his flintlock
fowling-piece due to its hang-fire; by the time the bullet was discharged the duck
had time to dive before the shot reached them. His first successful priming mixture
was composed of Potassium Chlorate, charcoal and sulfur in powder form.
143. PARTS OF PRIMER a. Primer cup the container of priming mixture. b. Priming
mixture a highly sensitive chemical mixture contained in the primer cup. c. Anvil
portion of the primer against which the priming mixture is crushed by blow of firing
pin. d. Disc a piece of small paper or disk of tin foil which is pressed to the priming
mixture.
144. CLASSES OF PRIMERS a. Corrosive Primers (potassium chlorate) - draws
moisture from the air when ignited, and this moisture speeds the rusting of gun
barrel. b. Non-corrosive Primers - potassium chlorate was replaced by barium
nitrates. It was invented by Swiss army and inventor Karl Ziegler.
145. TWO KINDS OF PRIMER a. Berdan Primer The primer cup contains only the
priming mixture and the anvil is part of the cartridge case. It contains two of more
vents and requires special tools to remove them easily and not generally reloaded.
It was invented by Hiram Berdan in March 20, 1866. b. Boxer Primer The anvil is an
integral part of the primer assembly and contains only one flash hole. This kind of
primer is commonly used in present time for centerfire cartridges. It was invented
by American Inventor Col. Edward M. Boxer on June 29, 1869.

146. Gunpowder Chapter 8

147. DEFINITION It refers to the chemical substances of various compositions,
particles sizes, shapes and colors, which when ignited by the primer flash, is
converted to gas under high pressure and propels the bullet or shot charge through
the barrel to the target. The term gunpowder is synonymous to the term propellant,
cordite and powder charge that can be used interchangeably. About the weight of
the powder charge in a cartridge, the weight of the gunpowder is expressed in
grains in English System of while in Metric System, the weight of gunpowder is
expressed in grams.
148. CLASSIFICATION AND COMPOSITION 1. Black powder the oldest form of
propellant and when fired, produces large volume of grayish smoke and leaves
considerable residue in the barrel. The person credited for the invention of such is
Roger Bacon in 1248. It is composed of potassium nitrates (75%), sulfur (10%) and
charcoal (15%) 2. Smokeless powder the powerful propellant used today and is
made up of nitrocellulose. The term smokeless is a misnomer for they are neither
powder nor smokeless. The powder is said to be smokeless only because it does not
give off huge cloud of white smoke like black powder.
149. In 1886, Paul Vieille, invented the smokeless gunpowder with nitrocellulose, a
single base propellant called Poudre D, made from gelatinize guncotton mixed with
ether and alcohol. It was cut into flakes of the desired size. In 1887, Alfred E. Nobel
of Great Britain developed smokeless gunpowder called Ballistite, a double base
propellant. In 1890, Sir Frederick Abel and James Dewar obtained a patent on a
modified form of smokeless gunpowder known as cordite.
150. KINDS OF SMOKELESS POWDER 1. Single base/nitrocellulose contains only
pure nitroglycerin with nitrocellulose. 2. Double base composed of nitrocellulose
and nitroglycerin as major ingredients; accompanied by one or more minor
ingredients such as centralite, vaseline phthalate and inorganic salts. 3. Triple base
the three principal ingredients used such as nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin and nitroguandine. 4. High Ignition Temperature Propellant the main constituent of high
explosives from RDX group.
151. Arms Manufacturing Chapter 9
152. INTRODUCTION The barrel, which is one of the most important parts of firearm,
is a cylindrical in shape with projecting length. It is made of a carefully selected
solid piece of metal, fitted for its chemical and metallurgical structure which has the
capability to withstand explosion and tremendous pressure coming from the
expansion of heated gas coming from burning gunpowder. This provides a high
quality product after the various machine operations, until it becomes a finish
product and consequently as a real firearm. Making of Rifled Barrels Drilling Stage
a solid piece of cylindrical metal is drilled by special deep-hole drill; through the
center of which lubricating oil is forced under pressure.

153. Reaming Stage removes scars and scratches left by the drilling operation.
The reamer used is slightly greater in diameter than that of the drill therefore
removes excess metal from the entire surface of the bore. There are three types of
reamers used in reaming the bore of barrel; roughing, finishing and burnishing.
Rifling stage the creation of the land and grooves inside the bore to improve
projection of the bullet during firing. Cut rifling technique the oldest method of
making riflings invented in Nuremberg at around 1942. A hook cutter is pulled
through the bore numerous times and indexed after every stroke to produce the
riflings. Broaching system broaching cutter that cuts a longitudinal spiral
grooves inside the barrel. It produces the desired number of lands and grooves in a
single stroke. Button system it produces the desired number of lands and
grooves simultaneously but in a different manner. It does not cut longitudinal spiral
grooves inside but it produces the same by depressing a portion of the internal
surface of the bore thus creating the grooves. Lapping stage this is the polishing
operation wherein a lead plug is used in removing many of the larger imperfections
due to the cutting of forming operation.
154. COMPOSITION OF RIFLINGS Lands refers to the raised metal between
grooves. Grooves depressed portion of the gun barrel. Width of lands and
grooves Depth of grooves Pitch of riflings the number of inches traveled by the
bullet to make one complete run. Twist of riflings the direction of twist whether
left or right.
155. MAKING OF BREECHFACE AND FIRING PIN The breechface of all firearms are
machine cut in the first place, and in the higher grade weapons are finished off by
hand filing and grinding. Similarly, the firing pin of all weapons are cut and shaped,
receiving different degrees of fire finishing according to the grade of weapon in
which they are to be used. The breechface is the portion of the firearm against
which the cartridge case and the primer are forced backwards upon firing while the
firing pin is the part of the firearm which strikes the primer of the cartridge.
156. FACTORS THAT AFFECTS BREECHFACE IMPRESSION 1.Powder charge of the
cartridge 2.Softness of the primer cup and the surrounding brass 3.Sharpness of the
striations on the breechblock 4.Presence of oil, grease or foreign matters on the
block 5.Factory stampings on the cartridge head
157. Firearms ID Chapter 10
158. PRINCIPLE IN FIREARM IDENTIFICATION It is a refined toolmarks identification.
The natural wear and tear of the tools is involved. When the soft surface come in
contact with the hard surface is left with the impressions or scratches from any
irregularities on the hard surface. Principle of individuality, i.e. no two things are
absolutely identical.
159. MARKS FOUND ON FIRED BULLETS a. Lands marks depressed portion caused
by lands that can be found in the cylindrical surface of the fired bullet. b. Groove

marks raised or the elevated portions caused by the grooves that can be found in
the cylindrical surface of the fired bullet. c. Skid marks found on the anterior
portion of the fired bullets and caused by the forward movement of bullet from the
chamber before it initially rotates due to the rifling inside the barrel. d. Stripping
marks found on bullet fired though loose fit barrels wherein the riflings are already
worn out.
160. MARKS FOUND ON FIRED SHELLS 1. Striated action marks are common to
cartridge cases that have passed through the action of an auto loading or repeating
firearm. Striated action marks can be produced on cartridge cases by contact with a
number of different areas within the firearm. 2. Impressed action marks, with a few
exceptions, are produced when a cartridge case is fired in a firearm. The two most
common impressed action marks are firing pin impressions and breech marks.
161. 1. Chamber mark found in the body of the shell due to the irregular makings
in the chamber. 2. Firing pin mark found in the primer cup or the rim of the
cartridge case. 3. Shearing marks secondary firing pin mark found near the firing
pin mark. 4. Extractor mark found in extracting groove in automatic firearms.
162. 5. Ejector marks located in the rim in automatic firearms. 6. Pivotal mark
marks found on the shell caused by turning of the cartridge. 7. Magazine lip
markings these are markings found at the low points of the rim of the base of the
shell and these are caused by the magazine lips during the loading of the cartridge
into the magazine for firing. 8. Breechface marks found on the base of cartridge
case as a result of the rearward movement of cartridge case during firing.
163. Characteristics of Firearms
164. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS Those are characteristics that are determinable even
prior to the manufacture of firearms. These characteristics are factory specifications
and within the control of man. These serve as basis for identifying certain group or
class of firearms. These are: a.Bore diameter/caliber the diameter which the bore
was reamed. It is the distance measured between two opposite lands inside the
bore. Caliber is of English origin while the millimeter (mm) is a European origin.
165. b. Number of lands and grooves the number of lands is always equal with the
number of grooves. c. Width of lands it is the remainder of the circumference after
subtracting the groove width. d. Direction of twist it cause the bullet to rotate as it
passes through the barrel for the bullet to have gyroscopic motion during its flight.
e. Depth of groove measured on the radius of the bore as seen in cross section. It
is equal to the height of the side of a lands. f. Pitch of riflings it is the twist of lands
and grooves. It also refers to the distance advanced by the riflings in a complete
run.

166. TYPE OF RIFLINGS a. Steyr Type 4RGL b. Smith and Wesson Type 5RGL c.
Browning Type 6RG2X d. Colt Type 6LG2X e. Webley Type 7RG3X f. Army Type
4RG3X
167. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS Those are characteristics peculiar and not found
in all other firearms. These serve as the basis for identification of particular firearm
and identifiable only after the manufacture of the firearm. These characteristics is
beyond the control of the man and which have random distribution inside the gun.
Their existence in a firearm is brought about by the tools used in their manufacture
in their normal operation resulting to the wear and tear, abuses, mutilations,
corrosions, erosions and other fortuitous causes. These characteristics are generally
found in the interior surface of the gun barrel and breechface.
168. 7 PROBLEMS OF FIREARM IDENTIFICATION 1. Given a bullet; to determine the
caliber and type firearms used. 2. Given a cartridge case; to determine the caliber,
name of manufacturer and the type of fire arm used. 3. Given a bullet and firearm,
to determine whether or not the bullet was fired from suspected firearm submitted.
4. Given a fired cartridge case and a suspected firearm, to determine whether or not
the cartridge case was fired from the suspected firearm submitted. 5. Given two or
more bullets, to determine whether or not the bullets were fired from only one
weapon. 6. Given two or more fired cartridge cases, to determine whether or not the
cartridge cases were fired from only one weapon. 7. Given a firearm, to determine
whether it is serviceable or not.
169. BULLET HOLES Glass a super cooled liquid that possess high viscosity and
rigidity. Two kinds of Crack a. Radial Crack primary fracture resembles the spokes
of a wheel radiating outward from the point of impact. b. Concentric Crack
secondary fracture forming in an approximately circular pattern around the point of
impact.
170. 3 R RULE A principle used for radial crack which states that stress lines on
radial crack will be at right angle to the rear side of the glass. RFC RULE A principle
used for concentric crack which states that stress lines on a concentric crack will be
at right angle to the front side, that is the side from which the impact or blow came.
171. 5 TEST FOR GLASS 1. Spectrographic test used to determine the elements of
the glass. 2. X-ray diffraction test used to determine the type of glass pattern. 3.
Physical properties examination used to determine the density of the glass by
flotation method and refractive index by immersion method. 4. Study of polish mark
a test for fine glass wares and optical glass. 5. UV light examination used to
determine the differences in physical and chemical composition of glass specimen.
172. Crime Scene Processing Chapter 11
173. INTRODUCTION The search of the scene for ballistic exhibits is one of the most
important phases of crime investigation. Crime of violence, especially wherein

firearms had been used, sometimes involves struggle, a break, and the element of
unpredictability. In homicide, murder and armed robberies, the criminal is in contact
with the physical surroundings in a forceful manner. Traces of the commission of the
crime may be left in the form of fired bullets, fired shells, and suspected firearm.
These firearm evidences, or ballistic exhibits as they are sometimes called, might be
of value in tracing the perpetrator or perpetrators of the crime so committed.
Together with these, there might be other traces that may link him to the crime
committed. A well-planned and organized method of investigation should guide the
basic search. The search to be followed by the investigator should be thorough and
complete, and no details of the surrounding area should be over-looked by the
investigator. There might be some types of evidence, which might be of the highest
significance to firearms investigation.
174. DIFFERENT METHOD OF SEARCH
175. 1. STRIP METHOD It involves the demarcation of a series of lanes down which
one or more persons proceed. Upon reaching the starting point, the searchers
proceed down their respective lane, reverse the direction, and continue in this
fashion until the scene has been thoroughly examined.
176. 2. DOUBLE STRIP METHOD It is also known as grid method. The researcher
perform first the strip method and after which turns and proceed back along new
lanes but parallel to the first movement. This method offers the advantage of being
more methodological and through; examined from two different viewpoints, the area
is more likely to yield evidence that might have been overlooked.
177. 3.SPIRAL METHOD It is usually employed in outdoor scenes and is normally
executed by a single person. It involves the searchers walking in slightly everdecreasing, less-than-concentric circles form the outermost boundary determination
towards a central point and vice-versa.
178. 4. ZONE METHOD It requires that area should be divided into four quadrants,
each of which is then examined using of the methods previously described. Where
the area to be searched is particularly large, a variation of the zone method would
be subdivide the small quadrants into a smaller quadrants.
179. 5. PIE METHOD It is also referred to wheel method. The searchers gather at the
center and proceed outward along radii or spoke. The principal drawback of this
method is that the distance between the researchers increases as they depart from
the center.
180. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Anything that has material existence and which may be
used to establish the nature of the offense or the identity of the perpetrator and
which may be presented to the court for its evaluation or appreciation. Properly
prepared and presented physical evidences may serve the same purpose as taking
the court to the scene of the crime and reconstructing the events which led to the

commission of crime. A thorough understanding of physical evidence, its protection,

preservation and examination is important.
181. Evidence is the means sanction by law, of ascertaining in a judicial procedure
the truth respecting a matter of fact. Evidence speaks by itself
182. RECOGNITION OF EVIDENCE At the crime scene, the prober must exercise keen
observation and extreme care in his search for these physical evidences or ballistics
exhibits like fired bullets, fired shells, firearm/s and allied items or objects. The
success of the case will depend heavily on how the prober conducts himself in
handling those ballistics exhibits. He has to do his job well at proper time and
proper place. Proper time refers to when he is right there in the scene and proper
place refers to the right there at the scene. It is important therefore that the
investigator be familiar with the modern techniques in the proper recognition,
collection, marking, preservation and transmittal of these physical evidences.
183. COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 1. Collect all articles, which are, or may
be in some future date, be of value as evidence. 2. Evidence which may tend to
show or indicate or not a crime was committed or may connect some particular
person with the crime or crime scene such as fatal gun, fired bullet, fired shell,
metal fragment, broken glass, holster, magazine, cartridge, gloves and masks. 3.
Designate one officer to collect all evidence to centralized the collection. 4. Dont
MAC the evidence. M mutilate the evidence A alter the very nature of evidence C
contaminate the evidence 5. Sketch and photograph the crime scene.
184. COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 6. Photograph the articles before
removing them. 7. In cases if the fired bullets lodge in an object, extreme care must
be exercise in removing such. 8. If the bullet has broken into fragments, secure
fragments as many as possible. 9. When firearm/s is/are found in the crime scene,
note the following: a. type of FA b. Caliber c. Serial number d. Condition of FA e.
Position of FA relative to the body at the scene f. Other details of FA
185. COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 10. When bullet/s is/are found at the
scene, the following shall be noted: a. Type b. Caliber c. Shape d. Metal or bullet
fragments e. Place and date of recovery 11. When shell/s is/are found in the crime
scene, note the following: a. Number of shells b. Caliber c. Trademark or brand d.
Place and date of recovery
186. COMMON MARKS FOUND ON HEADSTAMP ACP Arms Corporation of the
Philippines Automatic Colt Pistol BAR Browning Automatic Rifle RA or REM
Remington Arms Company RPA Republic of the Philippines Arsenal LC Lake
City Arsenal FCC Federal Cartridge Corporation EAA European American Arms
U or UT Utah Ordnance Company WCC Western Cartridge Corporation WRA
Winchester Repackaging Corporation Luger

187. PROPER COLLECTION OF FIREARMS IN THE CRIME SCENE By using a

handkerchief, string or wire inserted through the trigger guard of the firearm. Be
sure that in picking up the suspected firearm the muzzle end of the barrel is not
pointed to anyone in the vicinity. More so, if it is revolver and this revolver is in fullcocked position, there is always the danger of a little amount of jarring when picking
up as the gun might fire, causing additional shooting or accident. After picking up
the revolver, a piece of crumpled paper or carton maybe place just in front of the
trigger after which the trigger should be checked. This is done to prevent accidental
or unnecessary firing.
188. MARKING OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 1. Physical evidences should be properly
marked or labeled for further identification as they are collected and to complete
the chain of possession or custody of the ballistics exhibits. 2. Mark at the time that
evidence is removed from its original position. However, do not mark or move until
photograph has been taken. 3. Keep a complete note on the marks placing it on
every single or individual object recovered in the crime scene. 4. Use distinctive
initials of the recovering officer. Never use X. 5. Record the mark used, and the
position of the marks present on the object. 6. Record serial number or other
distinct marks present on the object. 7. Always mark the container in which the
object is placed even if the object is already marked. (Tagging)
189. MARKING FIRED BULLETS Fired bullet should be marked by the recovering
officer with his initial together with the corresponding date of recovery in the OGIVE
or NOSE or its ANTERIOR PORTION with stylus or any pointed instrument. But is
cases that the fired bullet is badly damaged or disfigured the marking could be
place on the base but never in the bearing surface or cylindrical surface of the fired
bullet.
190. MARKING FIRED SHELLS Same in marking of fired bullets but the marking
should be place either INSIDE, NEAR THE OPEN MOUTH, OUTSIDE, NEAR THE OPEN
MOUTH OR NEAR THE BODY OF THE SHELL, but never place your marks on the base
of fired shells.
191. MARKING A SUSPECTED FIREARMS Same in marking of fired bullets and fired
shell but the marking should be place on all the three main and inseparable part of
the firearm. In addition, a tag may be made indicating the type of firearm, make or
model, caliber, serial number, date of recovery, name of suspect or victim (if
known) and other features of value.
192. PRESERVATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCES Physical evidence should be preserve
for future identification and presentation during the trial of the case. The container
of ballistics exhibits should be properly labeled by the prober and put down all the
steps he has taken in preserving all these physical evidences for future use.
Preserving the evidentiary value of physical evidence determine the acceptability
and reliability of evidence in court. TRANSMITTAL OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE After the

collection and marking of physical evidences, the prober will transmit the evidences
to their respective departments and submit the same to the duty desk officer or
designated receiving officer-in-charge.