Normal Stress (1.1-1.

2A)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Normal Stress

Review of statics

This is a structure which was designed to support a 30kN load, it

consists of a boom AB and of a rod BC. The boom and rod are
connected by a pin at B and are supported by pins and brackets at A
and C. (1) Is there a reaction moment at A? why? (2) What is the
reaction force in the vertical direction at A? (3) What is the internal 2
force in AB? (4) What is the internal force in BC?

Two-force member

Normal Stress

Statics Review

Pins no rxn moment

Normal Stress

Statics Review
Solve for reactions at A & C:

M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN

Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN

Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations.

Normal Stress

Statics Review
Consider a freebody diagram for the boom:
M B 0 A y 0 .8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure equilibrium

equation
Bx

C y 30 kN

Results:
A 40 kN

C x 40 kN

C y 30 kN

See section 1.1 in text for complete static analysis and review of method of joints.
Normal Stress

Normal Stress

Introduction to Normal Stress

Normal Stress

Introduction to Normal Stress

Stress Force per unit area

Normal Stress

Introduction to Normal Stress

If stress varies over a crosssection, the resultant of the

internal forces for an axially loaded member is normal to
a section cut perpendicular to the axis. Thus, we can write
the stress at a point as

F
lim
A0 A

P
ave
A

We assume the force F is evenly distributed

over the crosssection of the bar. In reality
F resultant force over the end of the bar.

P ave A dF dA
A
Normal Stress

10

Introduction to Normal Stress

Sign convention

0
0

Tensile member is in tension

Compressive member is in compression

Units force/area
English: lb/in2 psi
kip/in2 ksi
SI:

Tensile

N/m2 Pa Pascal
kN/m2 kPa
MPa, GPa, etc.

Compressive

Normal Stress

11

Definitions and Assumptions

Homogenous: material is the same throughout the bar

Crosssection: section perpendicular to longitudinal axis of bar
A

Prismatic: crosssection does not change along axis of bar

Prismatic

Non-Prismatic

Normal Stress

12

Definitions and Assumptions

Uniaxial bar: a bar with only one axis

Normal Stress : stress acting perpendicular to the crosssection.

Deformation of the bar is uniform throughout. Uniform Stress State

Stress is measured far from the point of application.

Loads must act through the centroid of the crosssection.

Normal Stress

13

Definitions and Assumptions

The uniform stress state does not apply near the ends of
the bar.

Assume the distribution of normal

stresses in an axially loaded
member is uniform, except in the
immediate vicinity of the points of
application of the loads
SaintVenants Principle .

Normal Stress

Uniform Stress

14

Introduction to Normal Stress

Normal Stress

15

Introduction to Normal Stress

A uniform distribution of stress is only possible if the
line of action of the concentrated loads P and P passes
through the centroid of the section considered. This is
referred to as centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded, then the
resultant of the stress distribution in a section must yield
an axial force and a moment.
The stress distributions in eccentrically
loaded members cannot be uniform or
symmetric.

Normal Stress

16

Definitions and Assumptions

How do we know all loads must act through the centroid

of the crosssection?

Let us represent P, the resultant force, by a uniform stress

over the crosssection so that they are statically
equivalent .

Normal Stress

17

Definitions and Assumptions

Moments due to :
Mx

ydA
A

M y xdA
A

Set M
My y
Mx x M
Mx x and MMy y M
1
1
y ydA ydA
PA
AA
1
1
x xdA xdA
PA
AA

Normal Stress

Equations for the centroid

18

Example Problem

Can the structure we used for our statics review safely support a
30 kN load? Assume the entire structure is made of steel with a maximum
allowable stress all 165 MPa.

Cross-section 30 mm x 50 mm

Normal Stress

19

Example Problem

Two cylindrical rods are welded together and loaded as shown. Find
the normal stress at the midsection of each rod.

d1 50 mm
d 2 30 mm

Normal Stress

20

Shearing and Bearing

Stress (1.2C-1.2E, 1.4)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Shearing and Bearing Stress

21

What is Shearing Stress?

We learned about normal

stress , which acts
perpendicular to the
crosssection.
Normal stress results
in a volume change.

Shear stress acts

tangential to the surface
of a material element.
Shear stress results
in a shape change.

Shearing and Bearing Stress

22

Where Do Shearing Stresses Occur?

Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins, and

rivets.
Bolt is in single shear

Free Body Diagram of Bolt

Force P results in shearing stress

Force F results in bearing stress
will discuss later

Shearing and Bearing Stress

23

Shear Stress Defined

We do not assume is uniform over the crosssection,

because this is not the case.

is the average shear stress.

P F
ave A A

The maximum value of may be considerably greater

than ave, which is important for design purposes.
Shearing and Bearing Stress

24

Double Shear
Bolt is in double shear

Free Body Diagram of Bolt

Free Body Diagram of Center

of Bolt

ave

Shearing and Bearing Stress

F
P
F
2
A
A
2A

25

Bearing Stress

Bearing stress is a normal stress, not a shearing stress.

Thus,

P P
b

Ab td

Single shear case

where
Ab = projected area where bearing pressure is applied
P = bearing force

Shearing and Bearing Stress

26

Example
Would like to determine the
stresses in the members
and connections of the
structure shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

Pin Shearing Stresses

Pin Shearing Stresses

Pin Bearing Stresses

Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the circular
cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159 MPa.

At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2
50 103 N
P
BC ,end
167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN

and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.

Pin Shearing Stresses

The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2

25 mm
6 2
A r
49110 m
2
2

The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
50 103 N
P
C , ave
102 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

The pin at A is in double shear with a total

force equal to the force exerted by the
boom AB,
A,ave

P
20 kN

40.7 MPa
A 491 10 6 m 2

Pin Shearing Stresses

Divide the pin at B into sections to determine the
section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)

Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

stress,
B, ave

25 kN
PG

50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

Pin Bearing Stresses

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB, we
have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket, we

have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm

Equilibrium of Shear Stresses

Consider an infinitesimal element of material. Apply a single shear

stress, 1.
Total shear force on surface is 1 bc.

For equilibrium in the ydirection, apply

1 on surface.

For moment equilibrium about the zaxis,

apply 2 on top and bottom surfaces.

Moment equilibrium equation about zaxis:

Thus, a shear stress must be balanced by three other stresses for the
element to be in equilibrium.

1
2

1 (bc)a 2 (ac)b
1 2

Shearing and Bearing Stress

36

Equilibrium of Shear Stresses

What does this tell us?

Shear stresses on opposite parallel faces of an element are equal in

magnitude and opposite in direction.
Shear stress on adjacent perpendicular faces of an element are equal in
magnitude and both point towards or away from each other.

Sign convention for shear stresses

Positive face normal is in

x, y, or z direction
Negative face normal is in x, y, or z direction
Face

Direction

Shear
Stress

Shearing and Bearing Stress

2
1
-

2
37

Define General State of Stress

y

x stress in xdirection applied in the plane normal to xaxis

y stress in ydirection applied in the plane normal to yaxis
z stress in zdirection applied in the plane normal to zaxis
xy stress in ydirection applied in the plane normal to xaxis
xz stress in zdirection applied in the plane normal to xaxis
zy stress in ydirection applied in the plane normal to zaxis
And so on
Shearing and Bearing Stress

38

Define General State of Stress

y

There are 9 components of stress:

x, y, z, xy, xz, yx, yz, zx, zy

As shown previously, in order to maintain equilibrium:

xy yx, xz zx, yz zy

There are only 6 independent stress components.

Shearing and Bearing Stress

39

Example Problem

A load P 10 kips is applied to a rod supported as shown

by a plate with a 0.6 in. diameter hole. Determine the shear
stress in the rod and the plate.

Shearing and Bearing Stress

40

Example Problem

Link AB is used to support the end of a horizontal beam. If link AB is

subject to a 10 kips compressive force determine the normal and
bearing stress in the link and the shear stress in each of the pins.

b 2 in
t 1 4 in
d 1 in

Shearing and Bearing Stress

41

Oblique Planes and Design

Considerations (1.3, 1.5)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

42

Stress on an Oblique Plane

What have we learned so far?

Axial forces in a twoforce member cause normal stresses.

Transverse forces exerted on bolts and pins cause shearing

stresses.

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

43

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Axial forces cause both normal and shearing stresses on planes which
are not perpendicular to the axis.

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

44

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Axial forces cause both normal and shearing stresses on planes which
are not perpendicular to the axis.

Consider an inclined section of a uniaxial bar.

The resultant force in the axial direction

must equal P to satisfy equilibrium.

The force can be resolved into components perpendicular to the

section, F, and parallel to the section, V.

F P cos
V P sin
The area of the section is A0 A cos A A0 / cos

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

45

Stress on an Oblique Plane

We can formulate the average normal stress on the section as

F
P cos
P

cos 2
A A0 / cos A0

The average shear stress on the section is

V
P sin
P
sin cos

A A0 / cos A0

Thus, a normal force applied to a bar on an inclined section

produces a combination of shear and normal stresses.

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

46

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Since and are functions of sine and cosine, we know the

maximum and minimum values will occur at 00, 450, and
900.

P
sin cos
A0

P
cos 2
A0

At =900

=0

At =900

=0

At =450

=P/2A0

At =450

=P/2A0 (max)

At =00

=P/A0 (max)

At =00

=0

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

47

Stress on an Oblique Plane

What does this mean in reality?

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

Design Considerations

From a design perspective, it is important to know the

largest load which a material can hold before failing.

This load is called the ultimate load, Pu.

Ultimate normal stress is denoted as u and ultimate shear

stress is denoted as u.

Pu
u
A

Pu
u A

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

49

Design Considerations

Often the allowable load is considerably smaller than the

ultimate load.

It is a common design practice to use factor of safety.

F .S .

ultimate load
allowable load

F .S .
u
allowable stress all
ultimate stress

F .S .

Pu
Pall
ultimate stress

allowable stress

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

u
all

50

Example Problem

Two wooden members are spliced as shown. If the maximum

allowable tensile stress in the splice is 75 psi, determine the
largest load that can be safely supported and the shearing stress
in the splice.

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

51

Example Problem

A load is supported by a steel pin inserted into a hanging

wooden piece. Given the information below, determine the load
P if an overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired.

u _ wood 60 MPa (in tension)

u _ wood 7.5 MPa
u _ steel 145 MPa
b 40 mm
c 55 mm
d 12 mm

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

52