ASSIGNMENT POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (170903)

December 2011
1. Relay R is one of the IDMT phase overcurrent relay of three overcurrent and one earth
fault scheme having normal inverse characteristic. It is connected on 132 kV
transmission line with its normal plug setting range 50200% of 1 A in step of 25%.
The time dial setting (TDS) range of relay R is 0.1 to 1 s in steps of 0.05 s. The CT ratio
is 500/1 A. If load on the 132 kV line is 100 MW with 0.98 power factor then determine
plug setting (PS) of the relay R. Further, if phase-to-phase fault occurs at 50 km from
the relay with a magnitude of 4000 A, determine its time of operation using standard
relay formula. Assume set value of TDS of relay R is 0.5. (7)
2. Explain how thermal overload relay is used for the protection of equipment against
overloading condition. Is it possible to use overcurrent relay in place of overload relay?
Justify your answer. (7)
3. Why are instantaneous overcurrent relays alone not capable to protect transmission
line? Also discuss relative merits and demerits of instantaneous overcurrent relays. (7)
4. Draw a schematic diagram of a phase comparison carrier current protection scheme and
explain the main carrier equipments used in this scheme.
5. Explain the working of carrier aided under reach transfer tripping scheme using timedistance characteristic and control circuit.
6. Explain with schematic diagram the working of circulating current differential
protection scheme for generator. Also discuss various disadvantages of this scheme
with possible remedy.
7. What are the conditions which lead to incipient faults in transformer? What type of
protection is required? Also explain the working of gas operated relay.
8. Explain with three phase diagram the philosophy of biased differential protection
scheme for two winding delta-star transformer. Also discuss how the problems of phase
shift from LV winding to HV winding transformer and tapping in power transformer is
overcome using the above scheme.
9. Explain the need of following protections in an induction motor. (i) Unbalanced
currents (ii) Stalling
December 2012
1. Define the terms Plug Setting Multiplier and Time Multiplier Setting used in context
of an IDMT relay.
An IDMT type overcurrent relay is used to protect a feeder through a 500/1 A CT. The
relay has a plug setting of 125% and TMS=0.3. Find the time of operation of the said
relay if a fault current of 5000 A flows through the feeder. Make use of the following
characteristic:
PSM
Time for TMS=1

2
10

3
6

5
4.5

8
3.2

10
3

15
2.5

2. Explain in detail the time-distance characteristics of three impedance relaying units

4. What are the limitations found in the simple differential protection of a transformer?
How are they overcome?
5. What is magnetizing inrush current? What measures are taken to distinguish between
the fault current and the magnetizing inrush current? Discuss the protective scheme
which protects the transformer against faults but does not operate in case of magnetizing
inrush current.
6. Explain the principle of carrier aided directional comparison relaying for an internal
fault and an external fault.
7. What is meant by loss of excitation in a generator? What protection is used against it?
8. With a neat sketch, discuss the differential scheme for bus-zone protection.
9. What are the effects of single phasing on an induction motor? What protection is used
to detect single phasing

December 2013
1. radial feeder ABC is sectionalized into parts AB and BC. Part AB near the source, has
a relay R2 and part BC at the far end has a relay R1. R1 is set on 125 % and R2 is set
on 150 % plug setting. CT ratios for both the relays is 500/1. For discrimination, a time
gradient margin of 0.5 sec is taken. Determine the time of operation of both the relays
when a fault occurs at the end of the feeder section BC. The fault current is 5000 A.TMS
of R1 is 0.2 Determine TMS of R2. Both the relays follow the characteristics given
below.
PSM
Time for TMS=1

2
10

3.6
6

5
3.9

6.6
3.5

8
3.15

10
2.8

15
2.2

2. Describe the block diagram of equipments used in carrier phase comparison scheme.
3. Explain the method of protecting bus bars using differential relaying. What are the
limitations of this method and to what extent can these be overcome.
4. Give the protection scheme for a large 3 phase induction motor.
5. What is loss of excitation in a generator? What protection is provided for it?
6. Discuss the 3 zone protection of transmission lines using impedance relays explaining
as to how the 1st zone relay is set to avoid over reach and the 2nd zone relay is set to
avoid under reach.
7. What are incipient faults? Discuss the type of protection provided in transformers to
cater to such type of faults.
8. Discuss the method followed to make the differential relays immune to magnetizing
inrush current?
9. What protective scheme is used for the protection of parallel feeders and ring main
system.
10. Explain restricted earth fault protection in an alternator. The neutral point of a three
phase, 20 MVA, 11 kV alternator is earthed through a resistance of 5 _. The relay is set
to operate when there is an out of balance current of 1.5 A. The CTs have a ratio of
1000/5. What percentage of the winding is protected against an earth fault. What should
be the minimum value of the earthing resistance to protect 90 % of the winding.

May 2012
1. Give Relay CT connections for the protection of y/y connected transformer by biased
differential relay.
2. With neat sketch explain harmonic restraint.
3. Explain power line carrier current protection by direction comparison showing
schematic connection dia. of equipments used in it.
4. Explain over fluxing protection of transformer.
5. Discuss the Buchholz relay for the power transformer protection. When it Mal-operates.
6. A generator is delivering 400 Amp. Load current and protected by biased differential
relay with characteristic having 0.1 bias and 0.1 Amp. setting. A high resistance fault
of 16 Amp occur near neutral which is earthed. CTs used are 400/5. I. Will the relay
operate in this condition? II. What will happen to the relay if the breaker is tripped
manually?
7. Discuss any two protections below (i) Negative phase sequence protection (ii) Reverse
power protection of generator (iii)Field failure protection of generator.
8. Discuss the restricted earth fault protection OR Rotor earth fault protection.
9. Discuss Bus Zone protection having coupler breaker between two bus sections. OR
Give the list of large induction motor protections.
May 2013
1. Explain the faults in transformer. Explain the construction and Working Principle of
Buchholz relay.
2. Draw a detailed protection scheme for biased differential Protection of a 11/132-kv ,
150 MVA, DY-1 power transformer. Suggest suitable CT ratios.
3. Explain the need for carrier aided protection of transmission lines. Also explain the
block diagram of a carrier current protection scheme.
4. Explain the negative phase sequence and field failure protection of Generator.
5. Explain the protection of large induction motor.
6. Explain current, time and current-time discrimination methods of protection of
transmission line.
7. Explain the split bus protection and duplicate bus protection scheme.
8. Explain restricted earth fault and zone of protection.
May 2014
1. Restricted earth fault protection is provided to alternators though it does not protect the
complete wiring against earth faults. Justify this type of protection.
2. Discuss why directional over current relays are used at the load end of parallel feeders.
3. Explain briefly the functions of a coupling capacitor, a line trap, transmitter and receiver
in the carrier current protection of a transmission line.
4. Discuss briefly the problems that arise in the application of differential protection of a
power transformer and indicate the solutions employed.
5. Explain the phenomenon of magnetizing inrush current in power transformers.
Describe, with the help of a neat diagram, the method used for preventing tripping of
the differential protection due to inrush of magnetizing current.
6. Explain the basis of setting three step distance relays for the first, second and third zones
of distance measurement.
3

7. Draw the single line diagram of differential bus protection and explain the same. What
are its limitations . How can they be overcome.
8. Explain the transverse differential protection scheme as used for the protection of
generators from inter-turn faults.
May 2015
1. What is carrier aided distance protection? Discuss the permissive over-reach transfer
tripping scheme of protection.
2. Explain stator inter-turn fault protection for generator.
3. Draw a schematic diagram of a phase comparison carrier current protection scheme and
explain the main carrier equipments used in it.
4. Explain restricted earth fault protection for transformer.
5. Discuss the protection employed against loss of excitation of an alternator.
6. What type of protection scheme is employed for the protection of a large power
transformer against short-circuits? With neat sketch discuss its working principle.

By Dr. Deepak Chhaganrao Bhonsle