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Lecture07 PDF

The document provides information about a homework assignment on double integrals. It includes examples of calculating double integrals over different regions, as well as the physics application of double integrals to calculate the probability of finding a quantum particle in a certain region of space. It also provides some additional remarks about quantum mechanics and the Schrodinger equation.

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ss_nainamohammed
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90 views

Lecture07 PDF

The document provides information about a homework assignment on double integrals. It includes examples of calculating double integrals over different regions, as well as the physics application of double integrals to calculate the probability of finding a quantum particle in a certain region of space. It also provides some additional remarks about quantum mechanics and the Schrodinger equation.

Uploaded by

ss_nainamohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7/27/2004 DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Maths21a This is part 1 (of 3) of the weekly


homework. It is due August 3 at the beginning of class.
SUMMARY. dA = dxdy is called area element.

RR

RR

RR

f dA =

f dA =

f dA =

A(R) =

1
A(R)

RR

RR

RbRd
a

f (x, y) dydx is called a double integral over a rectangle R.

R b R g2 (x)
a

g1 (x)

R b R h2 (y)
a

h1 (y)

f (x, y) dydx double integral over a type I region.


f (x, y) dxdy double integral over a type II region.

1 dA is called the area of R.

f dA is called the average value or the mean of f on R.


R

For f > 0, the integral R f dA is the volume of the solid over R bounded below by the
xy-plane and bounded above by the graph of f .

Homework Problems
1) (4 points) Calculate the iterated integral

R4R2
1

(x +

y) dxdy.

Solution:
R

Start with the inner integral 02 (x + y) dx = 2 + 2 y. Integrating this from 1 to 4 gives


46/3 .
2) (4 points) Find the area of the region
R = {(x, y) | 0 x 2, sin(x) 1 y cos(x) + 2}
and use it to compute the average value of f (x, y) = y over that region.
Remark. You will use here the formula for solving

R 2
0

sin2 (x) dx treated in class.

Solution:
R
R
In this problem, it helps to see that 02 cos(x) dx = 0 and 02 cos2 (x) dx = and the
same for sin.
R
R R cos(x)+2
The area is A = 02 sin(x)1 1 dxdy = 02 (cos(x) + 2) (sin(x) 1) dx = 6. The average
value is

R 2 R cos(x)+2
0

sin(x)1

3/(6) = 1/2 .

y dxdy/A =

R 2
0

(cos(x) + 2)2 (sin(x) 1)2 dx/A = (4 1)/(2) =

3) (4 points) Find the volume of the solid lying under the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and above the
rectangle R = [2, 2] [3, 3] = {(x, y) | 2 x 2, 3 y 3 }.
Solution:
WeR have to compute the double integral
of f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 Rover R. The inner integral
R
R
3
2
3
2
(x2 + y 2 ) dydx = 2
(18 + 6x2 ) dx = 104.
is 3 (x2 + y 2 ) dx = 18 + 6y 2 so that 2 3
R R

4) (4 points) Calculate the iterated integral 01 x2x (x2 y) dydx. Sketch the corresponding type
I region. Write this integral as integral over a type II region and compute the integral again.

Solution:
R 1 R 2x 2
(x y) dydx = 5/6. The region is a triangle bound by the lines y = x, the line
0 x
y = 2 x and the y axes. The inner integral is 2 + 2x + 2x2 2x3 .
R R

As a typeR IIR region, the region has to be split 01 0y (x2


y) dxdy + 12 02x (x2 y) dxdy = 1/4 7/12 = 5/6.
5) (4 points) Compute the probability that a quantum particle with energy (k 2 + n2 )
h2 /(2m) =
2
5
h /(2m) is in the region R = [0, /2] [0, /2] = {(x, y) | 0 x /2, 0 y /2 } of the
square box [0, ] [0, ].
Check. The result will involve integrals
A=
as well as
B=

Z Z
0

sin2 (x) sin2 (2y) dxdy

Z /2 Z /2
0

sin2 (x) sin2 (2y) dxdy

In the notes, you find an analogues computation for a different region R and a different energy
level. Identities like 1 2 sin2 (x) = cos(2x) are useful here.
Solution:
The integral A = 2 /4 is the integral of the wave function over the whole box, the integral
B = 2 /16 is the integral over the region R. The result is B/A = 1/4. This result makes
sense due to the symmetry of the wave.

Remarks
(You dont need to read these remarks to do the problems.)
A quantum mechanical particle
confined to a region X in two dimensions is represented by a
RR
function f (t, x, y) satisfying X f 2 (t, x, y) dxdy = 1. For each time t, the probability that the
particle is in some subregion R is the double integral
Z Z

f 2 (t, x, y) dxdy .

According to the classical interpretation of quantum mechanics, particles dont have determined
positions any more, the probabilities are all an experimenter can measure. If a particle is
exposed to an external field F (x, y) = V (x, y), then the evolution of the particle is given by
the equation
i
h
ft (t, x, y) = fxx (x, y) + fyy (x, y) + V (x, y)f (x, y)
m
which is called the Schr
odinger equation. A special case is if there is no force F = V . In
that case, one can assume that V (x, y) = 0. Important are solutions f (x, y) which satisfy the
partial differential equation
fxx (x, y) + fyy (x, y) + V (x, y)f (x, y) = Ef (x, y) ,
h
f (t, x, y) =
where E is a number called the energy. In this case, the evolution of the particle is i
m t
i
ht/m
Ef (t, x, y) which has a solution e
f (0, x, y). It is a mathematical fact that for a bounded
region X, not all energies E are allowed. They come in discrete steps, energies appear quantized. Quantized energies also appear for potentials like V (x, y) = x 2 + y 2 , which is called
the quantum mechanical oscillator or V (x, y) = 21 2 which is called the Coulomb pox +y

tential. All what has been said works also in three dimensions. It is just that f depends
now on three space variables and the double integrals will be replaced by triple integrals. If
V (x, y, z) = 1/|(x, y, z)|, then the mathematics of the solutions to f xx (x, y, z) + fyy (x, y, z) +
fzz (x, y, z) + V (x, y, z)f (x, y) = Ef (x, y) is the story of the hydrogen atom. The possible
energy levels explains to a great deal the build-up of the periodic elements and so the stuff we
are made of.

Challenge Problems
(Solutions to these problems are not turned in with the homework.)
1) Let M be a polygon in the plane where each edge is at a lattice point. Verify that the area
A of the polygon satisfies A = I + B/2 1, where I is the number of lattice points inside the
polygon and B is the number of lattice points at the boundary.
Solution:
2) The integral
this integral.

R1
0

R R arccos(x)
dydx. Calculate
arccos( x) dx can be written as a double integral 01 0

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