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    FM Slide Notes

    Uploaded by

    nhzaidi
    The document discusses frequency modulation including the basics, different types of FM modulators and demodulators such as varactor diode modulators, reactance modulators, and phase modulators. It covers topics like varactor operation, crystal modulators, slope detectors, and quadrature FM detectors. The slides provide information that requires the accompanying slides for full understanding.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    FM Slide Notes

    Uploaded by

    nhzaidi
    27 views20 pages
    The document discusses frequency modulation including the basics, different types of FM modulators and demodulators such as varactor diode modulators, reactance modulators, and phase modulators. It covers topics like varactor operation, crystal modulators, slope detectors, and quadrature FM detectors. The slides provide information that requires the accompanying slides for full understanding.

    Original Description:

    FM Lecture Notes of Najeeb Haider Zaidi courtesy; my teachers

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses frequency modulation including the basics, different types of FM modulators and demodulators such as varactor diode modulators, reactance modulators, and phase modulators. It covers topics like varactor operation, crystal modulators, slope detectors, and quadrature FM detectors. The slides provide information that requires the accompanying slides for full understanding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views20 pages

    FM Slide Notes

    Uploaded by

    nhzaidi
    The document discusses frequency modulation including the basics, different types of FM modulators and demodulators such as varactor diode modulators, reactance modulators, and phase modulators. It covers topics like varactor operation, crystal modulators, slope detectors, and quadrature FM detectors. The slides provide information that requires the accompanying slides for full understanding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation

    Slide 1

    Frequency Modulation
    Basic Theory

    Najeeb Haider Zaidi

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 2

    Frequency Modulators
    Direct, Indirect FM Modulators

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 16

    Basics

    How would you define it?


    Generation of Carrier

    LC Oscillator
    Crystal Oscillator

    How to change the Frequency?

    Varactor Diode

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 17

    FM Modulators

    FM Modulators
    Direct FM Modulators
    Varactor Diode
    Modulators

    Reactance
    Modulator

    Indirect FM
    Modulators
    PM
    Modulators

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 18

    Varactor Operation Variable Capacitance

    Acts like a small Capacitor


    Dielectric
    Conducting Plates
    Do all diodes posse characteristics?
    Varactors are made with a wide range
    of capacitance values, most units having
    a nominal capacitance in the 1- to 200pF range.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 19

    Varactor Diode Modulator Circuit


    Amplifier

    Baseband
    Processing
    DC Coupling Capacitors

    The capacitance of varactor diode D1 and L1 form the parallel tuned circuit of the oscillator.
    The value of C1 is made very large so its reactance is very low.
    C1 connects the tuned circuit to the oscillator and blocks the DC bias on the base of Q1.
    The values of L1 and D1 fix the center carrier frequency.
    The modulating signal varies the effective voltage applied to D1 and its capacitance varies.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 20

    Crystal Modulators
    Crystal Oscillator

    Crystal oscillators provide highly accurate frequencies and their stability is superior to LC
    oscillators.
    The frequency of a crystal oscillator can be varied by changing the value of capacitance in
    series or parallel with the crystal.
    By making the series capacitance a varactor diode, frequency modulation can be achieved.
    The modulating signal is applied to the varactor diode which changes the oscillator frequency.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 21

    Reactance Modulator

    A reactance modulator is a circuit that uses a transistor


    amplifier that acts like either a variable capacitor or an
    inductor.
    Wide Range Frequency deviation
    Highly Linear

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 22

    Reactance Modulator
    Carrier Oscillator

    Class A Amplifier

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 23

    Phase Modulators
    Most modern FM transmitters use some form of phase
    modulation (PM) to produce indirect FM.
    In PM the carrier oscillator can be optimized for
    frequency accuracy and stability.
    Crystal oscillators or crystal-controlled frequency
    synthesizers can be used to set the carrier frequency
    accurately and maintain stability.
    The output of the carrier oscillator is fed to a phase
    modulator where the phase shift is made to vary in
    accordance with the modulating signal.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 24

    Varactor Phase Modulator

    A simple phase-shift circuit can be used as a phase modulator if the resistance or capacitance
    can be made to vary with the modulating signal.
    A varactor can be used to vary capacitance and achieve phase shift modulation.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 25

    Transistor Phase Modulator

    A transistor can be used as a variable resistor to create a phase modulator.


    A standard common emitter class A amplifier biased into the linear region is used in PM.
    The transistor from collector to ground acts like a resistor.
    The transistors resistance forms part of the phase shifting circuit.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 26

    Frequency Demodulators
    Direct Demodulators, Indirect Demodulators

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 27

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 28

    Slope Detector

    The slope detector makes use of a tuned circuit and a diode detector to convert frequency
    variations into voltage variations.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 29

    Pulse Averaging Discriminator

    A pulse-averaging discriminator uses a zero crossing detector, a one shot multivibrator and a
    low-pass filter in order to recover the original modulating signal.
    The pulse-averaging discriminator is a very high-quality frequency demodulator.
    Originally this discriminator was limited to expensive telemetry and industrial control
    applications.
    With availability of low-cost ICs, this discriminator is used in many electronic products.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 30

    Quadrature FM Detector

    The quadrature detector is probably the single most widely used FM demodulator.
    The quadrature detector is primarily used in TV demodulation.
    This detector is used in some FM radio stations.
    The quadrature detector uses a phase-shift circuit to produce a phase shift of 90 degrees at the
    unmodulated carrier frequency.

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 31

    Phase Locked Loop

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 32

    Power of Angle Modulated Signal

    PT PR 2 Pnth SB
    n 1

    Power of the Rest Frequency Component


    Power of nth Significant Sideband

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

    Slide Notes Frequency Modulation


    Slide 33

    References

    Wikipedia: FM Modulation, Modulation Index


    Delmar Learning System: MU-04.pdf
    FM Mathematics: http://cnx.org/content/m15482/latest/
    Electronic Communication Systems by Wayne Tomasi

    Made By Najeeb Haider Zaidi

    Contents cannot be converted fully, so, Use them with the Slides, to understand.

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