Foundation Ive
Foundation Ive
Foundation Ive
SCE5331
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The course introduces civil engineering students the fundamental
concepts of foundation analysis and design. Upon completion of this
course, students should be able to interpret field and laboratory data
to get design properties and able to design and analyze shallow
foundations, retaining walls and pile foundations.
PREREQUISITE:
SCE4231 - Engineering Geology and Soil Mechanics
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
Final Marks = 50% (Assignments + Quiz + Reports) +
50% (Final exam)
ASSIGNMENTS:
REPORTS:
Prepare your Reports in a professional manner and show
discussions and all steps of your experimental processes (using
photos or ?). Prepare the lab report in a logical and clear
manner. All figures, tables and data should be clearly presented
and analyzed in your report.
ATTENDANCE:
Participation in the work of a course is a precondition for a
students achievement of credits in that course.
FOUNDATION DESIGN
The foundation of a structure is in direct contact with the
ground and transmits the load of the structure to the ground.
When designing foundations, two principal criteria must be
satisfied:
Bearing Capacity
There must be an
adequate factor of
safety against
collapse (plastic
yielding in the soil
and catastrophic
settlement or rotation
of the structure).
Settlement
Settlements at
working loads must
not cause damage,
nor adversely affect
the serviceability of
the structure
Other considerations
that may be relevant
to specific soils,
foundation types and
surface conditions.
Foundation Engineering
is an art!
Soil mechanics
Engineering geology
Proper judgment from
past experience
Foundation Types
Mat/Raft
foundation
Spread footings
Concrete footing
Wall footings
Battered Piles
Caissons
10
(Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan, Canada.)
Regina
11
Many communities in
southern Saskatchewan
experience foundation
problems. All these
communities share one
thing in common - they are
built on clay sediments
deposited in ancient glacial
lakes.
12
13
14
15
Transcona ,191331m,23m,
8.8m,1.5m,27 degree38850T
,4m
17
18
19
3200 m high, more than 1 million residents, 500 floors
To reach a far-distance goal by starting here
20
Foundation Design
21
Weight-Volume
Relationships
Relative Density
Atterberg Limits
Standard
Compaction Test
Hydraulic
Conductivity of
Soil
Steady State
Seepage
Effective Stress
Consolidation
Consolidation
Settlement
Shear Strength
Unconfined
Compression Test
22
Weight-Volume Relationships
23
24
Atterberg Limits
25
Ms
r
rd
V 1 w
Proof:
r
M /V
M /V
M
s rd
1 w 1 Mw / Ms Ms Mw
V
Ms
Too dry
Too wet
26
The optimum water content Wopt, which is just right (water being
lubricate and soil having enough air voids) to achieve the maximum
27
dry density rdmax
Effective Stress
Without seepage
With seepage
Quick condition
(failure by heave)
P N
N ' uA
A
'
u
'
uA
29
30
31
vA (hw w z sat )
u w (h z )
hw
u A w (hA z A )
z z A
hA
w[hA (z hw )]
Effective stress at A:
v' v u
v' (hw w z sat ) w (hA z hw )
( sat w )z whA 0
sat w h A h A
icr
w
z
z
sat w ' G s 1
icr
w
w 1 e
icr is the critical hydraulic gradient
32
Consolidation
Pre-loading fill
Sand fill
Water Table
Marine Deposits
Bedrock or soil
33
Consolidation
34
Void ratio-effective stress relationship
e-log relationship
35
Consolidation Settlement
Compression: for each layer Hj (thickness), if mv and are
constant with depth z, then (loading):
scj v H j mv ' H j
Compression: for normally consolidated clay, use Cc for loading:
ei ei 1
Cc
2'
C c
scj v H j
log ' H j
'
'
log(
1 e0
1
i 1
i)
Ce
2'
scj v H j
log ' H j
1 e0
1
36
37
ue
2ue
cv 2
t
z
cv
k
mv w
Free-draining, double drainage
U 50% Tv 0.196
U 90% Tv 0.848
39
k
mv w
cv t
Tv d 2
Tv 2 ; cv
t
d
0.196d
cv
t50
0.848d
cv
t90
40
41
Shear Strength
Direct
shear test
Triaxial tests
CD Tests
CU Tests
UU Tests
Attention to:
Effective stress parameters
Sometimes conducted on
unsaturated soils
44