Dio vs. Japor

TERESITA DIO, petitioner, vs.
SPOUSES VIRGILIO
and LUZ ROCES JAPOR and MARTA
JAPOR, respondents
[G.R. No. 154129. July 8, 2005]
Doctrine: On the main issue, petitioner contends that The Usury Law has
been rendered ineffective by Central Bank Circular No. 905, series of 1982
and accordingly, usury has become legally non-existent in this jurisdiction,
thus, interest rates may accordingly be pegged at such levels or rates as the
lender and the borrower may agree upon. Petitioner avers she has not
violated any law considering she is not engaged in the business of moneylending. Moreover, she claims she has suffered inconveniences and incurred
expenses for some 13 years now as a result of respondents failure to pay
her. Petitioner further points out that the 5% interest rate was proposed by
the respondents and have only themselves to blame if the interests and
penalties ballooned to its present amount due to their willful delay and
default in payment. The appellate court thus erred, petitioner now insists, in
applying Sps. Almeda v. Court of Appeal and Medel v. Court of Appeal to
reduce the interest rate to 12% per annum and the penalty to 1% per month.
Facts: Herein respondents Spouses Virgilio Japor and Luz Roces Japor were
the owners of an 845.5 square-meter residential lot including its
improvements, situated in Barangay Ibabang Mayao, Lucena City, as shown
by Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) No. T-39514. Adjacent to the Japors lot
is another lot owned by respondent Marta Japor, which consisted of 325.5
square meters and titled under TCT No. T-15018.
On August 23, 1982, the respondents obtained a loan of P90,000 from
the Quezon Development Bank (QDB), and as security therefor, they
mortgaged the lots covered by TCT Nos. T-39514 and T-15018 to QDB, as
evidenced by a Deed of Real Estate Mortgage duly executed by and between
the respondents and QDB.
On December 6, 1983, respondents and QDB amended the Deed of Real
Estate Mortgage increasing respondents loan to P128,000.
The respondents failed to pay their aforesaid loans. However, before the
bank could foreclose on the mortgage, respondents, thru their broker, one
Lucia G. Orian, offered to mortgage their properties to petitioner Teresita
Dio. Petitioner prepared a Deed of Real Estate Mortgage, whereby

respondents mortgaged anew the two properties already mortgaged with
QDB to secure the timely payment of aP350,000 loan that respondents had
from petitioner Dio. The Deed of Real Estate Mortgage, though dated January
1989, was actually executed on February 13, 1989 and notarized on February
17, 1989.
Under the terms of the deed, respondents agreed to pay the petitioner
interest at the rate of five percent (5%) a month, within a period of two
months or until April 14, 1989. In the event of default, an additional interest
equivalent to five percent (5%) of the amount then due, for every month of
delay, would be charged on them.
The respondents failed to settle their obligation to petitioner on April 14,
1989, the agreed deadline for settlement.
On August 27, 1991, petitioner made written demands upon the
respondents to pay their debt.
Despite repeated demands, respondents did not pay, hence petitioner
applied for extrajudicial foreclosure of the mortgage. The auction of the
unredeemed properties was set for February 26, 1992.
Issue: Whether or not the stipulated interest and penalty are excessive,
iniquitous, uncoscionable, exorbitant and contrary to morals.
Held: In the instant case, the Court of Appeals found that the 5% interest
rate per month and 5% penalty rate per month for every month of default or
delay is in reality interest rate at 120% per annum. This Court has held that a
stipulated interest rate of 5.5% per month or 66%per annum is void for being
iniquitous or unconscionable. We have likewise ruled that an interest rate of
6% per month or 72% per annum is outrageous and inordinate. Conformably
to these precedent cases, a combined interest and penalty rate at 10% per
month or 120%per annum, should be deemed iniquitous, unconscionable,
and inordinate. Hence, we sustain the appellate court when it found the
interest and penalty rates in the Deed of Real Estate Mortgage in the present
case excessive, hence legally impermissible. Reduction is legally called for

now in rates of interest and penalty stated in the mortgage contract.
The evidence shows that it was indeed the respondents who proposed the
5% interest rate per month for two (2) months. Having agreed to said rate,
the parties are now estopped from claiming otherwise. For the succeeding
period after the two months, however, the Court of Appeals correctly reduced
the interest rate to 12% per annum and the penalty rate to 1% per month, in
accordance with Article 2227 of the Civil Code.

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TERESITA DIO, petitioner, vs.

Dio. Petitioner prepared a Deed of Real Estate Mortgage, whereby

case excessive, hence legally impermissible. Reduction is legally called for

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