Utility Communications

Power Line Carrier Communication

Design and Engineering

An existing PLC network represents a considerable

investment made over many years

In spite of the growing significance of digital communication

systems especially those employing optical fiber links for
which ABB produces a comprehensive line of equipment
PLC still remains in many cases the most cost-effective solution to cover the operational needs of a power system. This
applies particularly when only low volumes of data have to be
transmitted over long distances.
An existing PLC network represents a considerable investment made over many years, and for reasons of cost and
system operation it is seldom possible to replace it by a digital
system in a short space of time. More often than not, an existing PLC network is expanded rather than contracted and in
such cases, frequency allocation has to be planned carefully
because of the shortage of channels.

2 | Power Line Carrier Communication Design and Engineering

In other instances, a PLC channel is installed as a backup to

increase the availability of important new digital channels.
Over decades of successful involvement in the PLC and transfer tripping (teleprotection) field, ABB has not only proved
its high technical standard and competence by keeping at
the forefront of the development and application of the latest
technologies in communication and protection equipment, but
has also built-up a formidable capability in systems and applications engineering.

Providing all-inclusive system solutions

ABB does not see itself just as a manufacturer of products
used for transmitting information between the stations of an
electrical power system, it is conscious of a responsibility to
provide all-inclusive system solutions for its customers and in
close cooperation with them. In the PLC and transfer tripping (teleprotection) fields, ABB has the knowledge and the
resources to give its customers every conceivable support in
the search for the best possible solutions regardless of how
complex their problems may appear.
Long years of experience in communications engineering
and close links to the divisions responsible for power system
protection and control have put ABB communications in the
position of being able to propose an optimum total solution
for the most diverse user problems.

ABB is one of the leading suppliers of PLC systems,

because it fulfills the following essential requirements:
Understanding the customers problem
Detailed knowledge of the processes which depend on reliable means of communication, i.e. power system control,
station control and protection.
A full range of products
PLC equipment, coupling devices, line traps, transfer tripping devices (teleprotection equipment), data modems and
telephone exchange equipment.
Engineering know-how
ABB has acquired invaluable engineering expertise as a
result of many years of experience in the field.
Computer-based project management
Application of computerized tools for project design, engineering and processing.

Power Line Carrier Communication Design and Engineering | 3

The heart of the system is a data model of the users specific

problem and requirements

Computer-based project management

An integrated data processing system supports our sales and
system engineers at every stage of processing a customers
order. This system comprises subroutines for preparing tenders, system design, system engineering, contract administration, production, assembly, testing, shipping and accounting. The heart of the system is a data model of the users
specific problem and requirements.
The application of electronic data processing techniques enables the entire operation of processing a customer contract to
be rationalized. The resulting benefits for the customer are:
Tender preparation
Efficient preparation of coherent, readily understandable
specifications. This facilitates realistic planning of materials
and resources and the shortest possible delivery in the
event of an order.
Contract processing
Fast translation of the tender into a correctly tabulated order. System design and engineering takes place according
to standard rules based on expert systems. The modular
design of equipment and systems and the modular structure of software tools for CAD and data base management
enable the manufacturing documents and the users documentation to be produced automatically.

Calculation of the attenuation

of any network structure and topology while taking into
account inhomogeneities such as transposition, radial lines,
and mixed cable and overhead line power systems.
Determination of the influence
of HV line faults on signal attenuation which is one of the
most important aspects influencing the propagation of
teleprotection signals.
Determination of the optimum coupling
to minimize signal attenuation in normal operation and the
additional attenuation due to an HV fault.
Resolution of matching problems
Proposal of alternative solutions to overcome inhomogeneous transmission paths.
Frequency planning
Determination of alternatives to make the best use of the
available frequency spectrum.
Performance calculations
Derivation of the signal-to-noise ratio from the calculated
values for line noise and signal attenuation.
Performance/cost optimization of communication networks.
Recording, maintenance and management of PLC network
data.

Design of PLC networks

For performing the diverse design and engineering tasks
associated with the technical processing of a contract, the
systems engineers have at their disposal a powerful expert
system. One of the main parts of this system is a program for
analysing the suitability of the HV lines for transmitting PLC
signals. The program calculates the attenuation and performance of complex topologies and heterogeneous structures
for different sets of boundary conditions. Another important
function is that of the data base for systematically storing and
maintaining the various PLC networks.
These data form the basis for engineering additions and
modifications of communication networks. In both cases, the
data base is immediately updated so that consistent, currently valid information is always available for further modifications
and system studies.
The following are some typical systems engineering problems
which illustrate the advantages of computer-based engineering tools:

4 | Power Line Carrier Communication Design and Engineering

Design example
The calculation of the parameters determining the performance of a PLC link is explained below for the example of a
transposed 500 kV line (see Fig. 1) in the Peoples Republic
of China (the line data must be complete and as accurate as
possible in order to reliably calculate the transmission characteristics).
The basic data of the HV line are given in Table 1 and include
the number and length of the individual sections, the ID numbers for assigning the conductor pattern (geometry), type of
mast, number and type of transposition, specific resistance of
the ground path, etc.
Table 2 gives the detailed specification for a particular conductor geometry. In the example of the above line, the data
for 4 different line geometries would have to be specified. The
data include the line dimensions and the precise specification
of the phase conductors and the ground wires. The parameter
thickness of ice layer takes account of the attenuation of the
signal caused by ice on the conductors.

View from station A towards station B *)

Name of station A
: ZHAOJUE
Name of station B
: HONGGOU
Nominal line voltage (kV) : Circuit 1: 500 2: ... 3: ... 4: ...
Section Nr.

Section length (km)

Geometry No. 1
Type of tower configuration

46.0 91.0 91.0

1

4
3.0
1

19.0 17.5
2

View from station A towards station B *)

7
6.5
4

H11 H11 H11 H11 H11 H11 H11

Specification of groundwire conductors

Groundwire No.1

Groundwire No. 2

GJ-70A

GJ-70A

11.0

11.0

Conductor designation
Conductor diameter D0 (mm)
Number of outer strands

12

12

Kind of section termination

TR

TR

TR

NG

NG

NG

CE

Diameter of outer strands D1 (mm)

2.2

2.2

Average ground resistivity (m)

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Material of conductors

ST

ST

Average altitude above sea level (m) 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Thickness of ice layer TI (mm)

7.5

7.5

Designation of phase conductor 1

Horizontal displacement (m)

-12.2

-12.2

Designation of phase conductor 2

Suspension height (m)

37.0

37.0

Designation of phase conductor 3

14.0

14.0

Maximum sag (m)

Designation of phase conductor 4

Specification of phase conductors

Designation of phase conductor 5

Conductor designation

Designation of phase conductor 6

Circuit 1 Circuit 2 Circuit 3 Circuit 4

LgJ400/50

Number of conductors in the bundle

Designation of phase conductor 9

Conductor distance within the bundle

D (cm)

45.0

Designation of phase conductor 10

Conductor diameter D0 (mm)

27.6

Designation of phase conductor 11

Number of outer strands

Designation of phase conductor 12

Diameter of outer strands D1 (mm)

Designation of groundwire 1

Material of conductors

Designation of groundwire 2

Thickness of ice layer TI (mm)

Table 1: Basic data of high voltage line data

Horizontal displacement (m)

of conductor No.

1: 14.0

4:

7:

10

*)

Horizontal displacement (m)

of conductor No.

2 : 0.0

5:

8:

11:

Horizontal displacement (m)

of conductor No.

3: 14.0

6:

9:

12:

Suspension height (m) of conductor No.

1 :27.0

4:

7:

10:

Suspension height (m) of conductor No.

2: 27.0

5:

8:

11:

Suspension height (m) of conductor No.

3: 27.0

6:

9:

12:

Designation of phase conductor 8

Tables 1 and 2 are taken from a questionnaire which we prepared to help our
partners collect the line data needed.

Maximum sag (m)

24
3.1
ACSR
7.5

17.5

Table 2: Geometry 1, conductor specification and co-ordinates

Line length 274 km

C

A -1

+1 B

B +1

-1 A

C
Zhaojue

Honggou

Fig. 1: 500 kV line transposed three times. PLC coupling: phase-to-phase A-B / A-B.

Power Line Carrier Communication Design and Engineering | 5

The result of the HV line parameter calculation allow optimum

coupling and best performance of the PLC links

500 kVAC single-circuit horizontal line

500 kVAC single-circuit horizontal line

500 kVAC single-circuit horizontal line

ZHAOJUE to HONGGOU
ZHAOJUE to HONGGOU

50
[dB]
40

20
[dB]
15

without ice

30

274 km

0
5

50

100

150

200

250

300 [kHz]

a) Line attenuation in normal condition (coax-to-coax)

Coupling arrangement: B -A / A -B
Ground resistivities:
100/100/100/100/
100/100/100 m

20
[dB]
15

0
0

20

40

60

80

Phase-to-ground fault on phase B

100 %
274 km

10

50
[dB]
40

5
0
5

HONGGOU

30

ZHAOJUE

20

20
[dB]
15

10
0

Phase-to-ground fault on phase C

10
0

10

with specied ice condition

20

ZHAOJUE to HONGGOU
Additional attenuation in fault condition at 92 kHz
Attenuation
in norm.
condition
(coax-to-coax):
37.1
Additional
attenuation
in fault
condition at 92
kHzdB
Attenuation in norm. condition (coax-to-coax): 37.1 dB

50

100

150

200

250

300 [kHz]

0
0

20

40

60

80

Phase-to-ground fault on phase A

100 %
274 km

10
5

b) Corona noise level in adverse weather condition

Measured in 4 kHz bandwidth at coax-terminal
for nominal line-voltage

0
5

20

40

60

80

100 %

Fig. 2: a) Line attenuation and b) corona noise level as a function of

frequency

Fig. 3: Additional attenuation for a phase-to-ground fault in relation to

fault location

Figure 2a shows the line attenuation in relation to frequency

for the prescribed method of coupling and a specific ground
resistivity of 100 m. The influence of conductor icing on
signal attenuation can be clearly seen (curves 1 and 2).

the phase concerned in Fig. 3. The considerable influence of

fault location is clearly visible. The magnitude of the additional
attenuation was limited to a maximum of 8 dB by choosing a
system with coupling onto two phase conductors. This value
would have been significantly exceeded for a ground fault
close to the end of the line if a single-phase coupling had
been employed.

The corona noise level as a function of frequency calculated

for a bandwidth of 4 kHz and applicable for poor weather
conditions is given in Fig. 2b. The small difference between
the noise levels at the two ends of the line (curves 1 and 2) is
due to the slight asymmetry of the transmission path.
The additional attenuation resulting from a ground fault for a
frequency of 92 kHz is shown in relation to fault location and

6 | Power Line Carrier Communication Design and Engineering

The full power of the transmitter is made available for a short

time while a teleprotection signal is being transmitted (signal
boosting). This ensures that the signal is reliably received at
the remote end in spite of the increased attenuation of the
line.

PLC link no. ...: 92 + 4 kHz HONGGOU to ZHAOJUE

PLC link no. ...: 92 + 4 kHz HONGGOU to ZHAOJUE

Advantages of an ABB PLC system solution:

Loading of channel 1
Speech 300 -2000 Hz + Teleprotection
300

900

1500

Data

2100

Pilot

2700

3300

3900

Line
AdverseConducCon- Line
Adverse
fault
weathertor
+ icing
ductor +fault
weather

Channel performance

Channel performance

icing
39.7

Testtone level at Tx coax-terminal

dBm

39.7

39.7

39.7

Line attenuation (coupling loss included)

dB

25.8

37.7

45.7

Testtone level
Testtone
level at
at Rx
Rx coax-terminal
coax-terminal

dBm
dBm 13.913.9

2.0 2.0

-6.0
6.0

Testtone level at Tx coax-terminal

Line attenuation (coupling loss included)

dBm
dB

39.7
25.8

37.7

39.7
45.7

Corona noise
Corona
noise level
level at
at Rx
Rx coax-terminal
coax-terminal

dBm
22.0
22.0 -22.0
dBm -22.0
22.0 -22.0

Burning
arc noise
noise level
level at
at Rx
Rx coax-terminal
coax-terminal
Burning arc

dBm
dBm

S/N ratio speech channel without compander

dB

S/N ratio speech channel without compander

dB

S/N ratio data channels

dB

S/N ratio
ratio ETL
Teleprotection
S/N
pilot channel

dBdB

S/N ratio data channels

S/N ratio teleprotection

S/N ratio PLC pilot channel

39.3

dB

38.9

27.0

- 43.9

dB

43.9

15.0
-15.0

27.5

27.5

38.9

dB

39.3

27.0

- 32.0
32.0

15.2

15.2
-

PLC link no. ...: 88 + 4 kHz ZHAOJUE to HONGGOU

PLC link no. ...: 88 + 4 kHz ZHAOJUE to HONGGOU
Loading of channel 1
Speech 300 -2000 Hz + Teleprotection
300

900

1500

Data

2100

Channel performance

Channel performance

Testtone level at Tx coax-terminal

Testtone level at Tx coax-terminal

Line attenuation (coupling loss included)

Line attenuation (coupling loss included)

Pilot

2700

3300

3900

Line
AdverseConducCon- Line
Adverse
fault
weathertor
+ ductor
weather
icing +fault
icing
dBm
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.7
39.7
dBm
39.7
dB

dB

25.4

25.4

36.5

44.5

36.5

44.5

Testtone level
level at
Testtone
at Rx
Rx coax-terminal
coax-terminal

dBm
dBm 14.3
14.3

3.23.2

-4.8
4.8

Corona noise level

Corona
level at
at Rx
Rx coax-terminal
coax-terminal

dBm
dBm -20.6
20.6

Burning
noise level
level at
at Rx
Rx coax-terminal
coax-terminal
Burning arc noise

dBm
dBm

S/N
channel without
withoutcompander
compander dBdB
S/N ratio
ratio speech
speech channel
dB
S/N
ratio data channels
S/N ratio data channels
dB
S/N ratio teleprotection

dB

-20.6
20.6

-20.6
20.6

15.0
-15.0

38.4
38.4

27.3
27.3

38.0

38.0

S/N ratio Teleprotection

dB

S/N ratio PLC pilot channel

dB

43.0

S/N ratio ETL pilot channel

dB

43.0

26.9

26.9
-

31.9

31.9

All-inclusive system solutions

Long years of experience in the development of optimized
systems, products and services for the management, automation, control and protection of power networks allow
ABB to deliver all-inclusive system solutions for its customers.
Understanding customers needs
As a result of the detailed knowledge of the processes
for power system control, station control and protection,
ABB is able to provide solutions even for the most diverse
customer problems.
A full range of products
ABB offers a complete range of products, such as PLC
equipment, coupling devices, line traps, transfer tripping
devices (teleprotection equipment), data modems and telephone exchange equipment.
Engineering know-how
The invaluable engineering expertise that ABB has acquired
over many years of experience in the field guarantees every
conceivable support in the search for the best possible
customer solutions.
Computer-based project management
An integrated data processing system supports our sales
and system engineers in the preparation of tenders, system
design, system engineering, contract administration, production, assembly, testing, shipping and accounting.

16.2

16.2

Tables 3 and 4: Resulting signal-to-noise ratios for 88 and 92 kHz PLC

channels

The two tables 3 and 4 give the performance data for the 88
and 92 kHz channels. The signal-to-noise ratios calculated
include the transmitter power, the actual channel load, the line
attenuation determined previously and the line noise level at
the receiver input. It can be seen that with the degree of icing
assumed, the signal-to-noise ratio is about 11 to 12 dB worse
than the bad weather case without icing. A signal-to-noise
ratio appreciably higher than 45 dB can be expected in good
weather conditions. The signal-to-noise ratio of >15 dB during
a fault, which takes the additional attenuation and the noise
level of the fully ionized arc into account, is more than adequate to ensure reliable reception of a transfer tripping signal
(teleprotection).

Power Line Carrier Communication Design and Engineering | 7

Americas
ABB Ltda
Av. Monteiro Lobato, 3411
07190-904 - Guarulhos - SP
Brazil
Phone: +55 11 2464 8188
or:
+0800 014 9111 (Call Center)
Fax:
+55 11 2464 8361

IMEA
ABB Automation Co.Ltd.
P.O.Box 441,
Riyadh 11383
Saudi Arabia
Phone: +966 1 265 3030
or:
+966 1 265 2112
E-Mail: [email protected]

ABB Inc.
Utility Communications
3450 Harvester Road
Burlington, Ontario L7N3W5
Canada
Phone: +1 800 263 9110 (Toll free)
or:
+1 905 639 8840
Fax:
+1 905 333 7565

ABB LLC Oman

218 Hatat House
P.O. Bos 778, Postal Code 131
Al-Hamriya, Sultanate of Oman
Phone: +968 24 567 410
or:
+968 24 567 961
Fax:
+968 24 567 406
E-Mail: [email protected]

ABB SA
Power Systems
Jos I - Rucci 1051
B1822CJU - Valentin Alsina
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Phone: +54 11 4229 5500 (Switchboard)
Fax:
+54 11 4229 5819 (Power System)

ABB Industries LLC

Utility Communications Systems
9th Floor, Concord Tower, Media City
P.O Box 11070
Dubai, U.A.E
Phone: +971 4 4241900
Fax:
+971 4 438046

Europe
ABB SpA
Power Systems Division
Via L. Lama 33
20099 Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Italia
Phone : +39 02 2414.3869
or:
+39 02 2414.3855
Fax:
+39 02 2414.3916
E-Mail: [email protected]

ABB South Africa (Pty) Ltd

Power System, Utility Communications
No 2 Lake Road,
Longmeadow Business Estate (North)
Modderfontein, Gauteng, South Africa, 1610
Phone: +27 10 202 6995
or:
+27 10 202 5000 (Switchboard)
E-Mail: [email protected]

ABB Russia Ltd

Power Systems Division
Utility Communication Systems Department
2nd Kabelnaya St., 2,
111024 Moscow, Russian Federation
Phone: +7 495 956 62 77
Fax:
+7 495 956 62 76
E-Mail: [email protected]
ABB Switzerland Ltd
Power Systems
Brown Boveri Strasse 6
5400 Baden, Switzerland
Phone: +41 58 589 37 35
or:
+41 844 845 845 (Call Center)
Fax:
+41 58 585 16 88
E-Mail: [email protected]
ABB Limited
Oulton Road, Stone
Staffordshire
ST15 0RS
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1785 825050
Fax:
+44 1785 819019
E-Mail: [email protected]

ABB Limited
22-A, Shah Industrial Estate,
Off Veera Desai Road,
Andheri (West),
Mumbai 400 053, India
Phone: +91 22 6671 7272
Fax:
+91 22 2673 0842
Asia
ABB Engineering (Shanghai) Ltd.
Power Systems
No. 5, Lane 369, Chuangye Road,
Kangqiao Town, Pudong District,
Shanghai, 201319, P.R. China
Phone: +86 21 61056666
Fax:
+86 21 61056677
www.abb.com/utilitycommunications

1KHA - 000 547 - SEN 1000 - 03.11 - Printed in Switzerland

ABB Switzerland Ltd, March 2011. The right to modifications or deviations due to technical progress is reserved.

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