VoIP in Air Traffic Management
4th of December 2009
Maarten van der Lee
Product Manager ATM Civil
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 1
ATC Networks are the application area for
VoIP in ATM
VoIP in ATM: Where will it be applied?
A/G & G/G Communication:
Links between different ACC, Approach & Tower sites
Links between Controller and Radio equipment.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 2
Agenda
VoIP introduction
Specifics of VoIP and Air Traffic Management
Migration of Networks
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 3
Introduction
VoIP means Voice over Internet Protocol . Aim of VoIP is to transmit
audio data (especially voice) via IP packets.
The VoIP network tries to combine the technology of the voice
networks (PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network ) with the data
networks (IP, Internet Protocol).
This combination can be compared with the marriage of two very
different personalities, with the hope, that a kind of synergy will result
from this union.
As you may already know by experience, to keep this alliance
successful, it is essential to know the qualities and weak points of
each person
The same rule applies for the marriage between voice and data.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 4
Concept of connection oriented networks
Usually voice networks (e.g. PSTN) are classified in the category
of connection oriented networks.
A channel is established between the source and the destination
-
By picking up the receiver the network gets the information that the user
wants to use the telephone service.
The network sends a (free) tone and the user dials the telephone number.
When the destination pickups the receiver a point to point channel is
allocated via the different switches used to establish the required path.
When both correspondents have hung up the communication is terminated,
the used network resources are released and can be allocated for another
communication
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 5
Concept of connectionless networks
In contrast to the voice networks, data networks (e.g. IP) are usually
classified in the category of connectionless networks
In a data packet is included the source and destination address. This
packet is sent into the network to be delivered to the destination address.
The connectionless network can be compared to a postal transfer (the
letter representing the data packet):
-
The letter is put in a mailbox, and if everything works well, the letter will reach its
destination
It is not predictable which exact path the letter will take to reach the destination.
Depending of the used path, the delivery time can vary considerably.
It is as well possible, that the letter may be lost or may be sent to a wrong address. As
result the letter may never reach the final destination, or with a significant delay.
For this reason connectionless networks are described as best effort or
non reliable networks.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 6
Why use VoIP ?
Use IP for transfer of voice and data on a common unique
network. This enables to reduce the costs, to increase the (audio)
quality, and standard Internet equipment can be used:
-
Routers
Switches
A quick adaptation is possible in case of failure of a router
Resources are not blocked unnecessary
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 7
Weak points of the IP protocol
Designed for a best-effort delivery concept
IP is considered as a non reliable protocol. Following topics are
not treated by IP:
- the data corruption: there is no error detection available (function
which is handled by the transport layer)
- the transmission delay
- the path used by the datagram.
- the incoming order of the datagram (the packets are not
sequenced): a datagram A sent before a datagram B may arrive
later at the destination that B.
- the loss or destruction of datagram.
- the reemission of datagram in case of non reception.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 8
Requirements for VoIP I
The quality of the transferred data is affected by following parameters: by
the flow rate (downloading or broadcasting video signals), by the delay
(for interactive actions or the telephony), the availability (access to a
shared service) or by the packets loss rate (critical by downloads)
For VoIP the most important thing is the delivery on time of the
packets.
Reliable transport methods arent mandatory for the VoIP, and may even
deteriorate the quality of the signal. For the VoIP it may be better just to
handle losses, errors and/or congestions rather than trying to prevent
them.
In case of loss of a TCP segment, TCP (which guarantees that the
segments are received in the right order) will first resend the lost segment
before sending the next one. This leads to a delay, which will increase by
further losses.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 9
Requirements for VoIP II
TCP
Reliable delivery
UDP
Delivery on time
Voice transmission
- Can be done only with UDP.
- Requires a higher layer protocol which compensates the weak points
of UDP, especially the sequence numbering of the packets
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 10
Protocols used in VoIP
Media (Voice):
Real time Protocol (RTP) -> UDP based
Signalling:
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) -> TCP based
Example of the SIP signalling of
a successful VoIP call setup
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 11
Some thoughts around VoIP Network design
Performance Parameters for Network Quality
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 12
Performance parameter for VoIP
Following parameters have a strong influence on the psychoacoustical quality of a VoIP communication:
Loss of packets
Delay (latency)
Jitter (temporary delay variation)
Echo
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 13
Loss of packets
Packets may be lost due to
-
Corrupted packets (due to a transmission error) which are removed by the
network equipment (no error correction on the IP layer).
Removed packets by the network equipment due to congestions (buffer full)
The impacts of packets lost is minimised if:
-
The loss is randomly distributed over the time.
Short packets are sent (short voice samples ~10ms).
The lost packets are replaced or rebuild (no complete silence)
The maximum acceptable loss rate
depends on the requirements given to the
comprehension of the voice
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 14
Delays I
Delays (static and variable) are generated over all the
transportation path :
-
At the sender the static delays are generated by:
- Packetizing (size of the audio samples influence delay).
- Eventually compression (usually time intensive algorithms).
In the network the variable delays are generated by :
- Waiting buffers in the routers.
- The path used by the packets (number of intermediate routers)
- Transmission time (usually negligible)
At the receiver the static delays are generated by :
- The size of the jitter buffer
- Eventually decompression.
ITU considers that a delay of :
0-150ms corresponds to a good quality communication
150-400ms corresponds to an acceptable quality communication
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 15
Delays II
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 16
Influence of audio sample size I
Too short audio sample (~5ms):
-
Requires more bandwidth (a header with constant size is added to each
packet), therefore the risk of congestion increases.
Low packetizing delay.
Too long audio sample (>30ms):
-
Less bandwidth required
High packetizing delay.
In case of packet loss, more information get lost.
A compromise has to be found between delay and used
bandwidth.
According to the Services (Phone, Radio), audio sample size is
usually 10, 20 or 30ms.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 17
Influence of audio sample size II
L2
Ethernet
38 Byte
L3
IP (v4)
16 Byte
L4
UDP
8 Byte
L4+
RTP
12 Byte
L4+
RTP Ext.
Header
4 Byte
Total
78 Byte
Header size (bytes) vs layer
function
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 18
Jitter buffer
Packets
Too small size
of Jitter Buffer
Generated
Packets
Correct size of
Jitter Buffer
Loss
Received
Packets
Playout
Scheduled
Delay K-R
Playout
Scheduled
Delay K-R
Time
Jitter Buffer Size
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 19
Delay introduced by the network What to do?
The network quality and the correct routing of the
packets to their destination are the key requirements:
- The bandwidth must be wide enough, that even in case of high
traffic the congestion risks are minimized
- The delay should be minimized as low and possible, but most
of all keep them as constant as possible
The network must therefore offer a quality of service
(QoS) able to handle better the available bandwidth
and the waiting times.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 20
Quality of Service (QoS) - Principles
Two main category decisions:
- Classification of the traffic in different classes (CoS):
- Kind of data to be transferred ?
- What are the different data classes?
- Management of the different traffic classes :
- How shall the classes be treated?
- E.g.: different priorities, packets may be removed,
The classification is usually done by the routers at the end
points of the network, but may as well be done by the
terminals (e.g. VCX-IP).
The management of the different classes is usually done by
the central network routers.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 21
VoIP - Influences on Audio Quality
Data
corruption
Packet
loss
Impedance matching
Echo cancelling
Echo
UDP
Network
Congestion
Used
bandwidth
Audio sample size
Data compression
Audio
Quality
Delay
Packet loss
detection
Routing
Jitter
QoS
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Jitter Buffer
RTP
Order of arrival
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 22
Agenda
VoIP introduction
Specifics of VoIP and Air Traffic Management
Migration of Networks
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 23
VoIP from Hype to Health
Confidence Level Use IP technology where it brings
benefits for the customer/ user
(FREQUENTIS IP/TDM Hybrid approach):
- Reduction of operational network costs
- Structured link to working position
- Service-oriented architecture for easier
application integration
- Facilitate interoperability of systems
- Easier maintenance of infrastructure
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 24
Advantages of IP Networking in ATM
Lower OPEX for telecommunication lines:
-
TDM circuits are charged based on circuits (calls), and charging occurs
whether the circuit is used or not
IP communication is charged based on used bandwidth and actual data
volume transferred, allowing for a dramatic reduction in telecommunication
costs
Future Proof:
-
The communication industry is moving towards IP communication
backbones, this will have impact on the availability and pricing of TDM and
analogue links
The standards are now finalised:
-
EuroCAE Working Group 67: VoIP in ATM, Released February 2009
The ICAO WGI (Internet) is proposing to reference to the EUROCAE EDs as
part of the future publication of ICAO standards for VoIP in aeronautical
communication.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 25
Eurocae WG 67 VoIP in ATM
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 26
EC WG 67 - Deliverables
ED-136: Voice over IP ATM System operational and technical
requirements
-
to define and develop VoIP ATM System operational and technical
requirements
ED-137 Interoperability Standards for VoIP ATM components
-
to define first, IP standards to fulfill operational and technical requirements,
secondly to develop IP interfaces between IP components as defined in
Vienna Agreement
ED-138 Network requirements and performances for VoIP ATM
Systems
-
to define and develop network requirements and performances to fulfill QoS
required to interconnect IP components
ED-139 Qualification tests for VoIP ATM Components and
Systems
-
to define and develop validation requirements for VoIP ATM System and components
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 27
Eurocae WG 67 Specification domains
ED 137-2
Telephone
ED 137-1
Radio
ED 138
Networking
ED 137-3
Recording
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 28
Safety critical communication & IP Networks
Pros:
Network availability: IP networking provides inherent routing capabilities,
and is therefore less vulnerable to network link outages
Business Resumption / Contingency: Planning and execution of
resumption scenarios become more flexible and easier to accomplish by
automatic re-routing and reconfiguring of network configurations
Cons and inhibitors
Capacity and bandwidth planning: IP Voice communication is no longer
planned according to number of voice channels, but according to
Bandwidth and latency requirements
QoS and priority handling: Mixing safety critical and administrative
communication must be planned carefully as the network itself does not
guarantee latency and packet-loss (especially in congestion scenarios)
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 29
Agenda
VoIP introduction
Specifics of VoIP and Air Traffic Management
Migration of Networks
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 30
VCX-IP Product
Frequentis VCX-IP system provides a gateway
between analogue, digital & legacy data interfaces
(MFC, Radio) and the IP network
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 31
VCX-IP Gateway connectivity
Tunneling or
EUROCAE WG67
IP Domain
VCXIP Gateways
Legacy
protocols
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 32
Migration Scenario with mixed IP and E1 WAN
connectivity for radio networking
Radio Site with
shared access
ACC
VCX-IP
IP-VCS
Analogue Radio Site
VCS
VCX-IP
IP Radio Site with
shared access
Digital or
analogue
connection
VCX-IP
The radio network is migrated to an IP based WAN
using VCX-IP Gateways.
VCX Networking is used in a mixed E1/IP WAN
environment.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 33
Climax (offset) Radio OperationFREQUENTIS automatic delay compensation
VCX
VCX
Delay=3
Delay=2
VCX
Delay=1
VCX
VCS
Transmission of audio should be synchronized: VCX will compensate for
the largest delay (delay 3), by adding additional delay to site 1 and site 3.
Network jitter is automatically compensated for by continuous
measurement of network delay.
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 34
Conclusion - Mature technology for safety
critical use
VoIP mainstream technology is well accepted and used in wide
area telecommunication networks
Standardisation for use of VoIP in ATM is finalised
First deployments are being rolled out now
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 35
Architecture of the IP based RENAR network
Frequentis supplies the VCX IP Gateway components (iRIF and VCX IP Gateway)
to connect the analogue radio and telephony services to the IP backbone
The change of the backbone technology shall have no impact on the controller in
the ACC or tower, and changes to the existing communications infrastructure
(VCS, Radio) are minimal
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 36
Questions ?
FREQUENTIS 2009
File: VoIP in ATM_ACAC
Date: 04-12-09
Author: MVA
Rev.1
Page: 37
