ENGLISH GRAMMAR

ADJECTIVE

Muhammad Syaiful Huda Prakoso

(1401305059)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND

CULTURES UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
BALI - INDONESIA

Adjective

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INTRODUCTION

As far as we know, English is the most used language in the world, so its important to
concentrate our knowledge about Grammar of English. English as the international language
has important role in our lives because the language has become an obligation to be studied
by any element of society, beginning from the student to layman. Almost in every aspect of
association, English is always being used either in an oral form or in a written form.
According to that subject matter, English is necessary to be studied by all element of
society, consequently we as the student of Udayana University who act as the intellectual
person must give contribution to the society in general by giving a nice precept about one of
the many parts in the matter of English Grammar.
So in this moment I want to explain anything what I was studied before. So in this
paper I would like to explain anything about Adjective, the main function of Adjective is
gives the reader about a sketch of the Adjectives which has been used in the modern English
speaking world.
And the last, I want to say sorry if my Paper had a lot of mistakes there, because I still
improve my English Grammar , so with this duty I hope I can Improve it better.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover.............................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction................................................................................................................... 2
Table Of Contents.......................................................................................................... 3
Description about Adjectives......................................................................................... 4
Adjectives Forms............................................................................................................ 9
Examples of Adjectives................................................................................................. 13
Conclussion.................................................................................................................... 14
Sample Data (The Story of An Hour)............................................................................. 15
Refrences........................................................................................................................ 18

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DESCRIPTIONS

A. Meaning
Adjectives describe the information about nouns or pronouns, the function of
adjectives are describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.
Ex: - The big bird shooted. (The adjective big describes the noun bird.)
The good news is that the form of an adjective does not change. It does not
matter if the noun being modified is male or female, singular or plural, subject or
object.
Some adjectives give us factual information about the noun [fact] ex:
shape "It was a square box." or "They were square boxes."
Origin "It was a Palestine flag." or "They were Palestine flags.",
material , "A wooden chair." or "Wooden chairs." etc .
If we are asked questions with which, whose, what kind, or how many, we
need an adjective to be able to answer.
If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is
called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much taller than I am, is a student. If an
adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an
Adjective Phrase: He is the boy who is cleaning our home.

B. Premodifiers with Degrees of Adjectives

Both adverbs and adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms can be
accompanied by premodifiers, single words and phrases that intensify the degree.

We were a lot more careful this time.

He works a lot less carefully than the other jeweler in town.

We like his work so much better.

You'll get your watch back all the faster.

The same process can be used to downplay the degree:

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The weather this week has been somewhat better.

He approaches his schoolwork a little less industriously than his brother

does.

And sometimes a set phrase, usually an informal noun phrase, is used for this
purpose:

He arrived a whole lot sooner than we expected.

That's a heck of a lot better.

If the intensifier very accompanies the superlative, a determiner is also

required:

She is wearing her very finest outfit for the interview.

They're doing the very best they can.

Occasionally, the comparative or superlative form appears with a determiner

and the thing being modified is understood:

Of all the wines produced in Connecticut, I like this one the most.

The quicker you finish this project, the better.

Of the two brothers, he is by far the faster.

C. Position of Adjectives
Its different from Adv, which often seem capable of popping up almost
anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun
or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and
when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. When indefinite
pronouns such as something, someone, anybody - are modified by an adjective, the
adjective comes after the pronoun:

Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be

punished.
Something wicked this way comes.

And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are
always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify):

Adjective

The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York
proper.
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Adjective

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D. The Order of Adjectives in a Series

It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say "little brown
house" and not "brown little house" or why we say "red Italian sports car" and not
"Italian red sports car." The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is
perplexing for people learning English as a second language. Most other languages
dictate a similar order, but not necessarily the same order. It takes a lot of practice
with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order often seems
quite arbitrary (if not downright capricious). There is, however, a pattern. You will
find many exceptions to the pattern in the table below, but it is definitely important to
learn the pattern of adjective order if it is not part of what you naturally bring to the
language.
The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
a) Determiners articles and other limiters.
b) Observation postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a
perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g., beautiful,
interesting)
c) Size and Shape adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g., wealthy,
large, round)
d) Age adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient)
e) Color adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale)
f) Origin denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g., French,
American, Canadian)
g) Material denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of
(e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden)
h) Qualifier final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking
chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)

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E. Capitalizing Proper Adjectives

When an adjective owes its origins to a proper noun, it should probably be
capitalized. Thus we write about Christian music, French fries, the English Parliament,
the Ming Dynasty, a Faulknerian style, Jeffersonian democracy. Some periods of time
have taken on the status of proper adjectives: the Nixon era, a
Renaissance/Romantic/Victorian poet (but a contemporary novelist and medieval writer).
Directional and seasonal adjectives are not capitalized unless they're part of a title:
We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the
town's annual Fall Festival of Small Appliances.

F. Collective Adjectives
When the definite article, the, is combined with an adjective describing a class or
group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed,
the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the gathered, the dear departed.
The difference between a Collective Noun (which is usually regarded as singular but
which can be plural in certain contexts) and a collective adjective is that the latter is
always plural and requires a plural verb:

Adjective

The rural poor have been ignored by the media.

The rich of Connecticut are responsible.

The elderly are beginning to demand their rights.

The young at heart are always a joy to be around.

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G.Adjectival Opposites
The opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a number of
ways. One way, of course, is to find an adjective to mean the opposite an antonym.
The opposite of beautiful is ugly, the opposite of tall is short. A thesaurus can help you
find an appropriate opposite. Another way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a
number of prefixes. The opposite of fortunate is unfortunate, the opposite of prudent is
imprudent, the opposite of considerate is inconsiderate, the opposite of honorable is
dishonorable, the opposite of alcoholic is nonalcoholic, the opposite of being properly
filed is misfiled. If you are not sure of the spelling of adjectives modified in this way by
prefixes (or which is the appropriate prefix), you will have to consult a dictionary, as the
rules for the selection of a prefix are complex and too shifty to be trusted. The meaning
itself can be tricky; for instance, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing.

A third means for creating the opposite of an adjective is to combine it with less or
least to create a comparison which points in the opposite direction. Interesting shades of
meaning and tone become available with this usage. It is kinder to say that "This is the
least beautiful city in the state." than it is to say that "This is the ugliest city in the state."
(It also has a slightly different meaning.) A candidate for a job can still be worthy and yet
be "less worthy of consideration" than another candidate. It's probably not a good idea to
use this construction with an adjective that is already a negative: "He is less unlucky than
his brother," although that is not the same thing as saying he is luckier than his brother.
Use the comparative less when the comparison is between two things or people;
use the superlative least when the comparison is among many things or people.

Adjective

My mother is less patient than my father.

Of all the new sitcoms, this is my least favorite show.

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ADJECTIVES FORMS

Identifying adjectives
There is no general rule for making adjectives. We know they are adjectives usually
by what they do (their function) in a sentence. However, some word endings
(suffixes) are typical of adjectives.
Suffix

Examples

-able, -ible
-al, -ial
-ful
-ic
-ical
-ish
-ive, -ative
-less
-eous, -ious,
-ous
-y

comfortable, readable, incredible, invisible

comical, normal, musical, industrial, presidential
beautiful, harmful, peaceful, wonderful
classic, economic, heroic, romantic
aeronautical, alphabetical, political
British, childish, Irish, foolish
active, alternative, creative, talkative
endless, motionless, priceless, timeless
spontaneous, hideous, ambitious, anxious, dangerous,
famous
angry, busy, wealthy, windy

Forming adjectives from other words

Suffixes
Some adjectives are made from nouns and verbs by adding suffixes.
Noun

Adjective

Hero
Wind
Child
Beauty

Heroic
Windy
Childish
Beautiful

Verb

Adjective

Read
Readable
Talk
Talkative
Use
Useful
Like
Likeable
I hate windy days.
Bali is a very beautiful place.
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Some words ending in -ly can be both adjectives and adverbs. These
include daily, early, monthly, weekly, nightly, yearly:
Adjective: Wiranto cuts hair monthly . (Wiranto cuts hair every month.)
Adverb: I pay my rent weekly. (I pay my rent every week.)
Some words ending in -ly are only adjectives and not adverbs. These
include: costly, cowardly, deadly, friendly, likely, lonely, lovely, oily, orderly,scholarly,
silly, smelly, timely, ugly, woolly.
We enjoyed the trip to America but it was a costly holiday.
Oily fish is very healthy because it contains omega 3.

Prefixes
Prefixes such as un-, in-, im-, il- and ir- change the meaning of adjectives. Adding
these prefixes makes the meaning negative:
un-

in-

ir-

fair unfair

active inactive

responsible
irresponsible

happy
unhappy
sure unsure

appropriate
inappropriate
complete incomplete

regular irregular
reducible irreducible

im-

il-

balance imbalance
polite impolite
possible impossible

legal illegal
legible illegible
logical illogical

Adjectives: comparative and superlative

Many one-syllable adjectives have endings to show the comparative and superlative.
base form

Comparative

superlative

Fine
Young
Small

Finer
Younger
Smaller

Finest
Youngest
Smallest

Some two-syllable adjectives which end in an unstressed syllable also have these
endings.
base form

Comparative

superlative

Easy
Easier
Easiest
Funny
Funnier
Funniest
Gentle
Gentler
Gentlest
However, we do not use these endings with two-syllable adjectives ending in a
stressed syllable nor with longer adjectives with more than two syllables. The
comparatives and superlatives of these adjectives are formed using more and most.

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base form Comparative

Superlative

more complete Not:complete

r
interestin more interesting
g
Not: interestinger

most complete Not:completes

t
most interesting
Not: interestingest

complete

Adjectives: with -ing and -ed (interesting,interested)

We use the -ing and -ed forms of regular and irregular verbs as adjectives:

-ing forms
Verb

Example

Annoy

My brother is five and hes so annoying.

Amaze

The Grand Canyon is an amazing place.

Boil

Be careful! Thats boiling water!

Excite

This film is not very exciting, is it?

-ed forms
Verb

Example

Bore

Why do teenagers always look bored?

Pack

James Bond movies are always action-packed.

Smoke

Not everyone likes smoked salmon.

Make

My dress is hand-made. I really like it.

Teach

My Masters degree was a taught course.

Excite

I feel excited about my new job.

Adjectives with -ing and -ed endings have different meanings.

-ed adjectives
-ing adjectives
-ed adjectives describe how a
-ing adjectives describe the effect
person feels
I felt bored at the meeting.
The meeting was very boring.
We were really excited about the
That was an exciting game.
game.
It was shocking to see what the
We were shocked to see what the
storm had done to the house.
storm had done to the house.

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Examples of adjectives
Typical adjective endings
1.

They live in a beautiful house.

2.

Lisa is wearing a sleeveless shirt today. This soup is not edible.

3.

She wore a beautiful dress.

4.

He writes meaningless letters.

5.

This shop is much nicer.

6.

She wore a beautiful dress.

7.

Ben is an adorable baby.

8.

Lindas hair is gorgeous.

9.

This glass is breakable.

10.

I met a homeless person in NY.

Denominal adjectives
1.

A mathematical puzzle.

2.

A biological experiment.

3.

A wooden boat.

4.

I married an American woman.

5.

The Jewish community in NY is very big.

6.

Mary has a collection of expensive Russian dolls.

7.

In the winter you must wear heavy woollen clothes.

8.

The polar bear is listed as threatened.

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Order of adjectives
1.

I love that really big old green antique car that is always parked at the end
of the street. [quality - size - age - color - qualifier]

2.

My sister has a beautiful big white bulldog. [quality size color]

3.

A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion - age - origin]

4.

A big square blue box. [size - shape - color]

5.

A disgusting pink plastic ornament. [opinion - color - material]

6.

Some new slim French trousers. [age shape origin]

7.

My small new red sleeping bag. [size age color purposee]

8.

I bought a pair of black leather shoes. [color - material]

Comparing adjectives
1.

This house is bigger than that one.

2.

This flower is more beautiful than that.

3.

He is taller than Mr. Hulas.

4.

He is more intelligent than this boy.

5.

Jonathan is the most handsome man on campus.

6.

This is the prettiest dress in the window.

7.

I lost my most comfortable shoes.

8.

My job is worse than yours.

Compound adjectives
1.

This is a four-foot table.

2.

Daniella is a part-time worker.

3.

This is an all-too-common error.

4.

Beware of the green-eyed monster.

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5.

He is a cold-blooded man.

6.

We saw a man-eating shark!

7.

Dannys dog is well-behaved.

8.

You have to be open-minded about things.

Adjectival phrases
1.

Susan is really clever.

2.

The doctor is very late.

3.

My sister is fond of animals.

4.

I am happy to meet you.

5.

The kids are ready to go.

6.

Dont be afraid of the dark.

7.

Tony lost his dark brown briefcase.

8.

Hes an extraordinary looking man.

Conclusions
A Summary of Adjectives
The conclusions of Adjective ; which comes in a one-word form that either
precedes or follows the noun it modifies.
When the adjective precedes the noun, its in the attributive position.
When it follows the noun, its in the predicative position.
Most one-word adjectives have positive, comparative, and superlative forms. As a
rule, we add -er or - est to the positive form of adjectives of one or two syllables to
form their comparative (-er) or superlative (- est) forms. For adjectives with three or
more syllables, we ordinarily use more for the comparative and most for the
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superlative. These rules, like all rules in grammar, have their exceptions, so that we
would not use the two-syllable adjective careful and say, He was carefuller. Instead,
wed say, He was more careful.
We also met those hard-to-classify wordsa, an, and the. We call them articles, but
they dont constitute their own separate part of speech. Since we use articles to
modify nouns, in much the same way we use adjectives, I included a discussion on
problems associated with them in this section on adjectives.
We also took a brief look at other words acting as adjectives: demonstrative
pronouns (this, that, these, those), possessive pronouns (my, his, her, their, etc.),
quantifying words like many, much, and some, and nouns that act as adjectives.
We introduced ourselves to expressions called compound (or phrasal) adjectives.
These multiword forms enable us to invent terms like the howd-ya-like-tohyphenate-this-adjective exercise.
Other multiword adjectives include the adjectival phrase, which savvy writers use all
the time.
Finally, we took a quick look at the adjectival role played by five phrases
(prepositional, present participial, past participial, infinitive, and adjectival) and by
two basic kinds of clauses (restrictive and nonrestrictive). The point is this: A chunk
of words must always be serving some function in a sentence. If that chunk is not
acting as a verb, a noun, or an adverb, then chances are good its acting as an
adjective.

The Story Of An Hour

by Kate Chopin
Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great
care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her
husband's death.It was her sister Josephine who told her, in broken
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sentences; veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husband's

friend Richards was there, too, near her. It was he who had been in the
newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received,
with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of "killed." He had only taken
the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had
hastened to forestall any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the
sad message.She did not hear the story as many women have heard the
same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at
once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister's arms. When the
storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She
would have no one follow her.There stood, facing the open window, a
comfortable, roomy armchair. Into this she sank, pressed down by a
physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into
her soul.She could see in the open square before her house the tops of
trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath
of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares.
The notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her
faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves.There were
patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had
met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.She sat
with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motion,
except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her, as a child
who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams.She was
young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even
a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose
gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It
was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of
intelligent thought.There was something coming to her and she was
waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle
and exclusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching
toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the
air.Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously. She was beginning to
recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her, and she was
striving to beat it back with her will--as powerless as her two white
slender hands would have been. When she abandoned herself a little
whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and
over under the breath: "free, free, free!" The vacant stare and the look of
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terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and
bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed
every inch of her body.She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a
monstrous joy that held her. A clear and exalted perception enabled
her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial. She knew that she would weep
again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that
had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But
she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come
that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her
arms out to them in welcome.There would be no one to live for during
those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no
powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men
and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a
fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem
no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of
illumination.And yet she had loved him--sometimes. Often she had not.
What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in
the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly
recognized as the strongest impulse of her being!"Free! Body and soul
free!" she kept whispering.Josephine was kneeling before the closed
door with her lips to the keyhole, imploring for admission. "Louise, open
the door! I beg; open the door--you will make yourself ill. What are you
doing, Louise? For heaven's sake open the door.""Go away. I am not
making myself ill." No; she was drinking in a very elixir of life through that
open window. Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her.
Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her
own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only
yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. She
arose at length and opened the door to her sister's importunities. There
was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly
like a goddess of Victory. She clasped her sister's waist, and together
they descended the stairs. Richards stood waiting for them at the
bottom. Someone was opening the front door with a latchkey. It was
Brently Mallard who entered, a little travel-stained, composedly carrying
his grip-sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of the
accident, and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed
at Josephine's piercing cry; at Richards' quick motion to screen him from
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the view of his wife. When the doctors came they said she had died of
heart disease--of the joy that kills

Refrences
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/examples-of-adjectives/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective#Distribution
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/adjectives-forms
http://americanliterature.com/author/kate-chopin/short-story/the-story-of-an-hour

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http://www.grammar.com/a-summary-of-adjectives/

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