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    Genetics Study Guide

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    gmanb5
    This study guide covers genetics and DNA structure. It discusses that DNA is made up of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. There are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Genes contain the recipes for proteins that cause specific traits and are found on chromosomes. DNA replication makes a perfect copy of a cell's DNA before cell division. Mutations can be caused by radiation or spontaneously and change the genetic code, which can lead to helpful or harmful changes. Genetic engineering intentionally changes the genetic code by adding DNA from one organism to another.

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    Genetics Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    gmanb5
    6K views4 pages
    This study guide covers genetics and DNA structure. It discusses that DNA is made up of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. There are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Genes contain the recipes for proteins that cause specific traits and are found on chromosomes. DNA replication makes a perfect copy of a cell's DNA before cell division. Mutations can be caused by radiation or spontaneously and change the genetic code, which can lead to helpful or harmful changes. Genetic engineering intentionally changes the genetic code by adding DNA from one organism to another.

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    Student Study Guide for a unit on Genetics

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    This study guide covers genetics and DNA structure. It discusses that DNA is made up of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. There are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Genes contain the recipes for proteins that cause specific traits and are found on chromosomes. DNA replication makes a perfect copy of a cell's DNA before cell division. Mutations can be caused by radiation or spontaneously and change the genetic code, which can lead to helpful or harmful changes. Genetic engineering intentionally changes the genetic code by adding DNA from one organism to another.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6K views4 pages

    Genetics Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    gmanb5
    This study guide covers genetics and DNA structure. It discusses that DNA is made up of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. There are four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Genes contain the recipes for proteins that cause specific traits and are found on chromosomes. DNA replication makes a perfect copy of a cell's DNA before cell division. Mutations can be caused by radiation or spontaneously and change the genetic code, which can lead to helpful or harmful changes. Genetic engineering intentionally changes the genetic code by adding DNA from one organism to another.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    8th Grade Living Environment

    Ardito/Sweeney

    Study Guide -- Genetics

    Structure of DNA
    DNA has 3 parts:
    Phosphate
    Sugar - Deoxyribose
    Nitrogenous bases

    We picture it like this:

    phosphate

    sugar nitrogenous
    base

    This group of the parts of DNA is called a nucleotide.


    Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.

    There are four nitrogenous bases


    Adenine
    Thymine
    Guanine
    Cytosine

    One molecule of DNA contains about 3 billion of these bases.

    These nitrogenous bases follow certain rules about how to pair up


    Adenine always pairs up with Thymine
    Guanine always pairs up with Cytosine

    Genes are segments of a chromosome that contain the recipe for a specific trait. Genes
    are found on all 46 human chromosomes. These recipes are for the proteins that cause
    that specific trait.

    Genetics Study Guide, Page 1 of 4


    DNA Replication
    Right before cell division, the chromosomes in the cell make copies of themselves. This
    is called DNA Replication.

    This process follows the following steps:

    The goal of this project is to make a perfect copy of the cellʼs DNA.

    DNA Versus RNA


    DNA RNA

    3 basic parts: 3 basic parts:


    Sugar - Deoxyribose Sugar - Ribose
    Phosphate Phosphate
    Nitrogenous Bases Nitrogenous Bases

    4 nitrogenous bases: 4 nitrogenous bases:


    adenine adenine
    thymine uracil
    guanine guanine
    cytosine cytosine

    Double Stranded Single Stranded

    One type Two types:


    mRNA - carries the DNA message to the ribosome
    tRNA -

    3 Billion bases long mRNA - Many bases long


    tRNA - 3 bases long

    Genetics Study Guide, Page 2 of 4


    Protein Synthesis
    Protein Synthesis is the process where the genetic code is translated in order to make
    the proteins necessary for a specific trait or function.

    The process follows the following steps:

    Genetics Study Guide, Page 3 of 4


    Mutations
    Mutations are any change to the genetic code.
    The change in the genetic code will lead to a different protein being made.

    There are three types of mutations we have learned about:


    Insertions - a base gets added to the genetic code
    Deletions - a base gets removed from the genetic code
    Substitutions - one base gets swapped for another base

    Mutations can be helpful or harmful.

    Mutations can be caused by a few things. These are called mutagenic agents.
    The most common one is radiation.
    Radiation changes the structure of the DNA. And this change in structure changes the
    genetic code.
    Mutations can also happen spontaneously.

    Genetic Engineering
    Genetic Engineering is the process by which the genetic code can be intentionally
    changed.
    It is accomplished by taking the section of desired DNA and adding it to the DNA of a
    bacterium. Then, the modified bacteria are let loose in the person, which would result in
    the new DNA being incorporated into the old DNA.

    Genetics Study Guide, Page 4 of 4

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