LOVELY SCHOOL

ENGINEERING

OF

TERM PAPER
on

Applications of multiple integral

(COURSE CODE MTH-206)
SUBMITTED TO:Mandeep Kaur Maam

SUBMITTED BY:NAME- ANURAG

DWIVEDI
SEC-C7802
ROLL NO- B37

REGD. NO10800488
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my teacher Mandeep Maam to inspire us to work
on the topic of Multiple Integral.
I would like to thank her for explaining the topic thoroughly and
supporting me in preparing this project. She encouraged us to make the
term paper on the above mentioned topic. I will never forget her support
and words of wisdom.
We are also thankful to all faculty members and non teaching staff of
this university who directly or indirectly help us on this term paper...we
are also thankful to our friends for their patience and support extended to
us all the times

Introduction
Multiple Integral
The multiple integral is a type of definite integral extended to functions of more than one real
variable, for example, (x, y) or (x, y, z).

Integral as area between two curves.

Just as the definite integral of a positive function of one variable represents the area of the region
between the graph of the function and the x-axis, the double integral of a positive function of
two variables represents the volume of the region between the surface defined by the function
(on the three dimensional Cartesian plane where z = (x, y)) and the plane which contains its
domain. (Note that the same volume can be obtained via the triple integralthe integral of a
function in three variablesof the constant function (x, y, z) = 1 over the above-mentioned
region between the surface and the plane.) If there are more variables, a multiple integral will
yield hypervolumes of multi-dimensional functions.
Multiple integration of a function in n variables: f(x1, x2, ..., xn) over a domain D is most
commonly represented by nesting integral signs in the reverse order of execution (the leftmost
integral sign is computed last) proceeded by the function and integrand arguments in proper
order (the rightmost argument is computed last). The domain of integration is either represented
symbolically for every integrand over each integral sign, or is often abbreviated by a variable at
the rightmost integral sign:

Since the concept of an antiderivative is only defined for functions of a single real variable, the
usual definition of the indefinite integral does not immediately extend to the multiple integral.

Mathematical definition
Let n be an integer greater than 1. Consider a so-called half-open n-dimensional rectangle (from
here on simply called rectangle). For a plane, n = 2, and the multiple integral is just a double
integral.

Divide each interval (ai, bi) into a finite number of non-overlapping subintervals, with each
subinterval closed at the left end, and open at the right end. Denote such a subinterval by Ii.
Then, the family of subrectangles of the form

is a partition of T that is, the subrectangles C are non-overlapping and their union is T. The
diameter of a subrectangle C is, by definition, the largest of the lengths of the intervals whose
product is C, and the diameter of a given partition of T is defined as the largest of the diameters
of the subrectangles in the partition.
Let f : T R be a function defined on a rectangle T. Consider a partition

of T defined as above, where m is a positive integer. A Riemann sum is a sum of the form

where for each k the point Pk is in Ck and m(Ck) is the product of the lengths of the intervals
whose Cartesian product is Ck.
The function f is said to be Riemann integrable if the limit

exists, where the limit is taken over all possible partitions of T of diameter at most . If f is
Riemann integrable, S is called the Riemann integral of f over T and is denoted

The Riemann integral of a function defined over an arbitrary bounded n-dimensional set can be
defined by extending that function to a function defined over a half-open rectangle whose values
are zero outside the domain of the original function. Then, the integral of the original function
over the original domain is defined to be the integral of the extended function over its rectangular
domain, if it exists.
In what follows the Riemann integral in n dimensions will be called multiple integral.

Properties
Multiple integrals have many of the same properties of integrals of functions of one variable
(linearity, additivity, monotonicity, etc.). Moreover, just as in one variable, one can use the
multiple integral to find the average of a function over a given set. More specifically, given a set
D Rn and an integrable function f over D, the average value of f over its domain is given by

where m(D) is the measure of D.

Particular cases
In the case of T R2, the integral

is the double integral of f on T, and if T R3 the integral

is the triple integral of f on T.

Notice that, by convention, the double integral has two integral signs, and the triple integral has
three; this is just notational convenience, and comes handy when computing a multiple integral
as an iterated integral

Some practical applications

These integrals are used in many applications in physics.

In mechanics the moment of inertia is calculated as volume integral (that is a triple integral) of
the density weighed with the square of the distance from the axis:

In electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations can be written by means of multiple integrals to

calculate the total magnetic and electric fields. In the following example, the electric field
produced by a distribution of charges is obtained by a triple integral of a vector function:

Centre of mass

Double integral
Let us assume that we wish to integrate a multivariable function f over a region A.
and
From this we formulate the double integral

Attention is first paid to the inner integral to be integrated with respect to x, which must be
integrated before integration with respect to y can be undertaken. Note that y must be taken as a
constant, as it is not the variable of integration.

We then integrate the result with respect to y.

These integrals are used in many applications in physics.

In mechanics the moment of inertia is calculated as volume integral (that is a triple integral) of
the density weighed with the square of the distance from the axis:

In electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations can be written by means of multiple integrals to

calculate the total magnetic and electric fields. In the following example, the electric field
produced by a distribution of charges is obtained by a triple integral of a vector function:

Spherical coordinates

Spherical coordinates.

In R3 some domains have a spherical symmetry, so it's possible to specify the coordinates of
every point of the integration region by two angles and one distance. It's possible to use therefore
the passage in spherical coordinates; the function is transformed by this relation:

Note that points on z axis do not have a precise characterization in spherical coordinates, so
can vary between 0 to .
The better integration domain for this passage is obviously the sphere.

The domain is
(sphere with radius 4 and center in the
origin); applying the transformation you get this region:
The Jacobian determinant of this transformation is the following:

The dx dy dz differentials therefore are transformed to 2 sin() d d d.

Finally you obtain the final integration formula:

It's better to use this method in case of spherical domains and in case of functions that
can be easily simplified, by the first fundamental relation of trigonometry, extended in R3
(please see example 4-b); in other cases it can be better to use cylindrical coordinates
(please see example 4-c).

Note that the extra 2 and sin come from the Jacobian.
Note that in the following examples the roles of and have been reversed.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_integral
www.google.com
Textbook of Higher Engineering Mathematics by B.S Grewal