PSY123 Study Guide Test 2 Chapters 5-8
Concepts and Definitions
Learning-systematic or permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Behaviorism- theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors, looking at environmental
perspectives that produce these behaviors.
Associative-A type of learning principle based on the assumption that ideas and experiences
reinforce one another and can be linked to enhance the learning process.
1. Classical condition- depends on two stimuli that organisms learn to predict
Stimulus 1: you see a doctor --- Stimulus 2: you know there will be a shot
stimulus 1: you see lightning ---stimulus2: there will be thunder
2. Operant condition depends on a behavior then consequence
SWIM
REWARD
Observational- learning occurs through observing and imitating anothers behavior.
Classical Conditioning: is a form of learning in which the conditioned stimulus comes to signal the
occurrence of a second stimulus
US= a stimulus that produces a response; food
UR= an unlearned reaction; normal salivation
CS= a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response; bell afterwards
CR= the learned response to the conditioned stimulus; salivation after he hears the bell
Contiguity: is when CS and US are presented close together in time for the condition to
occur
Contingency: it has to be at certain time and the food has to proceed it right away
Generalization: the tendency of a new stimulus (a bell instead of a whistle) that is similar to the
original conditioned stimulus (bell) to make a response that is similar to the conditioned response
Same response
Discrimination: the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli, not others like the doorbell
Spontaneous recovery: the process in classical conditioning be which a conditioned response can
recur after a time delay, with out further conditioning. The weakening of conditioned response is
extinction
long-term memory:
Explicit/declarative memory
Conscious recollection of information such specific facts or event
Episodic: episodes in life: first day in school first kiss :*
Semantic: knowledge about world: chess presidents name
Implicit/non- declarative memory
Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience
Procedural: how to perform different actions and skills: riding bike, tying shoelace
Priming: information that people have already in storage to build on: like you see yellow you think of
banana
Serial (cereal) position effect:
Primacy: things you remember in the begning of list
recency : things you remember at the end of the list
Flashbulb memories: specific events in which you can remember vividly
(quran) Rehearsal: .The process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of
remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory
mnemonic devices is a type of memory system organizes material in a meaningful way to make it
easier to remember an image, rhyme, or figure of speech--used to assist memory.
Chunking is the process of grouping items into longer meaningful units to make them easier to
remember Phone number are one of the most widely used examples of chunking. For example, a phone
number sequence of 5-5-5-6-9-5-4-5-7-2 would be chunked into 555-695-4572
Amnesia: the loss of memory
Retrograde forgets the past but remembers after the surgry (regain knowledge)
anterograde: cant remember anything after surgery but could recall past (antinew)
Intelligence(definition) Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life
everyday experiences
Validity: the extent that a test measures what it is suppose to measure like if testing something
then it has to be valid procedure
Reliability :a consistent measure of performance (a test with same score)
Standardization: development of a uniform procedurecompare one person to another on a
test, it is important that they take the test under the same conditions and the same scoring
procedure is applied to both.
Mental age: is and individuals level of intelligence, you compare a kids mental age to his or her
chronological age
Cognition: the way information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) levels: (MA x CA)100=IQ
Mental=chornical then IQ is 100
Gifted: IQ of 130 or higher
Mental retardation: IQ below 70
Organic retardation: Mental retardation that involves some physical damage and is caused by a
genetic disorder or brain damage.
Cultural-familial retardation: mental retardation apparently caused by social or cultural
deprivation.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: says there are 3 types
Analytical: analyze and judge and compare(Acp)
Creative: create and design and invent;
Practical: apply and implement
Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: says there are 9 types for framing mind
Mathematical (menVS.biim)
existentialist
naturalist
Verbal Spatial
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal-interaction
Intrapersonal-understand oneself
Musical
Noam Chomsky specialized in language development; disagreed with Skinner about language
acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native
ability to develop language
Language:
Phonology: language sound system
Semantics: meaning of words and sentences
Morphology: rules for word formation
Syntax: rules for combining words to make phrases
Pragmatics: use of language to communicate
Nature: a persons biological inheritance especially genes
Nurture controversy: an individuals environmental and social experiences
Prenatal Development
Conception: germinal period or after 1 week of cell division
Zygote: is made up of 100-150 cells
embryonic period: week 3-8 beginning of organs appear
fetal period (order): months 2-9 the fetus is size of kidney bean , average newborn in 19 inches
and 7 pounds
teratogens: any chemicals that can cause damage to fetus
Jean Piaget Stages of Development
Sensori-Motor
Preoperational
Concrete
Formal
Object permanence
Conservation
ego-centrism assimilation
accommodation
schemas
Lev Vygotsky: approach to learning (scaffolding)
Harry Harlow: Harlow's Monkey's experiments
Secure
insecure attachment
Erik Erikson: Stages of Development (1st four stages)
Trust
Mistrust
Autonomy
Doubt
Initiative
Guilt
Industry
Inferiority
Kohlberg's theory of Moral development
Theories on Aging
Free-Radical Theory
Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence
Resilience (in children and adults)
