Philips UV Technology Brochure
Philips UV Technology Brochure
Philips UV Technology Brochure
Ultraviolet purification
application information
Perfection preserved by the purest of light
Contents
Preface
1. Micro-organisms
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6
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2. Ultraviolet light
General
2.1 Generation and characteristics of short-wave UV light
2.2 Germicidal action
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General
3.1
Air purification
3.1.1 Ceiling-mounted Philips TUV lamps
3.1.2 Philips TUV lamps for upper-air irradiation using
upward facing reflectors
3.1.3 Philips TUV lamps for irradiation using downward facing reflectors
3.1.4 Philips TUV lamps in air ducts
3.1.5 Philips TUV lamps in stand alone units
3.2 Surface purification
3.3 Liquid purification
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4. Applications
General
4.1 Water purification
4.1.1 Municipal waste water
4.1.2 Municipal drinking water
4.1.3 Residential drinking water
4.1.4 Water coolers, dispensers
4.1.5 Semiconductors process water
4.1.6 Spas and swimming pools
4.1.7 Cooling towers
4.1.8 Miscellaneous
4.2 Air purification
4.3 Cooling coils
4.4 Philips germicidal lamps and their application
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5. Lamp data
General
5.1 UV irradiance values
5.2 Influence of temperature
5.3 Lamp life
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6. References
General
1.1 Bacteria and bacterial spores
1.1.1 Bacteria
1.1.2 Bacterial spores
1.2 Moulds and yeasts
1.2.1 Moulds
1.2.2 Yeasts
1.3 Viruses
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Preface
1. Micro-organisms
approach is unlikely to be ideal. It also follows that since
General
1.1.1 Bacteria
Bacteria is the name given to a large group of organisms, which can be
both uni and multicellular; they have a simple nuclear mass, and
multiply rapidly by simple fission.The structure of typical bacterial cell
is shown in figure 1 and examples of their shapes are given in figure 2.
Bacteria occur in air, water, soil, rotting organic material, animals and
plants. Saprophytic forms (those living on decaying organic matter) are
more numerous than parasitic forms; the latter include both animal
and plant pathogens. A few species of bacteria are autotrophic, i.e.
able to build up food materials from simple substances.
effective technology.
longer multiply.
1.2.1 Moulds
The variety of moulds is immense and they are found everywhere.
Many are saprophytic, causing food spoilage resulting in enormous
damage; some are pathogenic (parasitic).
1.2.2 Yeasts
Yeasts are unicellular moulds. They differ from the other moulds in
the way that they propagate.Yeasts (figure 3) multiply by means of
budding or sprouting. A selection of yeasts are used in various
industries, the most important of these being those where
fermentation produces wine, beer, vinegar and bread. The action of
fermentation is the enzymatic transformation of the particular
organic substrate, for instance the alcoholic fermentation of
carbohydrates. Some yeasts are pathogenic.
Figure 7. One of the types of influenza virus as seen enlarged 3600 times by
Amongst the diseases caused by moulds, the most frequent are fungal
infections of the skin and diseases of the mucous membranes.
Certain kinds of mould form antibiotic substances; these have given
rise to the highly important antibiotics industry. Penicillin and
streptomycin are early examples. A mould (see figures 4 and 5)
consists of a mycelium and special structures, (sprorangia and
conidiophores, for example), which result in the formation
of spores. In a favourable environment, a mould spore germinates
and a mesh of fine filaments (hyphae) is formed. The filaments
together form the mycelium, which takes up food and water from
the surface on which the spore has germinated. Spores, and the
manner, in which they are formed, play a considerable part in the
classification of moulds.
1. Smallpox virus
Abbreviations:
5. Influenza virus
7. Adeno virus
H = enveloping layers
2. Mumps virus
8. Polyema virus
9. Poliomyelitis virus
3. Herpes virus
1.3 Viruses
Viruses are a group of biological structures with extremely small
dimensions (figure 8) which are obligatory parasitic. Viruses are
so small that bacterial filters do not retain them, neither do they
precipitate in normal centrifuges. They can be observed by using
an electron microscope (figure 7).Viruses are unable to grow and
multiply by division, they can only grow in living cells, so by their
multiplication they kill the host cell.
The same process can take place in adjacent cells and eventually
whole cellular complexes can be destroyed. Tissue damage is a way
of recognising the presence of a virus.
Viruses have been identified as the causative agent of disease in
humans, animals, plants and bacteria themselves (bacteriophage).
In human beings they are the cause of diseases such as chickenpox,
mumps, measles, warts, poliomyelitis, the common cold and
influenza (figure 6).
2. Ultraviolet light
General
can be limited. In addition UVC does not penetrate to the eyes lens;
Irradiance
( W/cm2)
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.7
3.3
6.6
10
20
100
Wavelength (nm)
For various Philips germicidal TUV lamps the electrical and mechanical
properties are identical to their lighting equivalents.
Figure 13. Relative spectral power distribution of Philips HOK and HTK lamps.
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Dose
45.2
27.3
13.0
32.0
71.0
120.0
11.0
120.0
33.7
22.0
21.4
30.0
26.0
9.0
60.5
100.0
60.0
44.0
44.0
55.0
35.0
26.4
40.0
32.0
80.0
197.0
24.2
16.3
30.0
44.0
18.4
26.0
44.0
21.6
61.5
20.0
40.0
35.0
11.0
k
0.051
0.084
0.178
0.072
0.032
0.019
0.209
0.019
0.069
0.105
0.108
0.077
0.089
0.256
0.038
0.023
0.038
0.053
0.053
0.042
0.065
0.086
0.058
0.072
0.029
0.012
0.095
0.141
0.077
0.053
0.126
0.086
0.052
0.106
0.037
0.115
0.057
0.066
0.209
Mould spores
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus glaucus
Aspergillus niger
Mucor racemosus A
Mucor racemosus B
Oospora lactis
Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium expansum
Penicillium roqueforti
Rhizopus nigricans
Virus
Hepatitis A
Influenza virus
MS-2 Coliphase
Polio virus
Rotavirus
Protozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Algae
Blue Green
Chlorella vulgaris
Dose
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60
60
60
80
k
0.060
0.070
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.029
600
440
1320
170
170
50
440
130
130
1110
0.003
0.004
0.0014
0.013
0.013
0.046
0.004
0.018
0.018
0.002
73
36
186
58
81
0.032
0.064
0.012
0.040
0.028
25
11
0.092
0.209
3000
120
0.0008
0.019
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Face
glass spectacles, closefitting
goggles or plastic face visors
Hands
gloves (for long exposure,
special plastic is preferable to rubber)
Head and neck
head cover
Note: Normal glasses and plastics can be used to give protection, because
e. Silver
b. Chromium
f. Stainless steel
c. Evaporated aluminum
d. Nickel
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For maximum design flexibility, PL-L and PL-S lamps offer the best
solutions, because their dimensions are compact, so reducing unit
size and because their single ended configuration allows more
mounting options.
The units have the benefits of portability and hence more mounting
positions viz. wall, floor or ceiling mounted in either permanent or
temporary options. A feature of their design is that cleaning and lamp
and filter replacement is easy. Additionally their portability can be used
to produce immediate results.Variation in UVC dose can be achieved
both by varying the number of lamps and their wattage (see also
dimming below). As an example, it is possible to use the same physical
design dimensions for PL-L lamps with a nominal wattage range
between 18 and 95W HO, in single and multi lamp variants.
c. Linen
b.White paper
d.White wool
Reflectance %
40-60
60-89
75-85
65-75
16
25-30
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3-10
10-35
40-75
4-5
5
5-10
40-60
55-60
75-88
70-80
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4
30
31
21-31
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26
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Iron salts (as well as other inorganic salts) and suspended matter in
liquids will decrease the effectiveness of germicidal radiation.
Additionally, it is feasible that organic compounds, in particular, those
susceptible to bond fissure under UV light, can change the texture
and taste of the liquid being treated.
Hence experimentation is needed. In round terms the effective depth
of penetration for a 90% kill may thus vary from 3m for distilled
water, down to 12cm for normal drinking water and even less in
wines and syrups (2.5mm), see table 4.
The penetration depths cause more special techniques to be applied
to allow 254 nm radiation to penetrate sufficiently, these include
generating "thin films" and or slow speed presentation to the
radiation, so that a sufficient dose can be applied.
If an UV lamp has to be immersed in a liquid, it should be enclosed in
a quartz or UVC transparent PTFE sleeve. Installations for purifying
liquids may have the following forms:
1. One or more lamps enclosed in a quartz container or one of
similar material (with a high transmittance at 254 nm), which is
surrounded by the liquid to be purifieded. A multiple of such
configurations can be used inside one outer container.
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10
10-20
2-5
20-50
300
0.007-0.01
0.02-0.1
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4. Applications
General
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4.1.8 Miscellaneous
Fish ponds
Fishponds owners are often troubled by phototrophic micro-organisms.
These are typical water organisms widely distributed in both fresh
and salt water. Phototrophic bacteria contain photosynthetic pigment
and hence they are strongly colored and appear as dense suspensions
of either green, olive, purple-violet, red, salmon or brown. Seasonal
effects may lead to massive growth (flowering of the water) as light
helps chlorophyll synthesis.
If algae are to be destroyed or their growth inhibited, either a high
dose of UV 254 nm radiation is needed or a long irradiation time.
These conditions can be met relatively easily by creating a closed loop
system whereby the water is presented to the UVC source a number
of times per day.The lamp is encased in a quartz tube. In practice,
it has been found that, for instance, a Philips TUV PL-S 5W lamp in
series with a filter can keep a 4.5K liter (1,000 UK gallons) pond
clear. For larger pond or pool volumes higher output lamps are
needed on a pro rata scale.The process is thought to be that algae
are split, recombine to form larger molecular chains, which can be
removed by the filter, or are so large that they sink to the bottom
of the pond.
Chemical compounds, like chlorine or ozone, are fed into the system
in regular intervals, to control the rate of biological growth. UV will
substantially decrease the costs of purification, without any safety
or environmental issues.
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Aquariums
Aquariums present two problems: one is that they become swamped
with algae; the second is that parasites may cause fish diseases. Both can
occur in either freshwater or marine aquariums; warm water provides
an excellent condition for micro-organisms and the lighting features used
also promotes algae growth.The same system as used for ponds is
advocated, using no more than a Philips TUV PL-S 5W lamp for a private
aquarium.A low pump speed will create a long dwell time across the
lamp, so helping both bacteria kill rate and algae agglomeration. Using
UVC in ponds and aquariums is also beneficial because it can destroy
parasites introduced by new fish; the latter can be catastrophic in many
cases. UVC treatment provides an effective solution particularly for
suspended zoospores. Multiplication does not take place and aquariums
can be free of parasites within a very short time. Even affected fish soon
cease to display symptoms of morbidity.
Other applications using ultraviolet (UV) for water purification are:
fish farming, ballast water for ships, agriculture, etc.
Air conditioner cooling coils are almost always wet and dusty and thus
can serve as an ideal breeding ground for moulds, a known allergen.
Coil irradiation with UV drastically reduces or prohibits growth of moulds.
At the same time heat exchange efficiency is improved and pressure drops
decrease. As the coils are constantly irradiated, only a modest UV
irradiance is required.
Water
Municipal drinking water
Municipal waste water
Residential drinking water
Ultra pure water
Process water
Swimming pool
Agricultural recycling
Fish ponds
Aquaria
Air
Space/upper air
Forced air/airco
Cooling coils
Dish dryer etc.
Surfaces
Food processing
Packaging
Philips Philips
TUV
TUV
T5
PL-S
(+HO)
Philips
TUV
PL-L
Philips
TUV LP
185 nm
Philips
Philips
Amalgam HOK/HTK/HTO
TUV XPT
5. Lamp data
General
2.a2
At shorter distances the irradiance is proportional to
E= _______ (2 + sin 2 )
2.2.l.a
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
Philips TUV
4W
6W
8W
10W
11W
15W
16W
F17T8
25W
25W
30W
36W
55W HO
75W HO
115W-R VHO
115W VHO
240W XPT
270W XPT
PL-S 5W/2P
PL-S 7W/2P
PL-S 9W/2P
PL-S 11W/2P
PL-S 13W/2P
PL-L 18W/4P
PL-L 24W/4P
PL-L 35W/4P HO
PL-L 36W/4P
PL-L 55W/4P HF
PL-L 60W/4P
PL-L 95W/4P HO
36T5
64T5
36T5 HO
64T5 HO
T5
T5
T5
T8
T5
T8
T5
T8
T5
T8
T8
T8
T8
T8
T12
T12
T6
T10
W/cm2
9
15
21
23
26
48
45
88
69
100
145
150
220
610
360
800
920
9
15
22
33
31
51
65
105
110
156
166
250
144
280
230
442
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6. References
5.2 Influence of temperature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wilson, B. Coliphage MS-2 as UV Water Disinfection Efficacy Test. Surrogate for Bacterial and
Viral Pathogens (AWWA/WQT conference 1992)
7.
Wolfe, RL. Ultraviolet Disinfection of Potable Water: Current Technology and Research.
Environmental Sci.Technology 24 (6), 768-773, 1990
8.
Brickner, PW:Vincent R.L., First, M, Nardell E., Murray M., Kaufman W.;The application of
ultraviolet Germicidal radiation to Control Transmission of Airborne Disease, Public Health
Reports / March-April 2003,VH118
9.
10. Biological Effects of ultraviolet Radiation.W. Harm, Cambridge University Press, 1980
11. Jagger. J. Introduction to Research in ultraviolet Photobiology, Prentice Hall, 1967
12. Grun, L and Pitz, N.Zbl. Batt. Hyg., vol. B 159, 50-60, 1974
13. Menzies, D.; Popa, J.; Hanley, J.A.; Rand,T.; Milton, D. K.; Lancet 2003; 362, p. 1785-1791.
14. H. Martiny. Desinfektion von Wasser mit UV Strahlen.Techn. Univ. Berlin. 1991
Photographs by courtesy of:
Lumalier, Memphis USA (www.lumalier.com)
LIT Technology, Moscow Russia (www.lit-uv.com)
Technilamp UV+IR, Southdal S.A. ([email protected])
Figure 31. Lamp life.
Figure 29. UV vs Windchill Factor.
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Notes:
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