Abstract

This study investigated the chemical reaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
and sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) in an adiabatic batch reactor. To complete this,
an understanding of the reaction kinetics of a system is essential to understand
reactor design. The aim was to determine the stoichiometry, enthalpy of reaction
and Arrhenius parameters of the reaction system and to identify the reaction that
takes place and compare the findings to a previous study by Cohen and Spencer.

The experiment was conducted by reacting various ratios of hydrogen peroxide and
sodium thiosulphate in a 200mL adiabatic reactor vessel. The temperature of the
reacting mixture was recorded every 5 seconds to determine a temperature time
profile for each run.

The stoichiometric ratio was determined to be 1.697 0.0548 which was relatively
less than Cohen and Spencers value of 1.97. This value determined the dominating
reaction in the simultaneous system to be the following.

3Na2S2O3 + 5H2O2 Na2S4O6 +2Na2SO4 + 5H2O

The enthalpy of reaction was calculated to be 445.09 kJmol-1 38.85 kJmol-1

which also corresponded to the above reaction. This value was 22.3% lower
than Cohen and Spencers value but their previous experiment found the
dominating reaction to be the following.

2Na2S2O3 + 4H2O2 Na2S3O6 + Na2SO4 +4H2O

The Arrhenius parameter were derived with an activation energy, E, of 112.39 kJmol 1

and a pre-exponential constant, A, of 5.791011 Lmol-1s-1.

Several errors were found to exist through out the experiment. Some of
these errors could have been minimized by having more accurate measuring
cylinders, a more accurate thermo-probe and by using a better insulated
reaction vessel.

The calculated rate constant, k, is not an accurate answer as the errors increase
exponentially as the concentrations of reactants decrease. A better experiment
could be used to determine a more sufficient rate constant.

This method does how ever provide an understanding of the reaction kinetics of a
system.

Contents

Abstract....................................................................................................................... i
Contents.................................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables............................................................................................................... v
List of Figures............................................................................................................. vi
1

Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1
1.0

Aim................................................................................................................ 1

1.1

Significance................................................................................................... 1

1.2

Theory............................................................................................................ 1

1.3

Stoichiometric Ratio....................................................................................... 2

1.4

Enthalpy of reaction....................................................................................... 4

1.5

Arrhenius Parameters.................................................................................... 5

1.6

Previous Work................................................................................................ 8

Experimental...................................................................................................... 11
2.0

Equipment................................................................................................... 11

2.0.1

Stirring table and magnetic stirrer:........................................................12

2.0.2

Thermo-probe:....................................................................................... 12

2.0.3

Reaction Vessel:..................................................................................... 12

2.1

Materials...................................................................................................... 13

2.2

Safety.......................................................................................................... 13

Experimental Procedure..................................................................................... 15

Results............................................................................................................... 17

4.0

Stoichiometry............................................................................................... 17

4.1

Enthalpy of Reaction.................................................................................... 18

4.2

Arrhenius Parameters..................................................................................19

Discussion.......................................................................................................... 22
5.0

Experimental Results................................................................................... 22

5.0.1

Experimental Constants........................................................................22

5.0.2

Stoichiometry........................................................................................ 22

5.0.3

Enthalpy of Reaction.............................................................................. 24

5.0.4

Arrhenius parameters............................................................................ 26

5.1

Sources of error........................................................................................... 27

5.1.1

Error of Incomplete Mixing.....................................................................28

3

5.1.2

Error of Measuring Instruments.............................................................29

5.1.3

Error of Non Adiabatic Reactor...............................................................29

5.1.4

Error of Assumptions............................................................................. 30

Conclusions........................................................................................................ 31

Nomenclature..................................................................................................... 32

References......................................................................................................... 33

Bibliography....................................................................................................... 33

A.

Appendix : Data Recordings............................................................................... 34

B.

Appendix : Derived Data................................................................................... 44

Appendix : Sample Calculations........................................................................69

D. Appendix: Error Calculations..............................................................................74

E.

Appendix: Previous Study...................................................................................77

G. Appendix: MSDS for Hydrogen Peroxide.............................................................79

H. Appendix: MSDS for Sodium Thiosulphate.........................................................94

List of Tabl
Table 1.1: Possible reactions between H2O2 and Na2S2O3........................................2
Table 1.2: Theoretical results and relative error found in study by Cohen and
Spencer.................................................................................................................... 10
Table 2.1: Practical equipment, specifications and quantities..................................11
Table 4.1: Stoichiometric ratios................................................................................ 18
Table 4.2: Results for enthalpy of reaction................................................................19
Table 4.: Results for Arrhenius Parameters...............................................................21
Y
Table A 1:Recorded data for Run
1..34
Table A 2:Recorded data for Run 2............................................................................34
Table A 3:Recorded data for Run 3............................................................................35
Table A 4:Recorded data for Run 4............................................................................36
Table A 5: Recorded data for Run 5...........................................................................37
Table A 6: Recorded data for Run 6...........................................................................38
Table A 7: Recorded data for Run 7...........................................................................39
Table A 8: Recorded data for Run 8...........................................................................40
Table A 9: Recorded data for Run 9...........................................................................41
Table A 10: Recorded data for Run 10.......................................................................42
Table A 11: Recorded data for Run 11.......................................................................43
Table B 1:Experimental Constants............................................................................ 44
Table B 2: Parameters for each experimental Run....................................................45
Table B 3:Calculations of enthalpy for each run with average Enthalpy....................46
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

I : Experimental parameters for all of Run 1..............................................47

II: Experimental parameters for all of run 2..............................................48
III: Experimental parameters for all of Run 3.............................................50
IV: Experimental parameters for all of Run 4.............................................52
V: Experimental parameters for all of Run 5..............................................54
VI: Experimental parameters for all of Run 6............................................56
VII: Experimental parameters for all of Run 7...........................................58
VIII:Experimental parameters for all of Run 8............................................60
IX: Experiment parameters for all of Run 9...............................................62
X: Experimental parameters for all of Run 10...........................................64
XI: Experimental parameters for all of Run 11..........................................66

Table
Table
Table
Table

D
D
D
D

1:
2:
3:
4:

Error Constants for experiment................................................................74

Absolute Errors for each Run....................................................................75
Relative Errors for each Run.....................................................................75
Analytical Errors for each Run..................................................................76

List of Figur
Figure 1.1: Example of the plot created with change in temperature versus
concentration ratio..................................................................................................... 3
Figure 1.2: Experimental Activation energy determination by Cohen and Spencer in
1962........................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.1: Equipment used during the practical......................................................11
Figure 4.1: Plot of Total Temperature Difference against the Initial Concentration
Ratio. Trend-line for runs 1-11 shown by y...............................................................17
Figure 4.2: Trend line through data plots for runs 1 to 11 for Total Temperature
Difference against the Limiting Concentration.........................................................18
Figure 4.3: Plot of ln(k) against 1/T for runs 1 to 11.................................................20
Figure 4.4: ln(k) against 1/T for Runs 8 and 9 only....................................................20
Figure 4.5: ln(k) against 1/T with truncated data and a linear line of best fit...........21
Y
Figure B 1: Temperature Vs Initial Concentration Ratio to find Stoichiometric Ratio.44
Figure B 2: Plot of Temperature Change vs Clim for all runs.....................................45
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

I: Temperature Vs Time for Run 1 with trend line.....................................49

II: Temperature Vs Time for Run 2 with trend line....................................49
III: Temperature Vs Time for Run 3 with trend line...................................51
IV: Temperature Vs Time for Run 4 with trend line...................................53
V: Temperature Vs Time for Run 5 with trend line....................................55
VI: Temperature Vs Time for Run 6 with trend line...................................57
VII: Temperature Vs Time for Run 7 with trend line..................................59
VIII: Temperature Vs Time for Run 8 with trend line.................................61
IX: Temperature Vs Time for Run 9 with trend line...................................63
X: Temperature Vs Time for Run 10 with trend line..................................65
XI: Temperature Vs Time for Run11 with trend line..................................67

Figure C 1: : A graph of T vs. t for all data points in Run 5 with fitted trend line fitted.
................................................................................................................................. 71
Figure C 2: Graph of all data point from all runs for ln(k) versus 1/T........................73

1 Introduction
1.1 Aim
The aim of this report is to study the kinetics of the reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and hydrogen peroxide under adiabatic batch conditions.
Multiple reactions can occur between the chemicals, so the stoichiometric
ratio and the dominating reaction should be determined. The enthalpy of the
reaction and Arrhenius parameters were also investigated. The results are
compared with a previous study by Cohen and Spencer in 1962 so the
accuracy of the results could be determined.

1.2 Significance
Kinetics is the study of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms. (Fogler,
2006) Chemical engineers require a vast knowledge of kinetics and reactor
design so that a process or system can be designed with distinct
specifications. The kinetics of a reaction can be used to determine the rate of
reaction,

enthalpy

of

reaction,

stoichiometric

proportions,

Arrhenius

parameters etc. With the calculated data a suitable reactor can be designed
to undertake the reaction, a design that is economically viable and operates
under safe and suitable conditions. Reaction kinetics is important in many
industries like oil recovery and pharmacokinetics. The majority of artificial
commercial products are made through industrial processes, process which
require production costs to be as low as possible and the process to be as
efficient as possible. Reaction kinetics describe the characteristics of a
chemical reaction during the reaction.

1.3 Theory
The hydrogen peroxide and sodium thiosulphate used in this process can
undergo several feasible reactions to form different products. Each reaction
has a different stoichiometric ratio and different enthalpy of reaction.
Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidisng agent and reacts with sodium
thiosulphate which is a strong reducing agent. The sulphur has multiple
oxidization states which allows it to form several bonds with over elements.
Table 1.1 shows the multiple reactions which can occur simultaneously in a
reaction vessel along with their stoichiometric ratio and enthalpy of reaction.

Table 1.1: Possible reactions between H2O2 and Na2S2O3

Reacti

Reaction

/A

on

-HR
(kJmol-1)

Numb
er
1
2
3

2Na2S2O3 + H2O2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaOH

Na2S2O3 + H2O2 Na2S2O4 + H2O
3Na2S2O3 + 4H2O2 2Na2S3O6 + 2NaOH

0.50
1.00
1.33

163.2
173.2
512

+3H2O
3Na2S2O3 + 5H2O2 Na2S4O6 +2Na2SO4 +

1.67

432.2

5H2O
2Na2S2O3

2.00

596.2

4H2O2

Na2S3O6

Na2SO4

+4H2O

1.4 Stoichiometric Ratio

As the enthalpies for each reaction are negative it has been identified that
the reactions are exothermic. Assuming the vessel used in the reaction is
2

adiabatic, all heat produced is absorbed by the mixture. This means a

maximum temperature will occur in each reaction and the temperature rise
may be determined.

Temperature Rise (K) = Tf-To

The graph of temperature rise verses initial concentration of reactants for
each run a distinct maximum will occur. This maximum occurs at the point
representing the stoichiometric ratio and equals the initial concentration
ratio.
When reactants are mixed in stoichiometric ratio there is no reagent in
excess, therefore meaning both reagents completely react. For constant
volume reactors, the maximum number of moles of each reactant that fit
into the reactant will react, thus the maximum heat will be produced. The
peak in the graph is distinct as no reagents are left throughout the reaction
which can absorb heat.
Equation 1, 2 and Figure 1.1 demonstrate how the concentration of a o, bo and
the stoichiometric ratio can be found respectively.

ao

bo

a stock * V A.o
Vtotal

(1)

bstock * V B.o
Vtotal

(2)

A
B
T f To

ao
bo

Figure 1.1: Example of the plot created with change in temperature versus concentration
ratio

1.5 Enthalpy of reaction

Usually one reactant limits the extent of reaction and as a result, the number
of moles per litre which react wont equal the initial concentration of the
reactant. Therefore the limiting concentration of each reaction must be
calculated otherwise the calculated enthalpy of reaction will be higher than
the actual enthalpy of reaction. The limiting concentration is calculated
through Equation 3 and is the smallest value between initial concentration of
sodium thiosulphate and the initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide
divided by its stoichiometric ratio. For this experiment, it is best to keep the
sodium thiosulphate as the limiting reagent. This is so possible side reactions
of the sodium thiosulphate is mitigated (Cohen and Spencer, 1962) and thus
the enthalpy of reaction is measured per mole of sodium thiosulphate.

clim MIN (bo ,

a o . B
)
A

(3)

By applying the steady state balance to the system, the temperature change
can be directly related to enthalpy of the reaction as seen in Equation 4.

(T f To )

H R .c lim
.C p

(4)

By rearranging Equation 4 the enthalpy of the reaction can be calculated

directly from Equation 5 or from a plot of temperature rise against the
limiting concentration. Passing a line through the origin of the plot of
temperature rise against limiting concentration will have a slope of H R/.Cp
as shown in Equation 6 and then the enthalpy can be calculated. In the
practical both methods are applied to find the enthalpy. The analytical
enthalpy uses the arithmetic average of all runs whilst the graphical enthalpy
is derived from a line of best fit.

H R

(T f To )

(T f To )

c lim

. .C p

H R
.c lim
.C p

(5)

(6)

The heat capacity, Cp , and density, , of each stock solution is different to

water, and thus every solution mix will have varying densities and heat
capacities. As the concentration of each of the stock solutions is low, 1mol/L,
the effect of the molecules in solution is insignificant thus the two
parameters can be assumed equal to water. The two parameters would need

to be calculated separately if higher concentrations of the chemicals were

used.

1.6 Arrhenius Parameters

The reaction which takes place between the sodium thiosulphate and
hydrogen peroxide is first order and the rate law is described by Equation 7.
As sodium thiosulphate is the limiting reagent, the rate of reaction can be
given as the negative change in concentration of sodium thiosulphate with
time.

db
k .a.b
dt

(7)

As the system is adiabatic, it is assumed that shaft work is negligible and the
enthalpy remains constant with time. From the energy balance, the
temperature and the rate of reaction may be related by Equation 8.

dH
dT
.C p .V .
H R .V .r 0
dT
dt

(8)

The change in temperature with time has to be found using a plot of the data
points. If a graph is produced with temperature versus time, a line of best fit
can be modeled to the plot. To get the most accurate results possible, a
quartic polynomial is fitted to the curve and the equation can be lifted from
the curve. The coefficients of the polynomial must be set so they have 12
significant figures otherwise there will be a significant round off error, see
6

Section 5.1.

This equation can be derived such that a cubic is found

representing the dT/dt at any point along the graph. Each data point can
then be substituted in for time to find the rate along the curve. This is more
accurate then the midpoint theorem and the curve generally has a good fit to
the data points.

Equation 8 can be rearranged and combined with Equations 9 and 10 to get

the following derivation.

1
.r
a.b

r .C p .

(9)

dT
1
.
dt H R

(10)

If we combine Equation 8 now with Equation 10.

c lim dT
.
T f To dt

(11)

Then Equation 12 for the rate constant, k, is produced when 11 is combined

with 9.

c
1
dT
. l im .
a.b T f To dt

(12)

Equation 10 can be divided by Equation 9, and then integrated to obtain

Equation 13.

H R (b bo ) .C p .(T To )

(13)

If the enthalpy of reaction is substituted in from Equation 6, then Equation 14

can be developed which is used to find the concentration of the sodium
thiosulphate, b.

b bo clim

(T To )
(T f To )

(14)

The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is found by conducting a mole

balance for the system. The equation used to calculate the value, a, is 15.

(a ao )

A
.(b bo )
B

Thus,

a ao

A
.(b bo )
B

(15)

The rate of reaction will vary with a change in temperature, and therefore
must be considered. The rate constant can be found which allows for the
variable reaction rate. The rate constant can be described using the
Arrhenius Equation.

Arrhenius Equation,

k Ae

E
)
RT

Where,
K = rate constant

(L/mol.s of H2O2)

A = Pre-exponential rate factor

E = Activation Energy
R = Gas Constant

(L/mol.s of H2O2)
(J/mol)

(J/mol.K)

If we take the natural log of both sides, the Arrhenius equation becomes 16

ln( k ) ln( A)

E 1
.
R T

(16)

If ln(k) is plotted against 1/T then the slope will be E/R and the intercept will
be ln(A)
This allows the calculation and A and E such that the accuracy and validation
of the experiment can be analysed.

1.7 Previous Work

In December of 1962, Cohen and Spencer released a paper titled
Determination of chemical kinetics by calorimetry and is found in Appendix
E. The study was to determine the reaction rate constants and activation
energies of a system with multiple possible reactions. The reactants used in
the study were sodium thiosulphate and hydrogen peroxide. This experiment
was run closely to Cohen and Spencers and most of the same methods were
used in finding the results.

There are some key differences between the two methods and they are as
follow-

Cohen and Spencer assumed the calorimeter was non adiabatic

The midpoint temperature was used to find the change in temperature

with time, dT/dt.

The natural log of the slope of the midpoint temperatures was plotted
against the reciprocal temperature to produce the activation energy seen
in Figure 1.2

Equation 16 was used to determine the reaction rate constant.

E
dT
k (H ).(C p ) sys e RT a.b
dt

(16)

Figure 1.2: Experimental Activation energy determination by Cohen and Spencer in 1962

10

The results from the study can be found in Table 1.2 The original results were
given different units, so have been converted for comparison with
experimental results. No error was specified for the pre-exponential rate
constant and the enthalpy of reaction.

Table 1.2: Theoretical results and relative error found in study by Cohen and Spencer

(L/(s.g-

-HR

mol))

E (kJ/mol)

(kJ/mol)

v1/v2

6.85E+11
N/A

76.48
1.255

573.198

1.96
0.03

Theoretic
al
Error

11

2 Experimental
2.1 Equipment

Figure 2.3: Equipment used during the practical

Table 2.1: Practical equipment, specifications and quantities

Equipment
Digital Thermoprobe
Reaction Vessel
Stirring table
Magnetic Stirrer
Beakers
Measuring Cylinders
Funnel
Mercury
Thermometer
Gloves
Materials
Sodium Thiosulphate
1M
Hydrogen Peroxide
1M

Quantity
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
1

12

Distilled Water
Stop Watch

2.1.1 Stirring table and magnetic stirrer:

The automated stirring table has a level top on which the reaction vessel can
be placed. The top of the stirring table contains a rotating magnet which can
be turned on and adjusted by rotating the dial on the front.

A magnetic

stirrer is then placed inside the reaction vessel such that the two magnets
interact, and the magnetic bead rotates. The action of this causes the
reaction solutions to be mixed, and if rotating at a constant speed, the
reaction mixture can be evenly mixed. Once the speed is set, it is held
constant for the remainder of the practical.

2.1.2 Thermo-probe:
A digital thermo-probe is used to measure the temperature of reaction
mixture throughout the reaction and the atmospheric temperature. The
thermo-probe should be calibrated against a mercury thermometer in warm
and cold water to calculate any error in the device. Ensure that probe is not
held during the experiment as it measures the highest temperature along its
length.

2.1.3 Reaction Vessel:

The reaction vessel has been built to promote an adiabatic reaction within
the vessel. The reactants are held in a Pyrex beaker, which is surrounded by
thick insulating foam and then held in thin plastic container. A lid is then
placed over the top of the vessel which has a foam plug which is fitted into
the beaker. The lid must be screwed into place such that there is a tight fit.

13

A small hole is present in the top of the lid so that the thermo probe can be
inserted into the reaction vessel.

2.2 Materials
Hydrogen Peroxide 1M:

Stock solution of hydrogen peroxide, H 2O2 , is supplied at a concentration of 1

mol/L. The MSDS for hydrogen peroxide is found in Appendix G and should be
read before use. Hydrogen peroxide deteriorates in direct sunlight, so fresh
solution should be used and also stored in an opaque bottle.

Sodium Thiosulphate 1M:

Stock solution of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 , is supplied at a
concentration of 1 mol/L. The MSDS for sodium thiosulphate is found in
Appendix H and should be read be use.

2.3 Safety
Due to the dangerous nature of the chemicals used in this practical, anyone
using the chemicals must wear protective rubber gloves, long sleeves, long
pants and safety glasses.

Sodium thiosulphate at low concentrations (<2%) is a low risk chemical but

should be handled with care. The MSDS found in Appendix H should be read
and understood before the chemical is handled and use. Safety procedures
need to be understood incase of contamination. Major spills are required to
be reported to the demonstrator. Thorough rinsing with water should

14

mitigate any harm in the event of contamination, although the precautions

found in the MSDS should be followed.

Hydrogen peroxide even at low concentrations (<8%) is seen as a high risk

chemical. Before its use, the MSDS in Appendix G must be read. It has a
moderate toxicity and high level hazard when it makes bodily contact. As
with sodium thiosulphate thorough rinsing with water should mitigate any
harm if contact occurs with eyes or skin. If swallowed water must be taken
immediately and medical attention maybe required if pain arises. Hydrogen
Peroxide is a bleach so contact with clothed my have a bleaching effect.

As distilled water is being used around electronic devices all spills should be
cleaned up immediately and the measurement of all liquids should occur
away from the electronic devices to avoid the chance of electrocution.

The laboratory is a hazardous environment due to the apparatus and

chemicals used in the room. Care must be taken when undertaking
experiment and moving around room to minimize the risk to your self, group
members and other groups undertaking experiments.

15

3 Experimental Procedure
The following is a brief description of how the experiment was conducted.

1. Material Safety Data Sheets for sodium thiosulphate and hydrogen

peroxide (Appendix H and G respectively) must be read by all
participating personnel.
2. All experimental equipment was arranged neatly on the bench space
provided for the practical.
3. The thermo probe was joined to the thermocouple and calibrated. This
was done by testing the thermo probe in hot and cold water baths and
compared with the temperatures given on the mercury thermometer.
4. The error of each of the measuring instruments and vessels was
determined and recorded.
5. The air and initial temperature of the two reactants was found and
recorded.
6. The total volume of the reactant mixture is held constant at 200mL.
The first experiment was named Run 1.

In Run 1, 100mL of water,

80mL of sodium thiosulphate was measured and recorded as V B, and

20mL of hydrogen peroxide was measured and recorded as VA.
7. The stirring table was turned on, with the magnetic stirrer placed in the
vessel.
8. Both reactants were added to the reaction vessel and the lid quickly
put into place, the thermoprobe was also inserted into the reaction
mixture.

16

9. As the reactants enter the vessel the stop watch was started and the
initial temperature was recorded.
10.

The temperature of the reaction mixture was recorded every five

seconds onto the recording sheets.

This continued until the

temperature of the reactants became constant (at least 60 seconds

without a temperature rise), and a final temperature could be
recorded.
11.

All liquids were emptied carefully from the reactant vessel into a

waste disposal bucket.

12.

The apparatus was then rinsed well with distilled water and dried

with paper towel.

13.

Steps 6 to 12 were then repeated with the V A /VB ratio increasing

by .25 up to 2.5, including ratios of 1.33 and 1.67. All raw data results
can be found in Appendix A.

Once finished, all equipment was washed thoroughly, dried and returned
back to their cupboard.

17

4 Results
A complete set of raw data, derived data and errors involved from the
experiment can be found in Appendices A, B and D respectively.

Throughout the entire experiment, the following were taken as constant:

astock

= 1.00 molL-1

bstock

= 1.00 molL-1

Vtotal

= 0.20 L 0.003L

= 1000 gL-1

Cp

= 4.183925359 Jg-1K-1

4.1 Stoichiometry
The total temperature difference was plotted against the initial concentration
ratio for all reactions. A trend line was fitted to the data to provide a
maximum. Figure 4.1 shows the plot of the Temperature Difference against
the Initial Concentration Ratio with the distinct maxima.

Temperature Difference Vs Initial Concetration Ratio

20
18

f(x) = - 6.63x^2 + 22.51x - 0.06

R = 0.97

16
14
12
Tf-Ti (deg K)

10
8
6
4
2
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

ao/bo

18

Figure 4.4: Plot of Total Temperature Difference against the Initial Concentration Ratio.
Trend-line for runs 1-11 shown by y.

From Figure 4.1 the equation of the line of best fit was derived to give the
maximum.

The maximum of the concentration ratio was equal to 1.697,

therefore A/B=1.6970.0548.

Table 4.1 summarizes the stoichiometric

ratio found.

Table 4.1: Stoichiometric ratios

A/B (Experimental)
1.697 0.0548

A/B (Theoretical)
1.97 0.03

4.2 Enthalpy of Reaction

Two methods where used to calculate the enthalpy of reaction, a graphical
method and an analytical method. Equation 6 in Section 1 was used to find
the analytical enthalpy of reaction for each run then the average of all runs
was taken. The graphical enthalpy of reaction was found using the slope of
the line through the plot of Temperature Difference against Limiting

19

Concentration. The plot is shown in Figure 4.2 and results shown in Table 4.2.

Tf-Ti (K) Vs clim

20
f(x) = 106.38x
R = 1

15

Tf-Ti

10
5
0
0.0500

0.0700

0.0900

0.1100

0.1300

0.1500

0.1700

0.1900

c lim

Figure 4.5: Trend line through data plots for runs 1 to 11 for Total Temperature
Difference against the Limiting Concentration.

Table 4.2: Results for enthalpy of reaction

-HR (Analytical) (kJmol- -HR (Graphical) (kJmol- -HR

1

)
428.959 56.68

)
445.09 38.856

(Theoretical)

(kJmol-1)
573.2

4.3 Arrhenius Parameters

The Arrhenius parameter was found using the concentration of hydrogen
peroxide and sodium thiosulphate at time t was calculated using Equations
20

14 and 15 in Section 1. The change in temperature with time, dT/dt, was

calculated using a plot of temperature against time. These values can be
found in Appendix B.

The reaction rate constant, k, was found using Equation 16, for each time
interval in every run. The natural log of these values, ln(k), could then be
taken. By plotting the natural log of the reaction rate constant against the
inverse temperature, the Arrhenius parameters could be found from a linear
regression. The graph was plotted with all runs together in Figure 4.3, so
interpretations could be made. The data was then taken around Runs 8 and
9 and plotted, shown in Figure 4.4.

1/T vs ln(k)
0.0000
0.003

0.003

0.003

0.003

0.003

0.004

run1
run 2

-1.0000

run 3
run 4

-2.0000

run 5
run 6

ln (k) -3.0000

run 7
run 8

-4.0000

run 9
run 10

-5.0000

run 11

-6.0000
1/T

Figure 4.6: Plot of ln(k) against 1/T for runs 1 to 11.

21

1/T vs ln(K)
0.0000
0.003
-1.0000

0.003

0.003

0.003

0.003

0.004
run 9

-2.0000
ln(k)

run 8

-3.0000
-4.0000
-5.0000
1/T

Figure 4.7: ln(k) against 1/T for Runs 8 and 9 only.

The data was then truncated at ln(k) = -2 so that the exponential data plot
was kept linear such that the trend line would have a minimum amount of
error. Thus Figure 4.5 was developed with a trend line through the truncated
data.
f(x) =
R = 0

1/T vs ln(k)
0.0000
0.00325
-0.5000

0.00330

0.00335

0.00340

0.00345

0.00350

-1.0000
-1.5000
ln(k)

-2.0000
Modified 'Run 8 & 9'
-2.5000

Linear (Modified 'Run 8 & 9')

Run 8 & 9

-3.0000
-3.5000
-4.0000
-4.5000
-5.0000
1/T

Figure 4.8: ln(k) against 1/T with truncated data and a linear line of best fit.

22

From Figure 4.5 the equation for the line of best fit was found to be:

ln(k) = -12609(1/T) + 39.22

(R2=0.9766)

(17)

As the slope of Equation 17 was equal to the E/R and the intercept was
equal to ln(A), the Table 4.3 could be collated.

Table 4.3: Results for Arrhenius Parameters

Arrhenius Parameters
A (L.mol-1.s-1)
E (kJ.mol-1)

Experimental
5.791011
112.39

Theoretical
6.851011
76.48 1.255

23

5 Discussion
The accuracy and relevance of the experimental results from Section 4 need
to be discussed, including any errors associated with there results.

5.1 Experimental Results

5.1.1 Experimental Constants
The experimental constants determined at the start of the practical were
assumed to remain constant throughout the practical, although these
constants contain some error in the values. It was assumed the stock
solutions were made on the day of the practical, but as hydrogen peroxide is
prone to deteriorate in sun light the actual concentration of the stick solution
of hydrogen peroxide may indeed have been lower than the recorded value.
As more stock solution had to be made during the practical by the chemistry
lab, the two different stock solutions may not have identical concentrations
causing variations in initial concentrations

As the solutions of hydrogen peroxide and sodium thiosulphate are very

dilute it is approximated they have the same density and heat capacity as
water.

The number of molecules within the system changes with time

causing the density to differ slightly from the theoretical density value. If the
solutions werent diluted the heat capacity would have varied significantly
and would have needed to be calculated for each experiment.

As the variation of theoretical constant to actual value is minimal it is

assumed that the actual value remains constant, causing a negligible error.

24

5.1.2 Stoichiometry
The plot of temperature difference against initial concentration ratio shown
in Figure 4.1 produces a trend line with a distinct maximum value. The
temperature difference increase as the initial concentration ratio approaches
the stoichiometric ratio. The maximum temperature change occurs when
initial concentration ratio equals the stoichiometric ratio. The temperature
difference decreases as the initial concentration ratio moves away from the
stoichiometric ratio.

The maximum temperature reached is determined from the trend line fitted
to the plot. From runs 1-11 it was determined the trend line fitted to the data
was appropriate to give a distinct maximum. If a more accurate value was
required more experiments could have been done with initial ratios between
1.5 and 2 with no water to better determine the maximum, although
temperature change would be twice as big as that of runs 1-11.

The stoichiometric ratio error was calculated and is in Appendix D. The error
in the temperature is 0.5K which is quiet small and is due to the thermo
probes accuracy. The largest error is from the measuring of initial
concentration ratio which arises from the measuring cylinders.

Three

separate volume measurements were made for each run and the largest
initial concentration ratio was 0.0548. The error in the adiabatic system in
explained in Section 5.1.2 and is un-measurable.

The hydrogen peroxide and sodium thiosulphate can form five different
reactions with different stoichiometric ratios and enthalpies, which can be
found in Table 1.1. The products formed in some of the reactions can also
participate in secondary reactions which will increase the complexity of the
reaction mixture. These reactions occur simultaneously, affecting the

25

enthalpy of the reaction and the stoichiometric ratio of the experimental

results. This wont correspond to a single reactions properties.

The stoichiometric ratio for the experiment was calculated at 1.697 0.0549
(3.24%) with and enthalpy of -484 kJ/mol. These calculations correspond
closely to reaction four in Table 1.1, meaning this reaction is most dominant
in the experiment.

Cohen and Spencer (1962) found their stoichiometric ratio equal to 1.96
0.03

(1.5%). This corresponds very closely to reaction 5 only, with only an

insignificant amount of the other reactions taking place. The difference in

the two results (13%) can be justified by experimental errors. These errors
can include mixing, non-adiabatic system or poor measuring. These cannot
be calculated exactly and could increase the errors enough meaning that
Cohen and Spencers results are a viable solution to the experiment.

5.1.3 Enthalpy of Reaction

The enthalpy of reaction is found from the limiting concentration of the
reaction mixture. The limiting concentration had to be determined, which
was found to be the concentration of sodium thiosulphate which would fully
react with hydrogen peroxide. This is dependent on which reactant is in
excess for the run. If sodium thiosulphate is in excess then the limiting
concentration is equal to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide divided by
the stoichiometric ratio, shown below.
C lim

a o B
A

( sodium thiosulpha te in excess)

If the hydrogen peroxide is in excess for all runs with an initial concentration
ratio greater than the stoichiometric ratio, the limiting concentration is equal
to the initial concentration of sodium thiosulphate as shown below.
C lim bo

(hydrogen peroxide in excess)

26

These two equations produce Equation 4 (Section 1) where the lowest value
of the two is equal to the limiting concentration and is dependent on the
initial concentration ratio. The relative error for the limiting concentration is
8.73% which is relevant to the practical. This could be reduced by using
more accurate measuring cylinders.

The steady state energy balance relates the enthalpy of the reaction to the
temperature change. It can be rearranged to directly produce values for the
enthalpy of reaction for each run. The average of each run can be taken to
find an analytical enthalpy of reaction. The analytical enthalpy of reaction,
HR, was 428 kJ/mol 56.68 kJ/mol (14%), corresponding to the enthalpy of
reaction for reaction four, which corresponds to the stoichiometric ratio found
as well.

The enthalpy of reaction can also be found from a plot of temperature

change against the limiting concentration for each run. This plot produces a
linear regression between the data points from each run. With a R 2 value of .
9785 means the regression is close to each point. The slope of the linear
regression is equal to:
106.38
Slope =

H R
.
.C p

From calculations the value of the enthalpy of reaction was found equal to
445.09 kJ/mol 38.756kJ/mol, (8.73%), and was named HR,

. As the

graphical

linear regression fits so well, it can be concluded that the error is caused
mostly by the uncertainty in the limiting concentration of the plot.

The

reduced error in the graphical enthalpy value means it is the more

appropriate value to be used.

27

Cohen and Spencer derived an enthalpy value of 573.2kJ/mol using a similar,

yet unspecific technique. The value relates closely to that of the number 5
reaction in Table 1.1, confirming the previous findings that the reaction
dominated in the system.

No value for error was given in the study. The

variation between this previous result and the graphical enthalpy found in
the experiment is 22.3%. The two answers are very different. Cohen and
Spencer found that the reaction closely followed reaction 5 whilst the
experiments undertaken in the practical found the reaction followed reaction
4. This could be due to different techniques or the use of non-adiabatic
systems.

5.1.4 Arrhenius parameters

The reaction has been assumed first order throughout the practical allowing
Equation 7 to describe the rate of reaction. A relationship between the
reaction rate constant and the temperature of the reaction needs to be
found. This relationship is described by the Arrhenius Equation, where
parameter A and E must be known. The parameters are found from a plot of
the natural logarithm of the rate constant against inverse temperature. The
slope and intercept of a linear regression gives the values of E and A.

The concentrations of sodium thiosulphate, b, and hydrogen peroxide, a, at

any time in the mixture can be found using Equations 16 and 15 respectively.

To find the rate constant the change in temperature with time was required
at any interval for every run. This was found by plotting the temperature
against time for each run in Microsoft Exel and fitting a polynomial regression
to the data. A quartic polynomial was used as it gave a best fit to the data
and made computations minimal. As the coefficients for the quartic were
very small for higher powers a high number of significant figures were
required to increase the accuracy. With a high number of significant figures
the error from change in temperature with time is minimal.
28

Using the plot of experimental data the Arrhenius parameters, A and E, can
be found. This is done by rearranging the Arrhenius Equation so that it equals
Equation 16. Using the plot of ln(k) against inverse temperature the Equation
can be used, with the slope equaling E/R and the intercept of ln(k) equal to
ln(A). The data of one run would have been sufficient but accuracy would be
increased with more runs so all data was plotted as seen in Figure (all
lnkv1/T). At low temperatures the data is too scattered due to the small
limiting concentration, meaning the amount of reactants teat react is small
and temperature rise is also small. For this reason only two runs were used.

The data didnt fit a linear regression due to a large variance of data due to
increasing temperature, T. This is not experimental error but due to
calculation methods. The rate constant, k, is inversely proportional to the
concentration of reactants during the experiment.

This explains why k increases exponentially as the concentration moves

towards zero as the reaction takes place. After analysing each run it can be
seen that this begins to occur when ln(k) is greater than minus two. This was
solved by truncating the data at ln(k)>-2. Figure 4.4 shows the use of runs
eight and nine to be analysed, whilst Figure 4.5 shows the truncated results
with the regression line.

From Figure 4.5 an Activation Energy, E, was found to be 112.39 kJ/mol -1. The
difference of 32.97% from Cohen and Spencer (76.48 kJmol -1 1.255)
suggests that this could be due to the different reactions between the past
result and this practical.

29

Deriving the intercept of the regression gave a pre-exponential rate factor, A,

equal to 5.791011L.mol-1.s-1. This gave a 15.5% difference with the result
attained by Cohen and Spencer (6.851011 L/mol.s).

Considering all the errors in the variables, it is possible the data obtained is
valid even though the result shows reaction 4 is most relevant were previous
work found reaction 5 was most relevant.

5.2 Sources of error

Observations made during the experiment identified various problems with
the equipment and the practical set up. These problems lead to errors in
results, some which could have been avoided in set up. Calculation errors
have been discussed in Section 5.0. All calculated errors can be found in
Appendix D.

Errors for the Arrhenius parameter were not found. Not all values needed to
find the errors for the Arrhenius parameters were not found for ever run. This
is due to the calculations required to find the error for ln(k) for each run.
Error in k were large in the errors that were found and was due to the inverse
proportionality to concentration of reagents. This meant error bars for the
graph of ln (k) against 1/T would have been very large even when the linear
regression had an accurate fit.

5.2.1 Error of Incomplete Mixing

As the reactor vessel could not be seen through the foam insulation it was
impossible to tell whether complete mixing was occurring by the stirring
table and magnetic stirrer. To test if mixing occurred sufficiently the beaker
was filled with 200mL of water and set in the insulation without the lid.

30

Several magnetic beads where tested at a range of stirring speeds to

determine the best bead at the best speed by visual inspection.

The error for incomplete mixing could not be calculated although conclusion
could be made from the observation of the derived data. As each experiment
stopped when no temperature change was recorded after sixty seconds, it
was then assumed all limiting reactant was consumed in the reaction. From
observing the data for reactant concentrations for derived data it was seen
the limiting reactant was completely reacted in the reaction. It can be
assumed this is due to complete mixing.

The change in temperature with time plot can also be used to observe the
consistency and extent of mixing. As the plots of each run had no sudden
change in trends, out lying points or high scattering, it can be concluded that
the mixing of the chemicals was adequate.

5.2.2 Error of Measuring Instruments

The digital thermo probe was found to read within .5K with a mercury
thermometer when calibrating. As the thermo probe only read to the nearest
whole K a plus or minus .5K error was determined. If the thermo probe read
to .1K the error in the enthalpy of reaction , dT/dt and the concentrations of
sodium thiosulphate and hydrogen peroxide with time would have been
reduced.

The measuring cylinders supplied for the practical had a resolution of 2mL
and were adequate for this experiment. As several measuring cylinders were
used in each run, the error in each cylinder had a compounding effect
causing small errors to become more significant. This was more significant

31

when small volumes were being used. Using a pipette would have made
errors insignificant in the measurements.

5.2.3 Error of Non Adiabatic Reactor

The system used for the reaction was assumed to be adiabatic due to the
thick insulation, meaning all heat from the reaction is kept within the
reaction mixture. It was obvious the reaction vessel was not adiabatic as
heat was absorbed by the reaction vessel. Heat produced by the reaction
could easily escape to the surroundings through convection via the small
hole in the lid for the thermo probe and also due to the lid not being air tight.

It was also evident that heat was conducted by the reaction vessel as the
vessel was warm to touch following the disposal of reagents after each run.
This resulted in the maximum temperature not being as high as that for an
adiabatic system. The error from the system increased as the temperature
change increased. The extent of this error could not be measured directly
meaning error bars could not be included.

The error from the non adiabatic system could be minimised by making the
reaction vessel out of something other than Pyrex, something that has a
lower convection heat transfer coefficient. The lid could be made air tight to
seal the vessel to stop heat be released. A more suitable vessel would be a
bomb

calorimeter

as

the

industry

uses

that

equipment

for

similar

experiments and it better replicates adiabatic conditions.

5.2.4 Error of Assumptions

It was assumed that density and heat capacity remained constant and was
equal to water. How ever this not true as the molecular compositions of the
reagents changes these properties. These differences are proportional to the
32

concentration of each reactant. So as the concentrations of the reactants

are low the effect of the molecules is minimal and therefore negligible, so the
properties of water can be used. There is however an error present and an
experiment conducted at higher concentrations would need to have the
individual properties calculated and accounted in each run.

33

6 Conclusions
From the conducted experiment it was determined the stoichiometric
coefficient was 1.697 0.0548. Comparing this value to that found by Cohen
and Spencer in a previous study it was 13.4% less. This ratio meant that the
dominating reaction in the experiment was Reaction 4 compared to Reaction
5 found by Cohen and Spencer.

3Na2S2O3 + 5H2O2 Na2S4O6 +2Na2SO4 + 5H2O

Reaction 4

2Na2S2O3 + 4H2O2 Na2S3O6 + Na2SO4 +4H2O

Reaction 5

The enthalpy of the reaction was calculated for the experiment and derived
as 445.09 kJmol-1 38.85 kJmol-1, which when compared to Cohen and
Spencers value was 22.3% less. This is most likely due to the different
reactions that were determined to dominate between the two experiments.

The pre-exponential rate constant was than determined to be 5.7910 11

Lmol-1s-1 which deviated by 15.5% from the previous study by Cohen and
Spencer which may also be explained by the different dominating reactions

The activation energy for the reaction was calculated to be 112.39 kJmol -1.
This deviated by nearly 33% from Cohen and Spencers results and maybe
due to either the different reactions determined to dominate or the nonadiabatic vessel used to conduct the experiment.

34

7 Nomenclature
Symbols
a
A
H2O2
b
C
Clim
Cp
Cp,sys
E
H
HR
Na2S2O3
HR,graphical
Na2S2O3
HR, analytical
Na2S2O3
k
H2O2
m
MW
r
Na2S2O3
R
t
T
V

Concentration of H2O2
Pre-exponential rate factor

mol.L-1
L.mol-1.s

Concentration of Na2S2O3
Concentration of solution
Limiting concentration
Heat capacity of solution
Heat capacity of whole system
Activation Energy
Enthalpy of solution
Enthalpy change of reaction

mol.L-1
molL-1
mol.L-1
of Na2S2O3
-1
-1
J.g .K
J.g-1.K-1
J. mol-1
J
kJ. mol-1
of

of

Enthalpy of reaction using graphical method

kJ. mol-1

of

Enthalpy of reaction using analytical method

kJ. mol-1

of

Rate constant

L.mol-1.s-1

of

g
g.mol-1
mol.L-1.s-1

of

Mass
Molecular Weight
Reaction rate
Gas constant
Time
Temperature
Volume

Greek Symbols

Change in

Stoichiometric Coefficient

Density of the solution

Subscripts
A
B
water
air

-1

Denotes
Denotes
Denotes
Denotes

J.mo-l-1.K-1
s
K
L

g.L-1

H2O2
Na2S2O3
H20
air
35

f
o
stock
total

Final condition
Initial condition
Standard solution conditions
Total

8 References
Chemwatch MSDS, chemwatch.adelaide.edu.au, Site accessed 2/08/2010
Fogler, S 2006, Elements in Chemical Reaction Engineeering, Fourth Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall Fourth Edition, US
Cohen, Spencer 1962, Determination of Chemical Kinetics by Calirometery,
Chemical Engineering Progress, vol 58, no.12 (1962) pp 40-41

9 Bibliography
Holman, JP 2002, Heat Transfer, Ninth Edition, McGraw Hill Publishing, Ninth
Edition
Smith, Van Ness 2005, Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, Pearson Prentice Hall Fourth Edition, US
Housecroft, Constable 2006, Chemistry, Third Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall
Fourth Edition, US
36

37

A. Appendix : Data Recordings

All data was recorded in interval of 5 seconds until a maximum temperature
was recorded for at least 60 seconds. In some cases this is not shown. All
volumes are measured in litres (L) and temperature in degrees Celsius (0C)
Table A 1:Recorded data for Run 1
data for Run 2

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

0.25
0.02
0.08
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
14
15
14
20
14
25
14
30
14
35
14
40
14
45
14
50
14
55
15
1:00
15
1:05
15
1:10
15
1:15
15
1:20
15
1:25
15
1:30
15
1:35
15
1:40
15
1:45
15
1:50
15
1:55
15
2:00
15
2:05
15
2:10
16
2:15
16
2:20
16
2:25
16

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

15
13
14

Tf=
17
Tf-Ti=
3
Time Temp
2:35
16
2:40
16
2:45
16
2:50
16
2:55
16
3:00
16
3:05
16
3:10
16
3:15
16
3:20
16
3:25
16
3:30
16
3:35
17
3:40
17
3:45
17
3:50
17
3:55
17
4:00
17
4:05
17
4:10
17
4:15
17
4:20
17
4:25
17
4:30
17

Table A 2:Recorded

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

0.5
0.035
0.065
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
14
15
14
20
15
25
15
30
15
35
15
40
15
45
16
50
16
55
16
1:00
17
1:05
17
1:10
17
1:15
17
1:20
18
1:25
18
1:30
18
1:35
18
1:40
19
1:45
19
1:50
19
1:55
19
2:00
19
2:05
20
2:10
20
2:15
20
2:20
20
2:25
20

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

15
13
14

Tf=
25
Tf-Ti=
11
Time Temp
2:35
21
2:40
21
2:45
21
2:50
21
2:55
22
3:00
22
3:05
22
3:10
22
3:15
22
3:20
22
3:25
23
3:30
23
3:35
23
3:40
23
3:45
23
3:50
23
3:55
23
4:00
23
4:05
24
4:10
24
4:15
24
4:20
24
4:25
24
4:30
24
4:35
24
4:40
24
4:45
24
4:50
24
4:55
24
38

2:30

16

2:30

21

5:00

24

Table A 3:Recorded data for Run 3

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

0.75
0.04
0.06
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
14
15
14
20
15
25
15
30
15
35
16
40
16
45
16
50
16
55
17
1:00
17
1:05
17
1:10
18
1:15
18
1:20
18
1:25
18
1:30
19
1:35
19
1:40
19
1:45
19
1:50
20
1:55
20
2:00
20
2:05
20
2:10
21
2:15
21
2:20
21
2:25
21
2:30
22

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

15
13
13

Tf=
28
Tf-Ti=
14
Time Temp
2:35
22
2:40
22
2:45
22
2:50
23
2:55
23
3:00
23
3:05
23
3:10
24
3:15
24
3:20
24
3:25
24
3:30
24
3:35
24
3:40
25
3:45
25
3:50
25
3:55
25
4:00
25
4:05
25
4:10
25
4:15
26
4:20
26
4:25
26
4:30
26
4:35
26
4:40
26
4:45
26
4:50
26
4:55
27
5:00
27

Time Temp
5:05
27
5:10
27
5:15
27
5:20
27
5:25
27
5:30
27
5:35
27
5:40
27
5:45
27
5:50
27
5:55
27
6:00
27
6:05
27
6:10
28
6:15
28
6:20
28
6:25
28
6:30
28
6:35
28
6:40
28
6:45
28
6:50
28
6:55
28
7:00
28
7:05
28
7:10
28
7:15
28
7:20
28

39

Table A 4:Recorded data for Run 4

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

1
0.05
0.05
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
14
15
15
20
15
25
16
30
16
35
16
40
16
45
17
50
17
55
18
1:00
18
1:05
18
1:10
18
1:15
19
1:20
19
1:25
19
1:30
20
1:35
20
1:40
20
1:45
21
1:50
21
1:55
21
2:00
22
2:05
22
2:10
22
2:15
22
2:20
23
2:25
23
2:30
23

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

15
14
15

Tf=
31
Tf-Ti=
17
Time Temp
2:35
24
2:40
24
2:45
24
2:50
24
2:55
25
3:00
25
3:05
25
3:10
25
3:15
26
3:20
26
3:25
26
3:30
26
3:35
26
3:40
27
3:45
27
3:50
27
3:55
27
4:00
27
4:05
28
4:10
28
4:15
28
4:20
28
4:25
28
4:30
28
4:35
29
4:40
29
4:45
29
4:50
29
4:55
29
5:00
29

Time Temp
5:05
30
5:10
29
5:15
30
5:20
30
5:25
30
5:30
30
5:35
30
5:40
30
5:45
30
5:50
30
5:55
30
6:00
30
6:05
31
6:10
31
6:15
31
6:20
31
6:25
31
6:30
31
6:35
31
6:40
31
6:45
31
6:50
31
6:55
31
7:00
31
7:05
31
7:10
31
7:15
31
7:20
31
7:25
31
7:30
31

40

Table A 5: Recorded data for Run 5

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

1.25
0.055
0.045
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
14
15
15
20
15
25
15
30
16
35
16
40
16
45
17
50
17
55
17
1:00
18
1:05
18
1:10
18
1:15
19
1:20
19
1:25
19
1:30
19
1:35
20
1:40
20
1:45
20
1:50
21
1:55
21
2:00
21
2:05
21
2:10
22
2:15
22
2:20
22
2:25
23
2:30
23

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

15
13
13

Tf=
31
Tf-Ti=
17
Time Temp
2:35
23
2:40
24
2:45
24
2:50
24
2:55
24
3:00
24
3:05
25
3:10
25
3:15
25
3:20
25
3:25
26
3:30
26
3:35
26
3:40
26
3:45
26
3:50
27
3:55
27
4:00
27
4:05
27
4:10
27
4:15
27
4:20
28
4:25
28
4:30
28
4:35
28
4:40
28
4:45
28
4:50
28
4:55
29
5:00
29

Time Temp
5:05
29
5:10
29
5:15
29
5:20
29
5:25
29
5:30
29
5:35
29
5:40
30
5:45
30
5:50
30
5:55
30
6:00
30
6:05
30
6:10
30
6:15
30
6:20
30
6:25
30
6:30
30
6:35
31
6:40
31
6:45
31
6:50
31
6:55
31
7:00
31
7:05
31
7:10
31
7:15
31
7:20
31
7:25
31
7:30
31

41

Table A 6: Recorded data for Run 6

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

1.5
0.06
0.04
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
14
15
14
20
15
25
15
30
15
35
16
40
16
45
16
50
16
55
17
1:00
18
1:05
18
1:10
18
1:15
18
1:20
19
1:25
19
1:30
19
1:35
20
1:40
20
1:45
20
1:50
20
1:55
21
2:00
21
2:05
22
2:10
22
2:15
22
2:20
22
2:25
23
2:30
23

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

14
13
14

Tf=
32
Tf-Ti=
18
Time Temp
2:35
23
2:40
24
2:45
24
2:50
24
2:55
24
3:00
25
3:05
25
3:10
25
3:15
25
3:20
26
3:25
26
3:30
26
3:35
27
3:40
27
3:45
27
3:50
27
3:55
27
4:00
28
4:05
28
4:10
28
4:15
28
4:20
28
4:25
28
4:30
29
4:35
29
4:40
29
4:45
29
4:50
29
4:55
29
5:00
30

Time Temp
5:05
30
5:10
30
5:15
30
5:20
30
5:25
30
5:30
30
5:35
30
5:40
30
5:45
31
5:50
31
5:55
31
6:00
31
6:05
31
6:10
31
6:15
31
6:20
31
6:25
31
6:30
32
6:35
32
6:40
32
6:45
32
6:50
32
6:55
32
7:00
32
7:05
32
7:10
32
7:15
32
7:20
32
7:25
32
7:30
32

42

Table A 7: Recorded data for Run 7

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

1.67
0.062
0.038
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
15
15
15
20
16
25
16
30
16
35
17
40
17
45
17
50
18
55
18
1:00
18
1:05
18
1:10
19
1:15
19
1:20
20
1:25
20
1:30
20
1:35
21
1:40
21
1:45
21
1:50
22
1:55
22
2:00
22
2:05
23
2:10
23
2:15
23
2:20
23
2:25
24
2:30
24

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

16
13
13

Tf=
33
Tf-Ti=
19
Time Temp
2:35
24
2:40
25
2:45
25
2:50
25
2:55
25
3:00
26
3:05
26
3:10
26
3:15
26
3:20
27
3:25
27
3:30
27
3:35
27
3:40
28
3:45
28
3:50
28
3:55
28
4:00
28
4:05
28
4:10
29
4:15
29
4:20
29
4:25
29
4:30
29
4:35
30
4:40
30
4:45
30
4:50
30
4:55
30
5:00
30

Time Temp
5:05
30
5:10
31
5:15
31
5:20
31
5:25
31
5:30
31
5:35
31
5:40
31
5:45
31
5:50
32
5:55
32
6:00
32
6:05
32
6:10
32
6:15
32
6:20
32
6:25
32
6:30
32
6:35
32
6:40
32
6:45
32
6:50
32
6:55
33
7:00
33
7:05
33
7:10
33
7:15
33
7:20
33
7:25
33
7:30
33
43

Table A 8: Recorded data for Run 8

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

1.75
0.064
0.036
0.1

Time Temp
5
14
10
15
15
15
20
15
25
16
30
16
35
16
40
17
45
17
50
17
55
18
1:00
18
1:05
18
1:10
19
1:15
19
1:20
19
1:25
19
1:30
20
1:35
20
1:40
20
1:45
21
1:50
21
1:55
21
2:00
22
2:05
22
2:10
22
2:15
22
2:20
23
2:25
23

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

16
13
13

Tf=
32
Tf-Ti=
18
Time Temp
2:35
24
2:40
24
2:45
24
2:50
24
2:55
25
3:00
25
3:05
25
3:10
25
3:15
26
3:20
26
3:25
26
3:30
26
3:35
26
3:40
27
3:45
27
3:50
27
3:55
27
4:00
28
4:05
28
4:10
28
4:15
28
4:20
28
4:25
28
4:30
29
4:35
29
4:40
29
4:45
29
4:50
29
4:55
29

Time Temp
5:05
30
5:10
30
5:15
30
5:20
30
5:25
30
5:30
30
5:35
30
5:40
30
5:45
30
5:50
31
5:55
31
6:00
31
6:05
31
6:10
31
6:15
31
6:20
31
6:25
31
6:30
31
6:35
31
6:40
32
6:45
32
6:50
32
6:55
32
7:00
32
7:05
32
7:10
32
7:15
32
7:20
32
7:25
32
44

2:30

23

5:00

29

7:30

32

Table A 9: Recorded data for Run 9

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

2
0.067
0.033
0.1

Time Temp
5
15
10
15
15
15
20
15
25
16
30
16
35
16
40
17
45
17
50
17
55
18
1:00
18
1:05
19
1:10
19
1:15
19
1:20
19
1:25
20
1:30
20
1:35
20
1:40
21
1:45
21
1:50
21
1:55
22
2:00
22
2:05
22
2:10
23
2:15
23
2:20
23

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

16
13
14

Tf=
33
Tf-Ti=
18
Time Temp
2:35
24
2:40
24
2:45
25
2:50
25
2:55
25
3:00
25
3:05
26
3:10
26
3:15
26
3:20
26
3:25
27
3:30
27
3:35
27
3:40
27
3:45
27
3:50
28
3:55
28
4:00
28
4:05
28
4:10
28
4:15
29
4:20
29
4:25
29
4:30
29
4:35
29
4:40
29
4:45
30
4:50
30

Time Temp
5:05
30
5:10
30
5:15
31
5:20
31
5:25
31
5:30
31
5:35
31
5:40
31
5:45
31
5:50
31
5:55
31
6:00
31
6:05
31
6:10
32
6:15
32
6:20
32
6:25
32
6:30
32
6:35
32
6:40
32
6:45
32
6:50
32
6:55
32
7:00
32
7:05
33
7:10
33
7:15
33
7:20
33
45

2:25
2:30

23
24

4:55
5:00

30
30

7:25
7:30

33
33

Table A 10: Recorded data for Run 10

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

2.25
0.07
0.03
0.1

Time Temp
5
15
10
15
15
15
20
16
25
16
30
16
35
17
40
17
45
17
50
18
55
18
1:00
18
1:05
19
1:10
19
1:15
19
1:20
19
1:25
20
1:30
20
1:35
20
1:40
21
1:45
21
1:50
21
1:55
21
2:00
22
2:05
22
2:10
22
2:15
23

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

16
13
14

Tf=
31
Tf-Ti=
16
Time Temp
2:35
23
2:40
24
2:45
24
2:50
24
2:55
24
3:00
25
3:05
25
3:10
25
3:15
26
3:20
26
3:25
26
3:30
26
3:35
26
3:40
27
3:45
27
3:50
27
3:55
27
4:00
27
4:05
28
4:10
28
4:15
28
4:20
28
4:25
28
4:30
28
4:35
28
4:40
28
4:45
29

Time Temp
5:05
29
5:10
30
5:15
30
5:20
30
5:25
30
5:30
30
5:35
30
5:40
30
5:45
30
5:50
30
5:55
30
6:00
30
6:05
30
6:10
31
6:15
31
6:20
31
6:25
31
6:30
31
6:35
31
6:40
31
6:45
31
6:50
31
6:55
31
7:00
31
7:05
31
7:10
31
7:15
31
46

2:20
2:25
2:30

23
23
23

4:50
4:55
5:00

29
29
29

7:20
7:25
7:30

31
31
31

Table A 11: Recorded data for Run 11

Va/Vb
=
Va=
Vb=
Vwate
r=

2.5
0.075
0.025
0.1

Time Temp
5
15
10
15
15
15
20
16
25
16
30
16
35
17
40
17
45
17
50
18
55
18
1:00
19
1:05
19
1:10
19
1:15
19
1:20
20
1:25
20
1:30
20
1:35
20
1:40
21
1:45
21
1:50
21
1:55
22
2:00
22
2:05
22
2:10
22

Tao=
Tbo=
Tair=

16
13
13

Tf=
30
Tf-Ti=
15
Time Temp
2:35
24
2:40
24
2:45
24
2:50
24
2:55
25
3:00
25
3:05
25
3:10
26
3:15
26
3:20
26
3:25
26
3:30
26
3:35
26
3:40
27
3:45
27
3:50
27
3:55
27
4:00
27
4:05
27
4:10
28
4:15
28
4:20
28
4:25
28
4:30
28
4:35
28
4:40
28

Time Temp
5:05
29
5:10
29
5:15
29
5:20
29
5:25
29
5:30
29
5:35
29
5:40
29
5:45
29
5:50
29
5:55
30
6:00
30
6:05
30
6:10
30
6:15
30
6:20
30
6:25
30
6:30
30
6:35
30
6:40
30
6:45
30
6:50
30
6:55
30
7:00
30
7:05
30
7:10
30
47

2:15
2:20
2:25
2:30

23
23
23
24

4:45
4:50
4:55
5:00

28
28
28
29

7:15
7:20
7:25
7:30

30
30
30
30

48

B.

Appendix : Derived Data

Constants
Table B 1:Experimental Constants

astoc
k=
bstoc
k=
Vtota
l =
a/b
=
=
Cp=

1 mol/L
1 mol/L
0.2 L
1.697
1000 g/L
4.184 J/(g.K)

Stoichiometry

Temperature Difference Vs Initial Concetration Ratio

20
18

f(x) = - 6.63x^2 + 22.51x - 0.06

R = 0.97

16
14
12
Tf-Ti (deg K)

10
8
6
4
2
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

ao/bo
Figure B 1: Temperature Vs Initial Concentration Ratio to find Stoichiometric Ratio

49

Enthalpy of Reaction
Table B 2: Parameters for each experimental Run

run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

ao
bo
clim
VA (L)
VB (L)
(mol/L)
(mol/L)
ao/bo
(mol/L) Tf-Ti (K)
0.02
0.08
0.1
0.4
0.25 0.0589
3
0.035
0.065
0.175
0.325
0.54 0.1031
11
0.04
0.06
0.2
0.3
0.67 0.1179
14
0.05
0.05
0.25
0.25
1.00 0.1473
17
0.055
0.045
0.275
0.225
1.22 0.1621
17
0.06
0.04
0.3
0.2
1.50 0.1768
18
0.062
0.038
0.31
0.19
1.63 0.1827
19
0.064
0.036
0.32
0.18
1.78 0.1800
18
0.067
0.033
0.335
0.165
2.03 0.1650
18
0.07
0.03
0.35
0.15
2.33 0.1500
16
0.072
0.028
0.36
0.14
2.57 0.1400
15

Graphical Enthalpy

Tf-Ti (K) Vs clim

20
f(x) = 105.58x
R = 0.99

15

Tf-Ti

10
5
0
0.0500

0.0700

0.0900

0.1100

0.1300

0.1500

0.1700

0.1900

c lim
Figure B 2: Plot of Temperature Change vs Clim for all runs

H R
.C p

Slope of line of best fit=

=106.38
If rearranged, graphical enthalpy, HR,graphical= -(106.38)(4.184)(1000)
= -445093.92 J/mol
HR,graphical = -445.1 kJ/mol

50

Analytical Enthalpy
Table B 3:Calculations of enthalpy for each run with average Enthalpy.

Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

-HR
-HR
clim
Tf-to
(J/mol)
(kJ/mol)
0.058927
213007.4 213.0074
519
3
4
4
0.103123
446301.3 446.3013
159
11
029
029
0.117855
497017.3 497.0173
038
14
6
6
0.147318
482816.8 482.8168
798
17
64
64
0.162050
438924.4 438.9244
678
17
218
218
0.176782
426014.8 426.0148
557
18
8
8
0.182675
435176.4 435.1764
309
19
903
903
0.18
18
418400
418.4
456436.3 456.4363
0.165
18
636
636
446293.3 446.2933
0.15
16
333
333
448285.7 448.2857
0.14
15
143
143
Average
428.0612
=
882

Arithmetic average taken for all experimental runs to find analytical enthalpy.
Therefore, -HR,analytical = 428.06 kJ/mol

51

Table B 4 I : Experimental parameters for all of Run 1

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300

T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
287
0.1000
0.400
0.0101
287
0.1000
0.400
0.0106
287
0.1000
0.400
0.0111
287
0.1000
0.400
0.0116
287
0.1000
0.400
0.0120
288
0.0667
0.380
0.0124
288
0.0667
0.380
0.0127
288
0.0667
0.380
0.0130
288
0.0667
0.380
0.0132
288
0.0667
0.380
0.0134
288
0.0667
0.380
0.0135
288
0.0667
0.380
0.0136
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0136
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0135
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0133
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0131
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0127
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0123
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0118
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0112
289
0.0333
0.361
0.0105
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0097
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0087
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0077
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0065
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0052
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0038
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0023
290
0.0000
0.341
0.0006
290
0.0000
0.341
-0.0012
290
0.0000
0.341
-0.0032

1/T
k (L/
(1/deg
(mol.s)) C)
ln(k)
0.0050
0.003
-5.3061
0.0052
0.003
-5.2559
0.0055
0.003
-5.2106
0.0057
0.003
-5.1701
0.0059
0.003
-5.1342
0.0096
0.003
-4.6470
0.0099
0.003
-4.6201
0.0101
0.003
-4.5976
0.0103
0.003
-4.5796
0.0104
0.003
-4.5662
0.0105
0.003
-4.5574
0.0105
0.003
-4.5534
0.0222
0.003
-3.8084
0.0220
0.003
-3.8150
0.0218
0.003
-3.8274
0.0214
0.003
-3.8461
0.0208
0.003
-3.8719
0.0201
0.003
-3.9056
0.0193
0.003
-3.9484
0.0183
0.003
-4.0018
0.0171
0.003
-4.0678
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003
0.0000
0.003

52

Table B 4 II: Experimental parameters for all of run 2

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330

T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
287
0.1750
0.325
0.0360
287
0.1750
0.325
0.0393
288
0.1591
0.316
0.0420
288
0.1591
0.316
0.0441
288
0.1591
0.316
0.0457
289
0.1432
0.306
0.0469
290
0.1273
0.297
0.0476
290
0.1273
0.297
0.0479
291
0.1114
0.288
0.0478
291
0.1114
0.288
0.0474
292
0.0955
0.278
0.0467
292
0.0955
0.278
0.0456
292
0.0955
0.278
0.0443
293
0.0795
0.269
0.0428
293
0.0795
0.269
0.0410
294
0.0636
0.259
0.0391
294
0.0636
0.259
0.0371
294
0.0636
0.259
0.0350
295
0.0477
0.250
0.0327
295
0.0477
0.250
0.0305
295
0.0477
0.250
0.0282
296
0.0318
0.241
0.0260
296
0.0318
0.241
0.0238
296
0.0318
0.241
0.0217
296
0.0318
0.241
0.0197
297
0.0159
0.231
0.0179
297
0.0159
0.231
0.0162
297
0.0159
0.231
0.0148
297
0.0159
0.231
0.0135
297
0.0159
0.231
0.0126
297
0.0159
0.231
0.0120
297
0.0159
0.231
0.0117
298
0.0000
0.222
0.0117
298
0.0000
0.222
0.0122

1/T
k (L/
(1/deg
(mol.s)) C)
ln(k)
0.00593
0.003
-5.1270
0.00647
0.003
-5.0403
0.00783
0.003
-4.8494
0.00823
0.003
-4.7994
0.00854
0.003
-4.7629
0.01003
0.003
-4.6023
0.01182
0.003
-4.4382
0.01189
0.003
-4.4319
0.01401
0.003
-4.2680
0.01388
0.003
-4.2772
0.01647
0.003
-4.1060
0.01610
0.003
-4.1287
0.01564
0.003
-4.1578
0.01875
0.003
-3.9765
0.01799
0.003
-4.0179
0.02222
0.003
-3.8066
0.02107
0.003
-3.8600
0.01985
0.003
-3.9193
0.02573
0.003
-3.6601
0.02396
0.003
-3.7313
0.02219
0.003
-3.8083
0.03184
0.003
-3.4472
0.02916
0.003
-3.5350
0.02658
0.003
-3.6274
0.02415
0.003
-3.7235
0.04557
0.003
-3.0886
0.04133
0.003
-3.1862
0.03762
0.003
-3.2803
0.03452
0.003
-3.3662
0.03211
0.003
-3.4385
0.03048
0.003
-3.4908
0.02969
0.003
-3.5170
0.00000
0.003
0.00000
0.003
53

340
350
360

298
298
298

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.222
0.222
0.222

0.0130 0.00000
0.0144 0.00000
0.0162 0.00000

0.003
0.003
0.003

Run 1 dT/dt
292
290
Temperature (deg K)

f(x) = - 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.01x + 287

288
286
284
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Time (s)
Figure B 3 I: Temperature Vs Time for Run 1 with trend line

30
0

Run 2 dT/dt
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.04x + 287
R = 1

28
0

Temperature (degK)
0

50

100

150

200 250

300

350

400

time (s)
Figure B 3 II: Temperature Vs Time for Run 2 with trend line

54

Table B 4 III: Experimental parameters for all of Run 3

t (s)

T (K)

a (mol/L)

b (mol/l)

dT/dt

k (L/
(mol.s))

287

0.2000

0.300

0.0552

0.0090

10

287

0.2000

0.300

0.0560

0.0092

20

288

0.1857

0.292

0.0566

0.0103

30

288

0.1857

0.292

0.0569

0.0103

40

289

0.1714

0.283

0.0570

0.0115

50

289

0.1714

0.283

0.0568

0.0115

60

290

0.1571

0.275

0.0565

0.0129

70

291

0.1429

0.266

0.0560

0.0145

80

291

0.1429

0.266

0.0553

0.0143

90

292

0.1286

0.258

0.0545

0.0161

100

292

0.1286

0.258

0.0535

0.0158

110

293

0.1143

0.249

0.0523

0.0180

120

293

0.1143

0.249

0.0510

0.0176

130

294

0.1000

0.241

0.0496

0.0202

140

294

0.1000

0.241

0.0481

0.0196

150

295

0.0857

0.233

0.0465

0.0229

160

295

0.0857

0.233

0.0448

0.0221

170

296

0.0714

0.224

0.0431

0.0264

1/T
(1/deg
C)
ln(k)
0.0034
8
-4.7059
0.0034
8
-4.6917
0.0034
7
-4.5795
0.0034
7
-4.5740
0.0034
6
-4.4631
0.0034
6
-4.4652
0.0034
5
-4.3537
0.0034
4
-4.2363
0.0034
4
-4.2487
0.0034
2
-4.1267
0.0034
2
-4.1453
0.0034
1
-4.0161
0.0034
1
-4.0409
0.0034
0
-3.9008
0.0034
0
-3.9317
0.0033
9
-3.7760
0.0033
9
-3.8131
0.0033
8
-3.6342
55

180

296

0.0714

0.224

0.0412

0.0253

190

297

0.0571

0.216

0.0393

0.0313

200

297

0.0571

0.216

0.0374

0.0298

210

297

0.0571

0.216

0.0355

0.0282

220

298

0.0429

0.207

0.0335

0.0370

230

298

0.0429

0.207

0.0315

0.0348

240

298

0.0429

0.207

0.0295

0.0326

250

298

0.0429

0.207

0.0275

0.0304

260

299

0.0286

0.199

0.0256

0.0442

270

299

0.0286

0.199

0.0237

0.0410

280

299

0.0286

0.199

0.0219

0.0378

290

299

0.0286

0.199

0.0201

0.0347

300

300

0.0143

0.191

0.0183

0.0662

310

300

0.0143

0.191

0.0167

0.0603

320

300

0.0143

0.191

0.0152

0.0547

330

300

0.0143

0.191

0.0137

0.0495

340

300

0.0143

0.191

0.0124

0.0447

350

300

0.0143

0.191

0.0112

0.0404

360

300

0.0143

0.191

0.0101

0.0366

370

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0092

0.0000

380

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0085

0.0000

390

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0079

0.0000

400

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0075

0.0000

0.0033
8
0.0033
7
0.0033
7
0.0033
7
0.0033
6
0.0033
6
0.0033
6
0.0033
6
0.0033
4
0.0033
4
0.0033
4
0.0033
4
0.0033
3
0.0033
3
0.0033
3
0.0033
3
0.0033
3
0.0033
3
0.0033
3
0.0033
2
0.0033
2
0.0033
2
0.0033
2

-3.6777
-3.4631
-3.5134
-3.5671
-3.2970
-3.3581
-3.4231
-3.4920
-3.1181
-3.1953
-3.2766
-3.3622
-2.7156
-2.8092
-2.9063
-3.0061
-3.1076
-3.2091
-3.3082

56

410

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0073

0.0000

420

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0074

0.0000

430

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0076

0.0000

440

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0080

0.0000

450

301

0.0000

0.182

0.0087

0.0000

0.0033
2
0.0033
2
0.0033
2
0.0033
2
0.0033
2

Run 3 dT/dt
305
300

f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.06x + 286.66

R = 1

295
Temperature (degK)

290
285
280
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

500

time (s)
Figure B 3 III: Temperature Vs Time for Run 3 with trend line.

57

Table B 4 IV: Experimental parameters for all of Run 4

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380

T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
287
0.2500
0.250
0.0710
287
0.2500
0.250
0.0706
288
0.2361
0.242
0.0700
289
0.2222
0.234
0.0693
289
0.2222
0.234
0.0686
290
0.2083
0.225
0.0677
291
0.1944
0.217
0.0667
291
0.1944
0.217
0.0656
292
0.1806
0.209
0.0644
293
0.1667
0.201
0.0631
293
0.1667
0.201
0.0618
294
0.1528
0.193
0.0604
295
0.1389
0.185
0.0589
295
0.1389
0.185
0.0573
296
0.1250
0.176
0.0557
296
0.1250
0.176
0.0540
297
0.1111
0.168
0.0523
297
0.1111
0.168
0.0505
298
0.0972
0.160
0.0487
298
0.0972
0.160
0.0468
299
0.0833
0.152
0.0450
299
0.0833
0.152
0.0430
300
0.0694
0.144
0.0411
300
0.0694
0.144
0.0391
300
0.0694
0.144
0.0372
301
0.0556
0.135
0.0352
301
0.0556
0.135
0.0332
301
0.0556
0.135
0.0313
302
0.0417
0.127
0.0293
302
0.0417
0.127
0.0273
302
0.0417
0.127
0.0254
302
0.0417
0.127
0.0235
303
0.0278
0.119
0.0216
303
0.0278
0.119
0.0197
303
0.0278
0.119
0.0179
303
0.0278
0.119
0.0161
303
0.0278
0.119
0.0144
304
0.0139
0.111
0.0127
304
0.0139
0.111
0.0110

1/T
k (L/
(1/deg
(mol.s)) C)
ln(k)
0.0098
0.003
-4.6204
0.0098
0.003
-4.6267
0.0106
0.003
-4.5443
0.0116
0.003
-4.4590
0.0114
0.003
-4.4705
0.0125
0.003
-4.3834
0.0137
0.003
-4.2922
0.0135
0.003
-4.3087
0.0148
0.003
-4.2144
0.0163
0.003
-4.1142
0.0160
0.003
-4.1358
0.0178
0.003
-4.0305
0.0199
0.003
-3.9168
0.0194
0.003
-3.9437
0.0219
0.003
-3.8216
0.0212
0.003
-3.8522
0.0242
0.003
-3.7194
0.0234
0.003
-3.7539
0.0271
0.003
-3.6071
0.0261
0.003
-3.6459
0.0308
0.003
-3.4804
0.0295
0.003
-3.5239
0.0357
0.003
-3.3321
0.0340
0.003
-3.3808
0.0323
0.003
-3.4323
0.0406
0.003
-3.2050
0.0383
0.003
-3.2628
0.0360
0.003
-3.3241
0.0479
0.003
-3.0391
0.0447
0.003
-3.1083
0.0415
0.003
-3.1819
0.0384
0.003
-3.2605
0.0565
0.003
-2.8727
0.0517
0.003
-2.9630
0.0469
0.003
-3.0602
0.0422
0.003
-3.1654
0.0376
0.003
-3.2798
0.0713
0.003
-2.6407
0.0621
0.003
-2.7788
58

390
400
410
420
430
440
450

304
304
304
304
304
304
304

0.0139
0.0139
0.0139
0.0139
0.0139
0.0139
0.0139

0.111
0.111
0.111
0.111
0.111
0.111
0.111

0.0095
0.0079
0.0065
0.0051
0.0039
0.0027
0.0015

0.0532
0.0447
0.0366
0.0289
0.0217
0.0149
0.0087

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

-2.9329
-3.1069
-3.3069
-3.5425
-3.8306
-4.2047
-4.7494

Run 4 dT/dt
310
300
Temperature (degK)

f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 - 0x^2 + 0.07x + 286.61

R = 1

290
280
270
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure B 3 IV: Temperature Vs Time for Run 4 with trend line.

59

Table B 4 V: Experimental parameters for all of Run 5

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400

T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
287
0.2750
0.225
0.0634
287
0.2750
0.225
0.0640
288
0.2588
0.215
0.0643
289
0.2426
0.206
0.0644
289
0.2426
0.206
0.0643
290
0.2265
0.196
0.0640
291
0.2103
0.187
0.0635
291
0.2103
0.187
0.0629
292
0.1941
0.177
0.0621
292
0.1941
0.177
0.0612
293
0.1779
0.168
0.0601
294
0.1618
0.158
0.0588
294
0.1618
0.158
0.0575
295
0.1456
0.149
0.0561
295
0.1456
0.149
0.0545
296
0.1294
0.139
0.0529
297
0.1132
0.130
0.0512
297
0.1132
0.130
0.0494
297
0.1132
0.130
0.0476
298
0.0971
0.120
0.0457
298
0.0971
0.120
0.0438
299
0.0809
0.111
0.0419
299
0.0809
0.111
0.0399
300
0.0647
0.101
0.0379
300
0.0647
0.101
0.0360
300
0.0647
0.101
0.0340
301
0.0485
0.092
0.0321
301
0.0485
0.092
0.0302
301
0.0485
0.092
0.0284
301
0.0485
0.092
0.0266
302
0.0324
0.082
0.0249
302
0.0324
0.082
0.0233
302
0.0324
0.082
0.0217
302
0.0324
0.082
0.0202
303
0.0162
0.072
0.0189
303
0.0162
0.072
0.0177
303
0.0162
0.072
0.0166
303
0.0162
0.072
0.0156
303
0.0162
0.072
0.0148
303
0.0162
0.072
0.0141
304
0.0000
0.063
0.0136

1/T
k (L/
(1/deg
(mol.s)) C)
ln(k)
0.0098
0.003
-4.6280
0.0099
0.003
-4.6197
0.0110
0.003
-4.5109
0.0123
0.003
-4.3995
0.0123
0.003
-4.4010
0.0137
0.003
-4.2891
0.0154
0.003
-4.1726
0.0153
0.003
-4.1827
0.0172
0.003
-4.0631
0.0169
0.003
-4.0785
0.0192
0.003
-3.9542
0.0219
0.003
-3.8208
0.0214
0.003
-3.8437
0.0247
0.003
-3.7017
0.0240
0.003
-3.7295
0.0280
0.003
-3.5758
0.0332
0.003
-3.4041
0.0321
0.003
-3.4394
0.0309
0.003
-3.4771
0.0374
0.003
-3.2869
0.0358
0.003
-3.3297
0.0446
0.003
-3.1100
0.0425
0.003
-3.1579
0.0553
0.003
-2.8950
0.0524
0.003
-2.9480
0.0496
0.003
-3.0035
0.0689
0.003
-2.6748
0.0649
0.003
-2.7352
0.0609
0.003
-2.7980
0.0571
0.003
-2.8628
0.0895
0.003
-2.4140
0.0836
0.003
-2.4822
0.0780
0.003
-2.5513
0.0727
0.003
-2.6209
0.1536
0.003
-1.8732
0.1436
0.003
-1.9407
0.1346
0.003
-2.0054
0.1267
0.003
-2.0657
0.1201
0.003
-2.1197
0.1147
0.003
-2.1657
0.0000
0.003
60

410
420
430
440
450

304
304
304
304
304

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063

0.0133
0.0132
0.0132
0.0135
0.0140

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

Run 5 dT/dt
310
305
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.06x + 286.75
R = 1

300
295
Temperature (degK)

290
285
280
275
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure B 3 V: Temperature Vs Time for Run 5 with trend line.

Table B 4 VI: Experimental parameters for all of Run 6

61

t (s)

T (K)

a (mol/L)

b (mol/l)

dT/dt

k (L/
(mol.s))

1/T
(1/deg
C)

ln(k)

62

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450

287
287
288
288
289
290
291
291
292
292
293
293
294
295
295
296
297
297
298
298
299
299
300
300
301
301
301
302
302
302
303
303
303
303
304
304
304
304
304
305
305
305
305
305
305
305

0.3000
0.3000
0.2833
0.2833
0.2667
0.2500
0.2333
0.2333
0.2167
0.2167
0.2000
0.2000
0.1833
0.1667
0.1667
0.1500
0.1333
0.1333
0.1167
0.1167
0.1000
0.1000
0.0833
0.0833
0.0667
0.0667
0.0667
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0333
0.0333
0.0333
0.0333
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0167
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.200
0.200
0.190
0.190
0.180
0.171
0.161
0.161
0.151
0.151
0.141
0.141
0.131
0.121
0.121
0.112
0.102
0.102
0.092
0.092
0.082
0.082
0.072
0.072
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023

0.0568
0.0587
0.0603
0.0616
0.0626
0.0633
0.0638
0.0640
0.0640
0.0638
0.0633
0.0627
0.0619
0.0609
0.0597
0.0584
0.0570
0.0554
0.0537
0.0519
0.0501
0.0481
0.0461
0.0440
0.0419
0.0398
0.0376
0.0354
0.0333
0.0311
0.0290
0.0269
0.0249
0.0230
0.0211
0.0193
0.0176
0.0160
0.0146
0.0133
0.0121
0.0111
0.0103
0.0096
0.0092
0.0089

0.0093
0.0096
0.0110
0.0112
0.0128
0.0146
0.0167
0.0168
0.0192
0.0192
0.0220
0.0218
0.0253
0.0295
0.0290
0.0343
0.0412
0.0401
0.0492
0.0475
0.0599
0.0575
0.0751
0.0717
0.0988
0.0937
0.0887
0.1322
0.1241
0.1161
0.1995
0.1852
0.1713
0.1579
0.3761
0.3442
0.3140
0.2859
0.2600
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

-4.6771
-4.6447
-4.5108
-4.4898
-4.3601
-4.2280
-4.0923
-4.0887
-3.9517
-3.9553
-3.8148
-3.8249
-3.6789
-3.5220
-3.5411
-3.3735
-3.1886
-3.2165
-3.0123
-3.0461
-2.8157
-2.8554
-2.5886
-2.6346
-2.3147
-2.3672
-2.4231
-2.0238
-2.0868
-2.1534
-1.6120
-1.6862
-1.7642
-1.8459
-0.9779
-1.0666
-1.1583
-1.2521
-1.3470

63

Run 6 dT/dt
310
305

f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.06x + 286.72

R = 1

300
295
temperature (degK)

290
285
280
275
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure B 3 VI: Temperature Vs Time for Run 6 with trend line.

Table B 4 VII: Experimental parameters for all of Run 7

1/T
k (L/
(1/deg
t (s)
T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
(mol.s)) C)
ln(k)
0
287
0.3100
0.190
0.0294 0.00480
0.003
-5.3396
10
288
0.2937
0.180
0.0292 0.00530
0.003
-5.2400
20
289
0.2774
0.171
0.0290 0.00589
0.003
-5.1345
64

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450

289
290
291
291
292
293
293
294
295
295
296
296
297
298
298
299
299
300
300
301
301
301
302
302
302
303
303
303
304
304
304
304
305
305
305
305
305
305
306
306
306
306
306

0.2774
0.2611
0.2447
0.2447
0.2284
0.2121
0.2121
0.1958
0.1795
0.1795
0.1632
0.1632
0.1468
0.1305
0.1305
0.1142
0.1142
0.0979
0.0979
0.0816
0.0816
0.0816
0.0653
0.0653
0.0653
0.0489
0.0489
0.0489
0.0326
0.0326
0.0326
0.0326
0.0163
0.0163
0.0163
0.0163
0.0163
0.0163
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.171
0.161
0.152
0.152
0.142
0.132
0.132
0.123
0.113
0.113
0.103
0.103
0.094
0.084
0.084
0.075
0.075
0.065
0.065
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007

0.0290
0.0288
0.0286
0.0286
0.0285
0.0283
0.0283
0.0281
0.0279
0.0279
0.0277
0.0277
0.0275
0.0274
0.0274
0.0272
0.0272
0.0270
0.0270
0.0268
0.0268
0.0268
0.0267
0.0267
0.0267
0.0265
0.0265
0.0265
0.0263
0.0263
0.0263
0.0263
0.0261
0.0261
0.0261
0.0261
0.0261
0.0261
0.0259
0.0259
0.0259
0.0259
0.0259

0.00589
0.00659
0.00743
0.00743
0.00844
0.00969
0.00969
0.01124
0.01322
0.01322
0.01579
0.01579
0.01922
0.02393
0.02393
0.03067
0.03067
0.04080
0.04080
0.05708
0.05708
0.05708
0.08577
0.08577
0.08577
0.14379
0.14379
0.14379
0.29183
0.29183
0.29183
0.29183
0.90882
0.90882
0.90882
0.90882
0.90882
0.90882
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

-5.1345
-5.0223
-4.9027
-4.9027
-4.7746
-4.6369
-4.6369
-4.4879
-4.3258
-4.3258
-4.1482
-4.1482
-3.9519
-3.7326
-3.7326
-3.4845
-3.4845
-3.1990
-3.1990
-2.8633
-2.8633
-2.8633
-2.4561
-2.4561
-2.4561
-1.9394
-1.9394
-1.9394
-1.2316
-1.2316
-1.2316
-1.2316
-0.0956
-0.0956
-0.0956
-0.0956
-0.0956
-0.0956

65

Run 7 dT/dt

temperature (deg K)

310
305
300
295
290
285
280
275

f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.07x + 287.2

R = 1

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure B 3 VII: Temperature Vs Time for Run 7 with trend line.

Table B 4 VIII:Experimental parameters for all of Run 8

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40

T (K)
287
288
288
289
290

a (mol/L)
0.3200
0.3030
0.3030
0.2861
0.2691

b (mol/l)
0.180
0.170
0.170
0.160
0.150

dT/dt
0.0643
0.0646
0.0648
0.0648
0.0646

k (L/
(mol.s))
0.0112
0.0125
0.0126
0.0141
0.0160

1/T
ln(k)
(1/deg
C)
0.003
-4.4954
0.003
-4.3786
0.003
-4.3762
0.003
-4.2582
0.003
-4.1354
66

50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450

290
291
292
292
293
293
294
295
295
296
296
297
297
298
298
299
299
300
300
301
301
301
302
302
302
302
303
303
303
303
304
304
304
304
304
305
305
305
305
305
305

0.2691
0.2521
0.2352
0.2352
0.2182
0.2182
0.2012
0.1842
0.1842
0.1673
0.1673
0.1503
0.1503
0.1333
0.1333
0.1164
0.1164
0.0994
0.0994
0.0824
0.0824
0.0824
0.0655
0.0655
0.0655
0.0655
0.0485
0.0485
0.0485
0.0485
0.0315
0.0315
0.0315
0.0315
0.0315
0.0145
0.0145
0.0145
0.0145
0.0145
0.0145

0.150
0.140
0.130
0.130
0.120
0.120
0.110
0.100
0.100
0.090
0.090
0.080
0.080
0.070
0.070
0.060
0.060
0.050
0.050
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.0642
0.0637
0.0631
0.0624
0.0615
0.0605
0.0594
0.0581
0.0568
0.0555
0.0540
0.0524
0.0508
0.0492
0.0475
0.0457
0.0440
0.0422
0.0404
0.0386
0.0367
0.0349
0.0331
0.0314
0.0296
0.0279
0.0263
0.0247
0.0232
0.0217
0.0203
0.0190
0.0178
0.0167
0.0157
0.0149
0.0141
0.0135
0.0130
0.0127
0.0126

0.0159
0.0181
0.0206
0.0204
0.0235
0.0231
0.0268
0.0316
0.0309
0.0368
0.0359
0.0436
0.0423
0.0527
0.0509
0.0655
0.0630
0.0849
0.0812
0.1169
0.1114
0.1060
0.1688
0.1598
0.1509
0.1423
0.2711
0.2547
0.2389
0.2238
0.6449
0.6038
0.5657
0.5308
0.4995
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

-4.1406
-4.0141
-3.8802
-3.8923
-3.7517
-3.7681
-3.6186
-3.4558
-3.4785
-3.3013
-3.3282
-3.1323
-3.1633
-2.9431
-2.9783
-2.7253
-2.7648
-2.4665
-2.5104
-2.1461
-2.1943
-2.2448
-1.7792
-1.8340
-1.8910
-1.9499
-1.3052
-1.3678
-1.4318
-1.4969
-0.4387
-0.5045
-0.5697
-0.6333
-0.6942

67

Run 8 dT/dt
310
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.06x + 287.08
R = 1

300
temperature (deg K)

290
280
270
0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure B 3 VIII: Temperature Vs Time for Run 8 with trend line.

Table B 4 IX: Experiment parameters for all of Run 9

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40
50

k (L/
T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
(mol.s))
288
0.3350
0.165
0.0542
0.0090
288
0.3350
0.165
0.0568
0.0094
288
0.3350
0.165
0.0589
0.0098
289
0.3194
0.156
0.0607
0.0112
290
0.3039
0.147
0.0621
0.0128
290
0.3039
0.147
0.0631
0.0130

1/T
(1/deg
C)
ln(k)
0.003
-4.7119
0.003
-4.6655
0.003
-4.6283
0.003
-4.4941
0.003
-4.3610
0.003
-4.3447
68

60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450

291
292
292
293
294
294
295
296
296
297
297
298
298
299
299
300
300
301
301
301
302
302
302
303
303
303
304
304
304
304
304
305
305
305
305
305
305
306
306
306

0.2883
0.2728
0.2728
0.2572
0.2417
0.2417
0.2261
0.2106
0.2106
0.1950
0.1950
0.1794
0.1794
0.1639
0.1639
0.1483
0.1483
0.1328
0.1328
0.1328
0.1172
0.1172
0.1172
0.1017
0.1017
0.1017
0.0861
0.0861
0.0861
0.0861
0.0861
0.0706
0.0706
0.0706
0.0706
0.0706
0.0706
0.0550
0.0550
0.0550

0.138
0.128
0.128
0.119
0.110
0.110
0.101
0.092
0.092
0.083
0.083
0.073
0.073
0.064
0.064
0.055
0.055
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.0638
0.0641
0.0642
0.0640
0.0635
0.0627
0.0618
0.0606
0.0592
0.0577
0.0560
0.0542
0.0522
0.0502
0.0481
0.0459
0.0437
0.0414
0.0392
0.0370
0.0348
0.0326
0.0305
0.0286
0.0267
0.0249
0.0233
0.0219
0.0206
0.0196
0.0187
0.0181
0.0178
0.0178
0.0180
0.0185
0.0194
0.0207
0.0223
0.0243

0.0147
0.0168
0.0168
0.0191
0.0219
0.0216
0.0248
0.0288
0.0281
0.0329
0.0319
0.0377
0.0364
0.0438
0.0419
0.0516
0.0491
0.0624
0.0590
0.0557
0.0741
0.0696
0.0651
0.0936
0.0875
0.0817
0.1354
0.1271
0.1198
0.1137
0.1088
0.2573
0.2525
0.2516
0.2550
0.2628
0.2753
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

-4.2168
-4.0867
-4.0858
-3.9565
-3.8218
-3.8335
-3.6955
-3.5481
-3.5709
-3.4151
-3.4449
-3.2771
-3.3136
-3.1293
-3.1724
-2.9649
-3.0144
-2.7740
-2.8298
-2.8884
-2.6019
-2.6656
-2.7313
-2.3685
-2.4364
-2.5043
-1.9992
-2.0629
-2.1219
-2.1744
-2.2179
-1.3577
-1.3764
-1.3797
-1.3665
-1.3364
-1.2899

69

Run 9 dT/dt
310
305
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.05x + 287.45
300 R = 1
295
T (K)
temperature (deg K) 290
Polynomial (T (K))
285
280
275
0
200 400 600
time (s)
Figure B 3 IX: Temperature Vs Time for Run 9 with trend line.

Table B 4 X: Experimental parameters for all of Run 10

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40
50

k (L/
T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
(mol.s))
288
0.3500
0.150
0.0602
0.0108
288
0.3500
0.150
0.0604
0.0108
289
0.3341
0.141
0.0604
0.0121
289
0.3341
0.141
0.0603
0.0120
290
0.3182
0.131
0.0601
0.0135
291
0.3023
0.122
0.0598
0.0152

1/T
(1/deg
C)
ln(k)
0.003
-4.5326
0.003
-4.5300
0.003
-4.4184
0.003
-4.4198
0.003
-4.3054
0.003
-4.1853
70

60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450

291
292
292
293
294
294
295
295
296
296
297
297
298
298
299
299
300
300
300
301
301
301
301
302
302
303
303
303
303
303
303
304
304
304
304
304
304
304
304
304

0.3023
0.2864
0.2864
0.2705
0.2545
0.2545
0.2386
0.2386
0.2227
0.2227
0.2068
0.2068
0.1909
0.1909
0.1750
0.1750
0.1591
0.1591
0.1591
0.1432
0.1432
0.1432
0.1432
0.1273
0.1273
0.1114
0.1114
0.1114
0.1114
0.1114
0.1114
0.0955
0.0955
0.0955
0.0955
0.0955
0.0955
0.0955
0.0955
0.0955

0.122
0.113
0.113
0.103
0.094
0.094
0.084
0.084
0.075
0.075
0.066
0.066
0.056
0.056
0.047
0.047
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.019
0.019
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.0594
0.0588
0.0582
0.0575
0.0567
0.0558
0.0548
0.0537
0.0525
0.0513
0.0500
0.0486
0.0472
0.0457
0.0442
0.0426
0.0409
0.0392
0.0375
0.0357
0.0339
0.0321
0.0302
0.0284
0.0265
0.0246
0.0226
0.0207
0.0188
0.0169
0.0149
0.0130
0.0111
0.0093
0.0074
0.0056
0.0038
0.0020
0.0002
-0.0015

0.0151
0.0171
0.0169
0.0193
0.0223
0.0219
0.0255
0.0250
0.0295
0.0288
0.0345
0.0336
0.0412
0.0399
0.0505
0.0486
0.0643
0.0616
0.0589
0.0832
0.0790
0.0747
0.0704
0.1114
0.1040
0.2205
0.2033
0.1860
0.1688
0.1515
0.1342
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

-4.1924
-4.0673
-4.0780
-3.9465
-3.8049
-3.8211
-3.6692
-3.6891
-3.5241
-3.5479
-3.3659
-3.3937
-3.1894
-3.2215
-2.9866
-3.0235
-2.7445
-2.7867
-2.8318
-2.4871
-2.5388
-2.5942
-2.6537
-2.1945
-2.2636
-1.5117
-1.5930
-1.6818
-1.7793
-1.8873
-2.0081

71

Run 10 dT/dt
310
305
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.06x + 287.64
R = 1

300
temperature (deg K)

295
290
285
280
0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure B 3 X: Temperature Vs Time for Run 10 with trend line

Table B 4 XI: Experimental parameters for all of Run 11

t (s)
0
10
20
30
40

k (L/
T (K)
a (mol/L) b (mol/l) dT/dt
(mol.s))
288
0.360
0.1400
0.063
0.0116
288
0.360
0.1400
0.063
0.0117
289
0.344
0.1307
0.063
0.0132
289
0.344
0.1307
0.063
0.0132
290
0.328
0.1213
0.063
0.0148

1/T
(1/deg
C)
ln(k)
0.003
-4.4538
0.003
-4.4472
0.003
-4.3302
0.003
-4.3306
0.003
-4.2131
72

50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450

291
292
292
293
293
294
294
295
295
296
297
297
297
298
299
299
299
300
300
300
301
301
301
301
301
302
302
302
302
302
302
303
303
303
303
303
303
303
303
303
303

0.312
0.297
0.297
0.281
0.281
0.265
0.265
0.249
0.249
0.233
0.217
0.217
0.217
0.202
0.186
0.186
0.186
0.170
0.170
0.170
0.154
0.154
0.154
0.154
0.154
0.138
0.138
0.138
0.138
0.138
0.138
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122

0.1120
0.1027
0.1027
0.0933
0.0933
0.0840
0.0840
0.0747
0.0747
0.0653
0.0560
0.0560
0.0560
0.0467
0.0373
0.0373
0.0373
0.0280
0.0280
0.0280
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0093
0.0093
0.0093
0.0093
0.0093
0.0093
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.063
0.062
0.061
0.060
0.059
0.058
0.057
0.055
0.054
0.052
0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.031
0.029
0.027
0.025
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005

0.0167
0.0190
0.0188
0.0215
0.0211
0.0243
0.0238
0.0277
0.0269
0.0318
0.0384
0.0369
0.0354
0.0438
0.0567
0.0539
0.0510
0.0701
0.0659
0.0616
0.0950
0.0881
0.0813
0.0747
0.0682
0.1380
0.1246
0.1118
0.0997
0.0883
0.0777
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

-4.0904
-3.9611
-3.9738
-3.8392
-3.8576
-3.7154
-3.7394
-3.5867
-3.6164
-3.4496
-3.2606
-3.2990
-3.3404
-3.1270
-2.8699
-2.9212
-2.9760
-2.6577
-2.7200
-2.7865
-2.3540
-2.4293
-2.5095
-2.5948
-2.6855
-1.9803
-2.0826
-2.1912
-2.3061
-2.4272
-2.5543

73

Run 11 dT/dt
305
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.06x + 287.64
R = 1

300
295
temperature (deg K)

290
285
280
0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure B 3 XI: Temperature Vs Time for Run11 with trend line.

Arrhenius Parameters

74

f(x) =
R = 0

1/T vs ln(k)

0.0000
-0.5000
0.00325
0.00330
0.00335
0.00340
0.00345
0.00350
-1.0000
-1.5000
-2.0000
Modified 'Run 8 & 9'
Linear (Modified 'Run 8 & 9')
Run 8 & 9
ln(k) -2.5000
-3.0000
-3.5000
-4.0000
-4.5000
-5.0000
1/T
Figure B 4: Plot of ln(k) Vs inverse temperature.

From Figure B.54the modified runs had a line best fit applied which gave
Equation B.1
1
ln ( k ) =12609
+39.22
(B.1)
T

( )

From Equation B.1 the following was derived:

E
slope=
=12609
R
Therefore,
Activation Energy = E = 112369.626 J/mol
= 112.37 kJ/mol
Intercept = ln(A) = 39.22
Therefore, A = 5.79E+11 L/mol.s

75

C Appendix : Sample Calculations

The following describes the calculation of experiment results using the
information provided by Run 5. For the calculation of individual variables the
time t=230 seconds and Temperature, T=300 deg K will be used.
Stoichiometery
Total Volume;
Vtotal = Vwater + VA + VB = constant = .1 + .055 + .045 = .2L
ao
Initial Concentration of a, ao:

a stock V A 1.0 0.055

0.275molL1
Vtotal
0.20

Initial Concentration of b, bo:

b
V
1.0 0.045
bo stock B B
0.225molL1
Vtotal
0.02
Concentration Ratio, ao /bo:
a o 0.275

1.22
bo 0.225
Stoichiometric Ratio, A/B:
The stoichiometric ratio is determined using the graph of the temperature
difference, Tf-To, against the initial concentration ratio, ao /bo. The
stoichiometric ratio is found at the maximum temperature increase is found
at an initial concentration ratio of 1.697

A
1.697
B

Thus,

Enthalpy of Reaction
Limiting Concentration, clim:
76

The limiting concentration is the minimum of the two values bo and (ao.B)/A.
The excel function MIN( ) was used to determine the value using Equation
C.1

lim =MIN b 0 ,

a0 v B
.275
=MIN .225,
=MIN (.225, .1621 )=0.1621
vA
1.697
C

(C.1)

Temperature Increase, Tf-To:

Tf-To = 304- 287 = 17K
Enthalpy of Reaction, HR:
Using a steady state energy balance, the enthalpy of reaction and
temperature can be related.
C
H R . lim
.Cp
( T f T 0 ) =
This equation can be rearranged to give:
T
1710004.184
C lim =
=438924 J /mol
0.1621
( f T 0 ). C p

H R=
Therefore,
H R=438.9 kJ / mol

77

Arrhenius parameters:
Concentration of Na2S2O3, b:
Using Equation 1.13 we can find b:
T
(300287)
( f T 0)=.225.1621
=.101 mol / L
(304287)
(T T 0)
lim

b=b0 C
Concentration of H2O2, a:
Using Equation 1.14 we can find a:
v
a=a0 + A ( bb0 ) =.275+ ( 1.697 ) ( .101.225 )=.0647 mol/ L
vB
Change in temperature with change in time, dT/dt:
To find the value of the change in temperature with time at a particular point,
a formula had to be fitted to the data points. The midpoint theorem could
have been used although the accuracy of the method is low. To reduce the
error in the calculation, the data points for the whole run were put on a graph
of T vs t as seen in Figure C.1. A trend line was fitted to the data.

78

Run 5 dT/dt
310
305
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 + 0.06x + 286.75
R = 1

300
295
Temperature (degK)

290
285
280
275
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time (s)

Figure C 1: : A graph of T vs. t for all data points in Run 5 with fitted trend line.: A graph of
T vs. t for all data points in Run 5 with fitted trend line.

The equation of the line of best fit had to be given with twelve significant
figures so that the curve was represented properly.

The equation was derived for Run five as,

y = 4.27*10-10 x4 3.85548*10-7 x3 + 3.2398761*10-5x2 + 0.063442830995x
+
287.7466334
Which represents,
T(t) = 4.27*10-10 t4 3.85548*10-7 t3 + 3.2398761*10-5 t2 + 0.063442830995t
+
287.7466334
Using this equation we can derive the equation to obtain:
dT/dt = 1.708*10-9t3 -1.15664*10-6t2 +6.47975*10-5t + 0.063442830995
Thus the value of t can be substituted in to obtain the instantaneous rate of
temperature with respect with to time.
79

dT/dt =1.708*10-9(230)3 -1.15664*10-6(230)2 +6.47975*10-5(230)+

0.063442830995

dT/dt = 0.03794103 Ks-1

Arrhenius Rate Constant, k:
1
.1621
C lim dT .0647.101
.
=
.03794103=0.0552977 L mol1 s1
17
(T f T 0 ) dt
1
k=
.
a.b
Inverse Temperature, 1/T:
1
1
=
=.003333 K 1
T 300
Natural logarithm of k, ln(k):
ln ( k ) =ln ( 0.0552977 )=2.8950

Arrhenius Parameters, E and A:

Using the Arrhenius Equation we can find the activation energy, E, and the
pre exponential rate constant, A.
ln ( k ) =ln ( A )

E1
RT

This equation demonstrates how a plot of ln(k) against 1/T will give a slope of
-E/R and an intercept of ln(A).

If we plot all data points from all runs in the experiment we will get Figure
C.2.
80

1/T vs ln(k)
0.0000
0.003

0.003

0.003

0.003

0.003

0.004

run1
run 2

-1.0000

run 3
run 4

-2.0000

run 5
run 6

ln (k) -3.0000

run 7
run 8

-4.0000

run 9
run 10

-5.0000

run 11

-6.0000
1/T
Figure C 2: Graph of all data point from all runs for ln(k) versus 1/T

The resulting cloud of data follows a trend, yet its fit to a linear regression is
poor.

81

D. Appendix: Error Calculations

The following error calculations are based on Run 5 with all error calculations
shown at the end of Appendix D.
Constants
Table D 1: Error Constants for experiment

Stop
Watch
Thermo
Probe
Measuring
Cylinder

t=
T=

V=
VA + VB +
V (Total)=
Vwater =
Stoichiometric Coefficient
Ratio Error

0.5 s
0.5
deg K

0.001L

0.5
0.5
0.001

0.003
0.05481
633

Initial concentrations, a & b

V A V
.001 .003
a 0=a o
+
=.225
+
=.006375 mol . L1
VA V
.045 .2

b=b o

V B V
.001 .003
1
+
=.275
+
=.000425 mol . L
VB V
.055 .2

a0 a 0 a 0 b 0 .225 .006375 .00425

=
+
=
+
=.03064
b0 b 0 a0 b0
.275 .225
.25

( ) (

Limiting Concentration, Clim

a v
.275
lim =MIN b 0 , 0 B =MIN .225,
=MIN (.225, .1621 )=0.1621 mol L1
vA
1.697
C

vA
)
a0
vB
.006375 .054816
lim
+
=.1621
+
=.008991174 mol L1
a0
vA
.225
1.697
( )
vB

( )
(

lim =C
C
Temperature Rise
82

 ( T f T 0 )=T f +T 0 =0.5+0.5=10 K
Enthalpy of Reaction, HR
Graphical
The graphical enthalpy was found from a plot of Temperature change vs the
limiting concentration for all runs. A linear regression was fitted to the plot
with a R2 value equal to .979 meaning the regression fits the data accurately.
Therefore the absolute error for the graphical enthalpy was taken as the
maximum error for the limiting concentration. This equaled 38.856kJ/mol
Analytical
Clim
C lim

( T f T 0 )
1 .00899117
+=438.92
+
=50.17 kJ /mol
T f T 0
17
.1621
H R , analytical = H R ,analytical

The error for every round was found then averaged to find the analytical
arithmetic average error. Therefore HR,analytical= 428.06 kJ/mol 56.66 kJ/mol
Table D 2: Absolute Errors for each Run.

run

VA (L)

VB (L)

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

9
10

0.001
0.001

0.001
0.001

ao
(mol/L)

bo
(mol/L)

0.0055
0.0058
75

0.0006
0.0005
25

0.006
0.0062
5
0.0063
75

0.0005
0.0004
5
0.0004
25

0.0065
0.0065
5

0.0004
0.0003
9
0.0003
8
0.0003
65
0.0003

0.0066
0.0066
75
0.0067

(ao/bo)
0.014125
0.018946
746
0.021111
111
0.0268
0.030641
975
0.0355
0.037822
715
0.040419
753
0.044945
822
0.050444

clim
(Tf-Ti)
(mol/L)
(K)
0.005144
484
1
0.006793
066
1
0.007342
593
1
0.008441
647
1
0.008991
174
1
0.009540
701
1
0.009760
512
1
0.009526
842
1
0.008617
5
1
0.007738
1
83

5
11
MAX=

0.001

0.001

0.0068

5
0.0003
4

0.001

0.001

0.0068

0.0006

444
0.054816
327
0.054816
327

142
0.007166
711
0.009760
512

1
1

Table D 3: Relative Errors for each Run.

VA/VA
(%)

VB/VB
(%)

ao/ao
(%)

bo/bo
(%)

(ao/bo)/
(ao/bo)
(%)

5
2.85714
2857

5.5
3.35714
2857

2.5

1.25
1.53846
1538
1.66666
6667

0.15
0.16153
8462
0.16666
6667

5.65
3.5186813
19
3.1666666
67

2
1.81818
1818
1.66666
6667
1.61290
3226

2
2.22222
2222

2.5
2.31818
1818
2.16666
6667
2.11290
3226

0.18
0.18888
8889

2.68
2.5070707
07
2.3666666
67
2.3181663
84
2.2736111
11
2.2137494
35
2.1619047
62
2.1317460
32

run
1

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
MAX
=

1.5625
1.49253
7313
1.42857
1429
1.38888
8889
5

2.5
2.63157
8947
2.77777
7778
3.03030
303
3.33333
3333
3.57142
8571
3.57142
8571

2.0625
1.99253
7313
1.92857
1429
1.88888
8889
5.5

0.2
0.20526
3158
0.21111
1111
0.22121
2121
0.23333
3333
0.24285
7143
0.24285
7143

5.65

clim/cli Tfm
Ti/Tf-Ti
(%)
(%)
8.73019 33.3333
0131
3333
6.58733 9.09090
2989
9091
6.23019 7.14285
0131
7143
5.73019 5.88235
0131
2941
5.54837 5.88235
195
2941
5.39685 5.55555
6798
5556
5.34309 5.26315
3357
7895
5.29269 5.55555
0131
5556
5.22272 5.55555
7445
5556
5.15876
156
6.25
5.11907 6.66666
902
6667
8.73019 33.3333
0131
3333

Table D 4: Analytical Errors for each Run.

Absolute error for

analytical enthalpy
Ru clim
Tf-to

-HR

-HR

Relative
error
-HR/84

n
1

0.00514448

0.00679307

0.00734259

0.00844165

0.00899117

0.0095407

0.00976051

0.00952684

0.0086175

10

0.00773814

11

0.00716671

(J/mol)
(kJ/mol)
HR (%)
89598.4 89.59843 42.063523
345
45
46
69972.1 69.97219 15.678242
987
87
08
66466.3 66.46636 13.373047
665
65
27
56067.3 56.06731 11.612543
163
63
07
50172.2 50.17224 11.430724
431
31
89
46658.9 46.65890 10.952412
063
63
35
46155.9 46.15591 10.606251
12
2
25
45389.0
10.848245
6 45.38906
69
49196.0 49.19600
03
3 10.778283
50916.5 50.91654 11.408761
423
23
56
52833.8 52.83381 11.785745
142
42
69
Average
56.67516 14.594343
=
34
67

85

E.

Appendix: Previous Study

86

87

G. Appendix: MSDS for Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen Peroxide Solution < 8%
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 13/ 02/2006
Hazard Alert Code: High

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

H. Appendix: MSDS for Sodium Thiosulphate

Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 2%
Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet
Issue Date: 30/ 03/2006
Hazard Alert Code: Nil

105

106

107

108

emergency services.

SAFE STORAGE WITH OTHER CLASSIFIED CHEMICALS

+
+
+
+
+
X: Must not be stored together
O: May be stored together with specific preventions
+: May be stored together

Personal Protective Equipment advice is contained in Section 8 of the

MSDS.
Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE
PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING

Limit all unnecessary personal contact.

Wear protective clothing when risk of exposure occurs.

Use in a well-ventilated area.

When handling DO NOT eat, drink or smoke.

Always wash hands with soap and water after handling.

Avoid physical damage to containers.

Use good occupational work practice.

Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.

SUITABLE CONTAINER
Glass container.
STORAGE INCOMPATIBILITY
None known.
109

STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

Store in original containers.

Keep containers securely sealed.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.

Store away from incompatible materials and foodstuff

containers.

Protect containers against physical damage and check regularly

for leaks.

Observe manufacturer's storing and handling recommendations.

Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION

EXPOSURE CONTROLS
TW
STE
Pea
STEL
Peak TWA
A
TWA
L
k
Source
Material
mg/m
mg/m F/C
pp mg/m
pp
pp

C
m
m
m
sodium
Australia
thiosulfate
Exposure
(Inspirable dust
10
Standards
(not otherwise
classified))
Japan
sodium
2.9/
Working
thiosulfate
(0.22Q+1)
Environment (Dust of sand
Evaluation and stones,
Standards
rocks,
(English)
ores(minerals),
metallic
110

materials or
carbon)
The following materials had no OELs on our records
water:
CAS:7732-18-5
MATERIAL DATA
None assigned. Refer to individual constituents.
INGREDIENT DATA
WATER:
No exposure limits set by NOHSC or ACGIH.
PERSONAL PROTECTION

EYE
No special equipment for minor exposure i.e. when handling small
quantities.

OTHERWISE:

Safety glasses with side shields.

Contact lenses may pose a special hazard; soft contact lenses

may absorb and concentrate irritants. A written policy
document, describing the wearing of lens or restrictions on use,
should be created for each workplace or task. This should
include a review of lens absorption and adsorption for the class
of chemicals in use and an account of injury experience. Medical
and first-aid personnel should be trained in their removal and
suitable equipment should be readily available. In the event of
chemical exposure, begin eye irrigation immediately and
remove contact lens as soon as practicable. Lens should be
removed at the first signs of eye redness or irritation - lens
should be removed in a clean environment only after workers
have washed hands thoroughly. [CDC NIOSH Current Intelligence
Bulletin 59]

HANDS/FEET
No special equipment needed when handling small quantities.
OTHERWISE: Wear general protective gloves, eg. light weight rubber
gloves.
OTHER
111

No special equipment needed when handling small quantities.

OTHERWISE:

Overalls.

Barrier cream.

Eyewash unit.

RESPIRATOR
Selection of the Class and Type of respirator will depend upon the level
of breathing zone contaminant and the chemical nature of the
contaminant. Protection Factors (defined as the ratio of contaminant
outside and inside the mask) may also be important.
Breathing Zone
Maximum
Half-face
Full-Face
Level ppm
Protection Factor Respirator
Respirator
(volume)
1000
10
-AUS P
1000
50
-AUS P
5000
50
Airline *
5000
100
-2 P
10000
100
-3 P
100+
Airline**
* - Continuous Flow ** - Continuous-flow or positive pressure demand.
The local concentration of material, quantity and conditions of use
determine the type of personal protective equipment required.
For further information consult site specific CHEMWATCH data (if
available), or your Occupational Health and Safety Advisor.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
None under normal operating conditions.
Provide adequate ventilation in warehouse or closed storage areas.

Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

APPEARANCE
Clear liquid; mixes with water.
112

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Liquid.
Mixes with water.
Molecular Weight: Not applicable
Melting Range (C): Not available
Solubility in water (g/L): Miscible
pH (1% solution): Not available

Boiling Range (C): Not available

Specific Gravity (water=1): Not
available
pH (as supplied): Not available
Vapour Pressure (kPa): Not
available

Volatile Component (%vol): Not

Evaporation Rate: Not available
available
Relative Vapour Density (air=1): Not
Flash Point (C): Not applicable
available
Lower Explosive Limit (%): Not
Upper Explosive Limit (%): Not
applicable
applicable
Autoignition Temp (C): Not
Decomposition Temp (C): Not
applicable
available
State: Liquid
Section 10 - CHEMICAL STABILITY AND REACTIVITY INFORMATION
CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY
Product is considered stable and hazardous polymerisation will not
occur.
Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS
SWALLOWED
Considered an unlikely route of entry in commercial/industrial
environments.
The material may be. slightly discomforting to the gastro-intestinal
tract if swallowed in large quantity.
EYE
The liquid may be. slightly discomforting to the eyes.
SKIN
The liquid may be. slightly discomforting to the skin if exposure is
prolonged or from repeated exposures over long periods.
INHALED
Not normally a hazard due to non-volatile nature of product.
CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
Principal routes of exposure are usually by skin contact.
113

As with any chemical product, contact with unprotected bare skin;

inhalation of vapour, mist or dust in work place atmosphere; or
ingestion in any form, should be avoided by observing good
occupational work practice.
TOXICITY AND IRRITATION
Not available. Refer to individual constituents.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE:
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.
TOXICITY
IRRITATION
Oral (human) TDLo: 300 mg/kg/7d
Nil Reported
[Hach]
WATER:
unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.
No significant acute toxicological data identified in literature search.
Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
No data for sodium thiosulfate 2% solution.
Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

Recycle wherever possible or consult manufacturer for recycling

options.

Consult State Land Waste Management Authority for disposal.

Bury residue in an authorised landfill.

Recycle containers if possible, or dispose of in an authorised

landfill.

Section 14 - TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION

HAZCHEM: None
NOT REGULATED FOR TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS:UN, IATA,
IMDG
Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION
POISONS SCHEDULE
None
REGULATIONS
114

sodium thiosulfate 2% solution (CAS: None):

No regulations applicable
sodium thiosulfate (CAS: 7772- 98- 7) is found on the following
regulatory
lists;
Australia Exposure Standards
Australia Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)
International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) - High Production
Volume
List
OECD Representative List of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals
water (CAS: 7732- 18- 5) is found on the following regulatory lists;
Australia Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)
IMO IBC Code Chapter 18: List of products to which the Code does not
apply
OECD Representative List of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals
United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances - Table II
Section 16 - OTHER INFORMATION
EXPOSURE STANDARD FOR MIXTURES
"Worst Case" computer-aided prediction of spray/ mist or fume/ dust
components and concentration: Composite Exposure Standard for
Mixture (TWA) :100 mg/m.
Classification of the preparation and its individual components has
drawn on official and authoritative sources as well as independent
review by the Chemwatch Classification committee using available
literature references.
A list of reference resources used to assist the committee may be
found at:
www.chemwatch.net/references.
The (M)SDS is a Hazard Communication tool and should be used to
assist in the Risk Assessment. Many factors determine whether the
reported Hazards are Risks in the workplace or other settings. Risks
may be determined by reference to Exposures Scenarios. Scale of use,
frequency of use and current or available engineering controls must
be considered.
This document is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the
purposes of private study, research, review or criticism, as permitted
under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process
without written permission from CHEMWATCH. TEL (+61 3) 9572 4700.
Issue Date: 30-Mar-2006
Print Date: 12-May-2008
115

116