e-governance
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT
This project is entitled as e-governance which mainly focuses on monitoring
of government activities on online. It is entirely a new idea and it made quite easier for
the end user (public). This concept completely eliminates the drawbacks in the normal
workflow of the Government. So that the common people can get lot of benefit due to
this methodology.
This e-governance acts as an interface between the common people and the
Government. At first, people can register their details and they can select their
department which they want to interact directly with the Government.
This idea gives way for easy communication and co-ordination between the
public and the Government in an efficient manner.
e-governance is a form of e-business in governance comprising of processes
and structures involved in deliverance of electronic services to the public, viz. citizens.
It also involves collaborating with business partners of the government by conducting
electronic transactions with them.
e-governance
2.1 EXISTING SYTEM
In existing system the public sector as number of problems to maintain their
workflow the Government officials have to process the individuals records about their
department with full of papers.
Limitations of existing system
It is full of paper work.
Seeking particular record is very tedious process.
It is not easy to communicate the concern Government official for urgent
situation.
People have to spend their time to meet the concern department.
There is no enquiry session about the particular department the existing system.
2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The new approach e-governance is mainly designed for eliminating the
demerits of the existing system and made their complex process in to simple one.
Basically our approach is fully computerized one so that maintain of all these records
is quite easy and secured manner.
Advantages of proposed System:
It is fully supportive to the Government official and made their job easier one.
It avoids occupying full of storage area and tones of paper.
It is very easy to operate so that each and every individual can register their
details and use it without any doubt.
User can also able to give the feedback about government plans and policies.
User information can always in the server so that individual care is taken for
each and every citizen of the country.
e-governance
2.3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Operating System
Windows 2000 and Advance
Coding Environment
Notepad
Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 2003
Animation Software
Macromedia Flash MX
Windows Movie Maker
Web Browser
Internet Explorer 6.0
Netscape Navigator
Front End
C# and ASP.NET
HTML
Back End
Ms-Access-2000
Scripting Language
Java-Script
Web Server
Internet Information Service
2.4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Processor
Intel Pentium III or higher
Random Access Memory
256 MB
Secondary Memory
100 MB
Display
14 Color Monitor
Keyboard
101 key standard keyboard
Mouse
Windows OS Compatible
e-governance
3.1 CONTEXT DIAGRAM
Electricity
Department
Municipalit
y
House Tax
Departmen
t
e-governance
Registratio
n
Water Tax
Departmen
t
Telephone
Departmen
t
e-governance
3.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical technique that depicts information
flow and transformations are applied as data moves from input to output. The DFD is
also known as data flow graph or a bubble chart.
A level 0 DFD, also called a fundamental system model or a context model,
represents the entire software element as a single bubble with input and output data
indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows, respectively as the level 0 DFD is
partitioned to reveal more detail.
e-governance
Home page Data Flow Diagram
New user
registration
e-governance
Data flow diagram for new user registration
Existing user
login page
e-governance
New user
registration
User Login
page
Generate
code
Username,
Password,
Question,
Answer,
Mobile,
Mail.
Username,
Password,
Question,
Answer, Name,
Date of birth, Sex,
Occupation,
Address, Phone,
Mobile, Mail.
R Registration
Login
Data flow diagram for Login page
Login page
Water tax
Telephone
Departments
Electricity
House tax
Municipality
Feedback
Logout
e-governance
Data flow diagram for Feedback page
Generate
code
Feedback
Department
Type,
About,
Comments,
Name,
Mail,
Phone.
Feedback
Data flow diagram for water tax department
Water tax
Details
Payment
Status
e-governance
Data flow diagram for details module in water tax department
Water tax details
Generate
code
Department
Username,
House tax no,
Water tax no,
Name,
Address,
Amount,
Last payment
Date, Approval.
Water details
Data flow diagram for payment module in water tax department
e-governance
Water tax payment
Generate
code
Department
Username,
Water tax no,
Month, Year,
Amount, Bank
details,
Payment date,
Transfer.
Water pay
Data flow diagram for status module in water tax department
Water tax status
Information about
payment details
Data flow diagram for house tax department
10
Department
e-governance
House tax
Details
Payment
Status
Data flow diagram for details module in house tax department
House tax details
Generate
code
Username,
House tax no,
Patta no,
Registration
details, Amount,
Approval.
House details
11
Department
e-governance
Data flow diagram for payment module in house tax department
House tax payment
Generate
code
Department
Username,
House tax no,
Year, Amount,
Bank details,
Payment date,
Transfer.
House pay
Data flow diagram for status module in house tax department
House tax status
Information about
payment details
12
Department
e-governance
Data flow diagram for telephone department
Telephone
Details
Payment
Status
Data flow diagram for details module in telephone department
13
e-governance
Telephone details
Generate
code
Department
Username,
Name, Address,
Phone no, Area
Code,
Connection
Facility,
Last payment
date, Approval.
Phone details
Data flow diagram for payment module in telephone department
Telephone payment
Generate
code
Username,
Phone number,
Month, Year,
Amount, Bank
details,
Payment date,
Transfer.
Phone pay
Data flow diagram for status module in telephone department
14
Department
e-governance
Telephone status
Information about
payment details
Department
Data flow diagram for logout
Logout
e-governance
3.3 E-R DIAGRAM
E-R diagram for Registration Form
Phone
Name
Mail
Dob
Occupation
Address
Question
Password
Username
Answer
Registration
E-R Diagram for Login Form
15
Sex
e-governance
Phone
Password
Mail
Username
Question
Answer
Login
E-R diagram for Telephone Module
16
e-governance
Phone no
Name
Area code
Username
Connection
Address
Approval
Phone details
ym
Pa
t
en
Phone pay
Transfer
Area code
Gov Bank
Username
User Bank
Amount
Phone no
E-R diagram for Electricity Module
17
e-governance
EB number
Name
Purpose
Username
Connection
Address
Approval
Electricity details
ym
Pa
t
en
Electricity pay
Transfer
EB number
Gov Bank
Username
User Bank
Amount
Month Year
18
e-governance
E-R diagram for Birth Certificate
Sex
Mothernam
e
Father
name
Place of birth
Hospital
Dob
Doctor name
Name
Ready
Username
Birth details
E-R diagram for Death Certificate
Sex
Father
name
Mothernam
e
Place of
death
Username
DOD
Name
Ready
Death details
19
e-governance
DATA DESIGN
Database
Database is the central data store for all datas like customer information,
needed details for each and every department and payment information.
Tables
Description
Registration
This table stores the need information about the users.
Login
This table stores the user id and password for each and every
user.
Feedback
This table contains the feedback details about the side.
Birth details
This table contains the needed information about the birth
certificate for registration.
Death details
This table contains the need information about the death
certificate for registration.
Eb details
This table contains the need information about the electricity
details for each and every user.
Eb pay
This table contains the payment information to electricity
board for each user.
House details
This table contains the needed information about the house
tax details for each and every user.
House pay
This table contains the payment information to house tax
department for each user.
Phone details
This table contains the needed information about the
telephone details for each and every user.
Phone pay
This table contains the payment information to telephone
20
e-governance
department for each user.
Water details
This table contains the needed information about the water
tax details for each and every user
Water pay
This table contains the payment information to water tax
department for each user.
Table Name
Description
Primary Key
Registration
This table stores the need information about the users.
username
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the unique user
Password
Text
20
To login to the account
Confirm password
Text
20
To login to the account
Question
Text
50
To find the particular user incase forgot
Answer
Text
20
the password and username.
Name
Text
25
Customer name
Date of birth
Date
Sex
Text
To identify the gender
Occupation
Text
20
To identify the job
Address
Text
100
Phone number
Number
12
Mobile number
Number
12
Mail
Number
50
Table Name
Description
Login
This table stores the user id and password for each and every
Primary Key
user.
username
Birth date
Contact details of the particular user.
21
e-governance
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the unique user
Password
Text
20
To login to the account
Question
Text
50
Answer
Text
20
To find the particular user incase forgot
Mobile number
Number
12
the password and username
Mail
Text
50
Table Name
Description
Water details
This table contains the needed information about the water tax
Primary Key
details for each and every user
Water tax no
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
House tax no
Text
12
Need for reference
Water tax no
Text
12
To identify the unique record
Name
Text
20
Customer name
Address
Text
100
Contact address
Amount
Number
10
Water tax amount
Last payment date
Date
Approval
Text
States whether the details is approved or
not
Table Name
Description
Eb details
This table contains the need information about the electricity
Primary Key
details for each and every user.
EB Number
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
22
e-governance
EB Number
Text
12
To identify the particular record.
Name
Text
20
Customer name
Address
Text
10
Contact address
Meter number
Text
12
Connection type
Text
15
Details needed by the electricity
Purpose
Text
12
department to identify the correct record
Last reading
Number
10
Last payment date
Date
Approval
Text
States whether the details is approved or
not
Table Name
Description
Phone Details
This table contains the needed information about the telephone
Primary Key
details for each and every user.
Phone number
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
User name
Text
20
To identify the user.
Name
Text
20
Customer name
Address
Text
100
Contact address
Phone number
Number
Unique Contact number
Area code
Number
Phone numbers area code
Connection facility
Text
10
Type of phone connection
Last payment date
Date
Approval
Text
States whether the details is approved or
not
Table Name
Description
House Details
This table contains the needed information about the house tax
Primary Key
details for each and every user.
House tax no
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user.
Patta no
Text
10
23
e-governance
Patta registered at
Text
10
Patta registered to
Text
10
Patta registered date
Date
Square feet
Text
10
No of floors
Text
12
House tax no
Text
12
Unique identify number
Address
Text
100
Contact address
Amount
Number
10
House tax amount
Last payment date
Date
Approval
Text
States whether the details is approved
Details needed by the house tax
department to identify the correct
record
or not
Table Name
Description
Feed back
This table contains the feedback details about the side.
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Type
Text
20
It tells the type of feed back
Department
Text
20
Feed back about which department
Comments
Text
200
Comments are stored
Name
Text
20
Name of the person
Mail
Text
50
Phone number
Number
12
Table Name
Description
Contact details
Birth details
This table contains the needed information about the birth
certificate for registration.
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
Name
Text
20
Name for birth certificate
Sex
Text
Gender
Date of birth
Date
Birth date
24
e-governance
Place
Text
20
Place of birth
Father name
Text
20
Name of the father
Mother name
Text
20
Name of the mother
Hospital name
Text
20
Birth hospital
Doctor name
Text
20
Name of the doctor.
Registration date
Date
Ready
Text
Table Name
Description
Date of registration
8
Status of the birth certificate
Death details
This table contains the needed information about the death
certificate for registration.
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
Name
Text
20
Name for birth certificate
Sex
Text
Gender
Date of death
Date
Place
Text
20
Place of birth
Father name
Text
20
Name of the father
Mother name
Text
20
Name of the mother
Registration date
Date
Ready
Text
Death date
Date of registration
8
Status of the death certificate
Table Name
Description
EB pay
This table contains the payment information to electricity
Primary Key
board for each user.
EB number
25
e-governance
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
EB number
Text
12
To identify the unique record
Current reading
Number
Current reading
Month
Text
15
Payment for the month
Year
Number
Payment for the year
Amount
Number
10
Amount for electricity
From Bank
Text
20
Name of the customer bank
From account
Text
12
Account number of the customer
Amount
Number
10
Amount want to transfer
To Bank
Text
20
Name of the bank to transfer
To account
Text
12
Account number to transfer
Amount
Number
10
Amount to transfer
Last payment date
Date
Transfer
Text
States whether the money is transferred
or not
Table Name
Description
House pay
This table contains the payment information to house tax
Primary Key
department for each user.
House tax no
26
e-governance
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
House tax no
Text
12
To identify the unique record
Year
Number
Payment for the year
Amount
Number
10
House tax amount
From Bank
Text
20
Name of the customer bank
From account
Text
12
Account number of the customer
Amount
Number
10
Amount want to transfer
To Bank
Text
20
Name of the bank to transfer
To account
Text
12
Account number to transfer
Amount
Number
10
Amount to transfer
Last payment date
Date
Transfer
Text
States whether the money is transferred
or not
Table Name
Description
Phone pay
This table contains the payment information to telephone
Primary Key
department for each user.
Phone number
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
27
e-governance
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
Phone number
Number
12
To identify the unique record
Area code
Number
Area code of the phone
Month
Text
15
Payment for the month
Year
Number
Payment for the year
Amount
Number
10
Amount for telephone department
From Bank
Text
20
Name of the customer bank
From account
Text
12
Account number of the customer
Amount
Number
10
Amount want to transfer
To Bank
Text
20
Name of the bank to transfer
To account
Text
12
Account number to transfer
Amount
Number
10
Amount to transfer
Last payment date
Date
Transfer
Text
States whether the money is transferred
or not
Table Name
Description
Water pay
This table contains the payment information to water tax
Primary Key
department for each user.
Water tax no
28
e-governance
Field Name
Data Type
Size
Description
Username
Text
20
To identify the user
Water tax no
Number
12
To identify the unique record
Month
Text
15
Payment for the month
Year
Number
Payment for the year
Amount
Number
10
Water tax amount
From Bank
Text
20
Name of the customer bank
From account
Text
12
Account number of the customer
Amount
Number
10
Amount want to transfer
To Bank
Text
20
Name of the bank to transfer
To account
Text
12
Account number to transfer
Amount
Number
10
Amount to transfer
Last payment date
Date
Transfer
Text
States whether the money is transferred
or not
DETAILED DESIGN
5.1 MODULES IN THE PROJECT
To enter into e-governance
Login module
Registration module
Those who are already had the membership they may enter
Telephone module
Electricity module
29
e-governance
Water tax module
House tax module
Birth certificate module
Death certificate module
To post user comments about e-governance
Feedback module
5.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT MODULES
Login module
To enter into the e-governance, the user must have username and password.
Registration module
To get the membership into the e-governance, the user must give his/her valid
details into registration form.
30
e-governance
Electricity module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of electricity
department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They
are
Details
Payment
Status
Details
This module allows the user to post their details about electricity.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the
payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are
get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
Telephone module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of telephone
department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They
are
Details
Payment
Status
Details
31
e-governance
This module allows the user to post their details about telephone.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the
payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are
get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
House tax module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of house tax
department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They
are
Details
Payment
Status
Details
This module allows the user to post their details about house tax.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the
payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are
get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
Water tax module
e-governance completely changes the normal workflow of water tax
department. The website facilitates the user by providing three different modules. They
are
32
e-governance
Details
Payment
Status
Details
This module allows the user to post their details about water tax.
Payment
If the details are accepted and if valid then e-governance allows for the
payment.
Status
Status module allows the user to know their status by whether their details are
get approved by e-governance server or not and to know the past payment details.
Birth certificate
It gets the necessary details for the birth certificate and also shows the status of
the birth certificate.
Death certificate
It gets the necessary information for the death certificate and also shows the
status of the death certificate.
6.1 TESTING
Testing
During system testing the system is used experimental to ensure that software
does not fail. System testing check the readiness and accuracy of the system to access
update and retrieve data from new file. Once the program data available. Test data are
read into the computer and process against the file provided for testing. If successful
the program is they run with LIVE data otherwise a diagnostic procedure is used to
locate and correct errors in the program. Once the code is written it should be tested
33
e-governance
rigorously for correctness of the code and result. Testing may involve the individual
units and the whole system. It requires a detailed plan as to what, and how to test.
System Testing
The proposed system is tested parallel with the software effort that consists of
its own phases of analysis, implementation, testing and maintenance.
Unit Testing
Unit testing comprises the set of tests performed by an individual programmer
prior to integration of the unit into a large system.
Coding and debugging => unit testing => integration testing.
There are four categories of tests should be performed.
Functional testing
Performance testing
Stress testing
Structure testing
Function test cases involve exercising the code with the nominal input values
for which the expected results are known, as well as boundary values maximum.
Performance testing determines the amount of execution spent in various parts
of the unit program throughput, response time and device utilization by the program
unit.
Stress tests are those tests designing to initially break the unit.
Structure tests are con concerned with exercising the internal logic of a
program and traversing particular execution path.
34
e-governance
Establishing a test completion criterion is another difficulty encountered in the
unit testing of real programs. Unit testing includes.
Statement converge
Branch converge
Logical path converge
Using statement converge programmer attempts each statement in a program at
least once.
Using branch converge as the test completion criterion the programmer
attempts to find a set of cases that will execute each branching statement in each
direction at least once.
Logical path converge acknowledges that the order in which the branches are
executed during a test is an important factor in determining the test outcome.
Integration Testing
Integration testing is of three types.
Bottom up integration
Top down integration
Sandwich integration
Bottom up integration testing consists of unit testing followed by system
testing. Unit testing has the goal of testing individual modules in the system.
Subsystems testing are concerned with verifying the operation of the interfaces
between modules in the sub systems.
System testing is concerned with subtitles in the interfaces, decision logic,
control flow recovery procedure, throughput, capacity and timing characteristics.
Top down integration starts with the main routine and one or two immediately
subordinate routines in the system structure. Top down integration requires the use of
35
e-governance
program stubs to simulate the effect of lower level routines that are called by those
being tested.
Top down method has the following advantages.
System integration is distributed through the implementation phase.
Modules are integrated as they are developed.
Top level interfaces are tested first and mist often.
The top level routine provides natural test hardness for lower level
routines.
Errors are localized to the new modules and interfaces that are being
added.
Sandwich integration is predominately top down, but bottom up techniques are
used on some modules and sub system. This mix alleviates many of the problems
encountered in pure top down and retains the advantages of the top down integration at
the subsystem and system level.
As the application server is been installed the project is ready for testing. The
testing is done on the server itself. The files from the server are accessed using the
HTTP installed in the server. The files retrieved from the server are either shown or the
errors i.e. the 401 and 404 are shown on the browser depending on the request.
6.2 SCREEN SHOTS
36
e-governance
e-governance home page. Existing user can give their username and password to use
the service provided by e-governance.
37
e-governance
e-governance department page. In this page links provide for various departments of
Government.
38
e-governance
Electricity details form. In this form user can enter the electricity information.
39
e-governance
Status page of the electricity department. It shows the payment details.
40
e-governance
Payment form for electricity department.
41
e-governance
Telephone details form
42
e-governance
Telephone status form
43
e-governance
Page to find STD codes
44
e-governance
Page to know the emergency telephone numbers
45
e-governance
Telephone payment form
46
e-governance
47
e-governance
House tax details form
48
e-governance
House tax status form
49
e-governance
House tax payment form
50
e-governance
Water tax details form
51
e-governance
Birth certificate entry form
52
e-governance
Death certificate entry form
53
e-governance
Feedback form
54
e-governance
New user registration form
55
e-governance
About the website
56
e-governance
Contact us page
57
e-governance
Logout page
58
e-governance
7.1 CONCLUSION
It is sure that the concept of e-governance is completely reducing the burden
of common people. It facilitates the people by reducing the money, time, etc.
It is the peoples website; each and every citizen of the country can get the
membership with his/her true details.
This approach reduce the de-merits of the government workflow and made into
a computerized one. Due to this, it gives lot of job opportunity of computer
professional to make Government as e-governance.
We hope that this idea enter doors of each and every citizen and become the
stars of everyones heart.
7.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
e-governance is basic idea of communicating with common people. Some of
future enhancement may be as follows.
Online receipt for payments of various departments will be issued.
Dealing with all the government departments.
Feedback about the recent plans and policies of the government.
Implementation of the concept of e-voting.
Concentrating the security mechanism to protect the individual data.
59
e-governance
User comments can be taken into an account and immediately appropriate
action should be made.
BIBILOGRAPHY
Book Reference
1. Programming in c#.net
-Julica case Bradly, Anita c.Millspaugh.
2. Unleashed in ASP.net
-K.S. Peter Kane, Millan.J.Paul.
3. Introduction to HTML
- Danish F.Garbel
Website Reference
1. www.tn.gov.in
2. www.mhhe.com/cit/program/bradley/csharp
3. www.tamilnadu.gov.in
4. www.ap.gov.in
60
e-governance
APPENDIX A
Softwares used in project
Front End
C# and ASP.NET
HTML
Back End
Ms-Access-2000
Scripting Language
Java-Script
C# and ASP.NET
.NET is an application development platform centered on the internet. The
main advantage of this platform lies in the fact that the all-important data is available
to the user from anywhere, and at any time, using a .NET compatible device. .NET is
primarily made up of three components
Microsoft.NET products and services
.NET platform itself
3rd party .NET services
61
e-governance
The .NET platform is based on two core technologies- XML and the suite of
internet protocols. Microsoft.NET allows developers to develop applications using
different languages, which run on the windows platform.
Evolution of ASP.NET
The first beta version of ASP was coded named Denali. Denali allowed the
developer to execute code within a webpage. Advanced functions could be performed
using ActiveX data object. The next version of ASP was ASP1.0, which was available
as an add-on to IIS 3.0. The next version ASP 2.0, come as a part of windows NT 4.0.
Then, ASP 3.0 was introduced which came along with Windows 2000.
The latest version of ASP is ASP.NET. ASP.NET has come to us along with
the .NET framework. ASP.net is an object oriented server side scripting tool. Hence, it
facilitates easy development of object oriented and granulized code.
Advantages of ASP.NET
ASP.NET supports strongly typed languages like VB, C# and much more.
ASP.NET pages get complied instead of being interpreted, thus their execution
speed is faster than ASP pages.
ASP.NET pages are tidier than ASP pages. The code can be separated from the
HTML design and text. Thus, programmers can work separately from the
designer.
ASP.NET provides server controls that are declarative. You just have to declare
them and you can use them. Thus, the number of lines of code to be written is
reduced.
ASP.NET supports re-use of code by the mechanism if inheritance. For
example, you can inherit C# classes and use them to provide the required
functionality.
Features of ASP.NET
62
e-governance
ASP.NET can recognize the type of browser the client is using and accordingly
display the content to the client. For example, if the client uses an Up level
browser (I.E >4.0 version), then the validation is performed on the client-side
and on the server-side. However, if the client is using a down-level browser,
then the validation is performed only on the server-side.
ASP.NET improves performance by using server-side caching. It allows you to
cache the entire output of a page for re-use by other clients.
ASP.NET functionality can be coded using different languages like C# or
VB.NET. However, only one language can be used for coding in a single page.
ASP.NET objects
Object
Description
Request
This object is used to retrieve information sent in a request
from the client browser to the server. The request object reads
and extracts the parameters sent through the HTTP request
when the Submit button is pressed. When the user submits a
form, the data contained within the input controls is sent along
with the form.
Response
This object is used to send data from the server back to the
client browser.
Application
The application object is used to share application-level
information. That is, it maintains a set of variables for the
entire application that can be shared by all the users accessing
the application.
63
e-governance
Session
This object is used to store information for a particular user
between page calls.
Server
This object is used to access the resources on the server. For
example, components created and installed on the server.
ObjectContext
This object is used to control transaction processing. When
using the Microsoft Transaction Server, this object can be used
to commit or abort a transaction.
The @Page directive is used to specify attributes that affect the code in the
ASPX page. There are two types of server controls.
HTML controls
Web controls
All event procedures receive two arguments from the events
The event sender
The class instance that holds data for the event.
There are four sets of controls in ASP.NET
Intrinsic Controls
List Controls
Rich Controls
Validation Controls
ASP.NET provides three intrinsic controls for entering text. They are as follows.
Single Line Entry
Multi Line Entry
Password Entry
64
e-governance
There are four controls in ASP.NET that can be used to navigate between pages or
move control out to a specified page.
Button
LinkButton
ImageButton
Hyperlink
The process of checking whether the user has filled up a form in the right
format and has not left any fields black is called validation.
The validation controls available are as follows.
Validation controls
Description
RequiredFieldValidator
This helps in ensuring that a value is entered for a field.
CompareValidator
This field checks if the value of a control is similar to the
value of another control
RangeValidator
This checks if the value entered in a control is in the
specified range of values.
RegularExpression
This checks if the value entered fits the regular expression
Validator
that is specified
65
e-governance
CustomValidator
The value entered is checked by a client side or server side
function created by user
ValidationSummary
A list of all the validation errors occurring in all the
controls is created and can be displayed on the page.
HTML
Structure of the HTML document
Every HTML document begins with the <HTML> tag. This tag indicates that
what follows is an HTML document. Two sections follows the <HTML> they are
Head Section
Body Section
Head section
The head section is used to specify the title of the document. It begins with the
<HEAD> tag. This is followed by the <TITLE> tag, which in turn is followed by the
title of the document. Note that the tile only for out information and will be displayed
on the title bar of the browser. The title ends with the</TITLE> End tag. To the head
section, the </HEAD> tag is used.
Body section
This section contains the document itself. The body section begins with the
<BODY> tag followed by the text of the document. It ends with the </BODY> end
tag. The last line of the document is the </HTML> end tag which indicates the end of
the HTML document.
Some Important tags
66
e-governance
<IMG> Tag
This tag is used to add a gif or jpeg files into the web page the image tag is
always given with SRC attribute which specifies the name of the image file.
Frames
Frames can be created by using the <frameset> and the </frameset> tags. They
do not have the body tag. Instead they have a <frameset>tage. Two attributes are used
with the <frameset>tag to specify its size. They are cols and rows.
MS-ACCESS
A database is a collection of information that's related to a particular subject or
purpose, such as tracking customer orders or maintaining a music collection. If your
database isn't stored on a computer, or only parts of it are, you may be tracking
information from a variety of sources that you're having to coordinate and organize
yourself.
For example, suppose the phone numbers of your suppliers are stored in various
locations: in a card file containing supplier phone numbers, in product information
files in a file cabinet, and in a spreadsheet containing order information. If a supplier's
phone number changes, you might have to update that information in all three places.
In a database, however, you only have to update that information in one place the
supplier's phone number is automatically updated wherever you use it in the database
Create an Access database
Microsoft Access provides two methods to create an Access database. You can use a
Database Wizard to create in one operation the required tables, forms, and reports for
the type of database you choose this is the easiest way to start creating your
database. Or you can create a blank database and then add the tables, forms, reports,
and other objects later this is the most flexible method, but it requires you to define
67
e-governance
each database element separately. Either way, you can modify and extend your
database at any time after it has been created.
About creating a table
To create a blank (empty) table for entering your own data, you can:
Use the Table Wizard to choose the fields for your table from a variety of
predefined tables such as business contacts, household inventory, or medical
records.
Create a table in Design view, where you can add fields, define how each field
appears or handles data, and create a primary key.
Enter data directly into a blank datasheet. When you save the new datasheet,
Microsoft Access will analyze your data and automatically assign the
appropriate data type and format for each field.
To create a table from existing data, you can:
Import or link data from another Access database or data in a variety of file
formats from other programs.
Perform a make-table query to create a table based on data in a current table. For
example, you can use make-table queries to archive old records, to make backup
copies of your tables, to select a group of records to export to another database, or to
use as a basis for reports that display data from a specific time.
Security Zones in Access
68
e-governance
This is a new security feature available in Microsoft Access 2002. Access uses the
Microsoft Internet Explorer Security Manager to determine whether a remote database
is located within a trusted security zone. The Internet Explorer Security Manager is
available through Internet Explorer 4.0 and later versions
There are different strategies for controlling the level of access to your
Microsoft Access database and its objects. These strategies are briefly described below
and are roughly arranged from least to most secure.
JAVA SCRIPT
Where Does JavaScript Fit In?
Navigator 2.0 is the most powerful version of Netscape's Web browser. Besides
bringing together a collection of useful Internet-access tools, such as a mail client, a
news reader, and improved support for the developing HTML 3 standard, Navigator
2.0 adds several features that enhance the ability of Web authors to develop complete,
platform-independent applications deployed and executed in the Netscape browser.
Going beyond the Web browser, Navigator Gold adds editing and development tools to
the package.
These capabilities include an applications programmer's interface (API) for
plug-ins. Plug-ins are program modules that dynamically extend the capability of
Navigator 2.0 to handle new types of data and information, along with JavaScript and
Java, which allow the addition of flexible progammability to Web pages.
In this chapter we also take a detailed look at the main features and aspects of
JavaScript, as well as review the major strengths and weaknesses of the JavaScript
language and its suitability to particular tasks.
We then dive deeper into objects and how they work and take a look at
properties and methodsthe building blocks of objects. We also look at the built-in
objects in JavaScript and what they offer the programmer.
69
e-governance
In this chapter we take a broad look at Navigator 2.0 and consider how JavaScript
fits into the puzzle. You'll learn about the following topics:
Frames: The ability to divide a window into multiple, independent sections
Plug-ins: Third party add-ons for Navigator 2.0 that extend the browser's
ability to handle new data and information
Java: An object-oriented programming language for distributed applications
JavaScript: A simple, object-based programming language incorporated into
Navigator 2.0 (and the subject of this book)
The similarities and differences between Java and JavaScript
JavaScript as a scripting language
Objects, properties, and methods
The Navigator object hierarchy and other built-in objects
Strengths and weaknesses of JavaScript
Java and JavaScript: Compare and Contrast
Given the tremendous popularity of Java since its introduction in 1995, it is
important to take a look at the differences between Java and JavaScript. Although they
are relatedJavaScript borrows most of Java's syntax, for instancethey are
fundamentally different and serve different purposes. They are complementary rather
than competing with each other.
Using Java: A Complex, Complete Object-Oriented Programming Language
Java is much more than a language for developing Web-based applications. It is
designed to compete in a market of full-fledged, general-purpose programming
languages such as C, C++, Pascal and FORTRAN. Unlike its predecessors, Java's
claims to fame include the fact that it is platform-independent and that it can be used
for both applications development and the development of in-line applets, or small
applications, for Web pages.
70
e-governance
Like C++ and Smalltalk, Java is object-oriented and relies heavily on the
syntax and style of C++. With this comes the steep learning curve of a high-end objectoriented programming language.
A Compiled Language
Unlike most other general-purpose programming languages, Java is not
compiled in the traditional sense. Instead of compiling to native machine code, the
Java compiler converts source code into Java byte codes (known as architectureneutral byte-codes)a platform-independent representation of the Java program code
which are then run on a machine-dependent runtime interpreter. In this way,
developers only need to develop and maintain one set of source code and compile it
once, and the code can then be run using the runtime interpreters for any machine.
Like all compiled languages, though, this adds the complexity of a compilation
cycle to development and, especially, debugging. However, to a certain degree like
other compiled languages, an efficient runtime engine means that Java should offer
better performance than general-purpose interpreted scripting languages.
Fully Extensible
A fundamental feature of true object-oriented languages is that they are
extensible. That is, programmers can create their own classesor groupings of objects
and data structuresto extend the basic classes that are part of the programming
languages.
71
e-governance
APPENDIX B
USE CASE DIAGRAM
72
e-governance
Electricity
Department
Municipality
USER
SERVER
Registration
Telephone
Department
Water Tax
Department
House Tax
Department
73
