MICROFINANCE

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],
www.amazon.in, Amazon Digital South Asia Services, Inc, ASIN: B013PD4U7M

ROLE OF MICROFINANCE THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS AND ITS IMPACT ON
THE LIVING STANDARDS OF RURAL POOR - A CASE STUDY IN SELECTED
RURAL AREAS OF VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P, INDIA.
*Mr.R.L.N. Murthy
**Prof.P.Sheela
ABSTRACT
Microfinance has become increasingly popular as a tool for poverty reduction in developing and
transition countries. The major challenge before developing countries is how to improve living
standards of the poor. Microfinance has been chosen to shoot this problem. But, the question of
how far microfinance is successful in improving living standards of the rural poor is still
unanswered. It is in this context a research has been initiated to know the role of microfinance in
improving living standards of the rural poor. Microfinance institutions are encouraging the self
help groups to mobilize savings and turning the rural poor into income generating
entrepreneurs.
This study aims at understanding the role of microfinance in improving living standards of the
rural poor through self help groups. A questionnaire using likert type scale has been designed
and executed to know whether the living standards have been improved through support of
microfinance. The respondents have been selected on random basis covering selected rural
areas of Visakhapatnam on all the beneficiary of the microfinance through SHGs. Responses to
questions, such as increase in income, increase in savings, access to better health, access to
better education, and improved financial position, have been sought to know whether their living
standards have improved. Most of the respondents expressed their favorable response and did
mention that microfinance through SHGs had helped them to a certain extent and also improved
their living standards, the study also explored that few of the respondents were not fully aware
the details of the program and is still relying on their group leaders instructions, which seems to
be a bottle neck for their future endeavors.
* Mr. R.L.N.MURTHY, research scholar, Gitam University, Visakhapatnam

**Professor P. SHEELA, professor Dept of Finance, GITAM Institute of Management, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam .

INTRODUCTION
Microfinance is a financial service provided by micro finance institutions to the poor through
either directly or group mechanism, the main aim of the microfinance is poverty reduction
through empowering the rural poor and women. It offers various services such as providing
collateral free micro credit, group lending savings pooling and insurance service. It is often
argued that MFIs charge high rate of interest they charge about 28% of interest but the fact is that
these MFIs are borrowing from banks at 13 to 14% and 7 to 10% is the operating cost.
However, china, Vietnam, and South Korea achieved fruitful results in bringing down the
poverty level through the magical mechanisms of microfinance. Microfinance has gained
popularity since professor Mohammed Yunus who is the pioneer of microfinance thought created
wonders in uplifting the living standards of the poor in Bangladesh.
Microfinance institution are really playing key role in poverty reduction. These MFIs are the
vital sources for the poor to borrow collateral free loans. These loans meant for uplifting of poor
by inculcating entrepreneurial ship. In India, microfinance institutions provide their services
either directly or group based. Most of the MFIs are encouraging self help groups to provide
micro credit. The reason behind the act is to make the members feel group responsibility. By
encouraging groups saving mobilization also becomes easy self help groups are such groups
mainly dominated by females, that save small amount of money and members can borrow from
common pool on a rotating basis these SHGs are sometimes used by MFIs for group lending.
Group members are made aware of the purpose of group formation, purpose of lending,
repayment duration, terms of repayment, and interest charged. It is usually expected that the
members are repaying from the savings generated from their entrepreneurial activity. It is only
then the poverty reduction and uplifting of living standards of the poor is possible through
microfinance.
In order to examine whether the standard of living improved among the poor there are several
indicators that come handy. Increased savings increased income, improved healthcare ,improved
education, better decision making are the most vital indicators in examining the impact of the
microfinance on the living standards of the poor.
Many countries, developed, developing and transition countries, have embraced the concept of
microfinance. MFIs provide wide range of services. The known activity of MFIs is providing
credit to poorer households MFIs are not equally dispersed worldwide. They appear to be
especially well developed in certain Asian and Latin American countries, such as Bangladesh,
Bolivia, and Indonesia (IMF working paper wp/02/159 Microfinance institutions and public
policy). This study aims at finding out whether microfinance is really successful in improving
living standards of the rural poor through SHGs.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The prime objective of the study is to know the impact of microfinance in improving
living standards of the rural poor through SHGs.
To know whether there exist a relationship between income increase and saving increase
after availing micro finance facility.
To know whether there exists a relationship between income increase and role in decision
making process increased after availing microfinance facility.
To know whether there is a relationship between improved standards of living and
increase in income, increase in savings, better access to education, better access to health
care and improved financial position of family after availing microfinance facility.
To know the awareness among the microfinance users about the purpose and terms of
micro credit and repayment.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study mainly conducted in rural areas of Visakhapatnam. Henceforth, the results of
this study are applicable to rural areas of Visakhapatnam only.
This study is mainly based on primary data, which is obtained through a questionnaire.
The accuracy is largely dependent on the accuracy of the responses given by the
respondents.
METHODOLOGY
Data collection
Data has been collected from primary and secondary sources.
Primary data has been collected by employing a structured questionnaire and administering that
questionnaire coupled with face to face interview with the respondents belong to various villages
of Visakhapatnam district.
The questionnaire consists of various questions on respondents profile their awareness about the
purpose of loan provided, terms of loan repayment duration and interest charged. It also consist
questions on their arrangement to repay the loan and their satisfaction with the loan processing
by their group leader.
The likert-type scale has been incorporated in the questionnaire which consists 5 points ranging 1
for strongly disagree to 5 for strongly agree with 3 as a neutral point.
Secondary data, about previous studies, and literature review on microfinance has been obtained
from various national and international journals and websites.
Sample size
A sample of 120 respondents who availed microfinance facility, has been obtained on random
basis coupled with convenience sampling. And the data has been analyzed with SPSS 20.

Literature review
Microfinance is a powerful tool in improving living standards of the rural poor. It encourages
savings and inculcates entrepreneurial attitude among the unemployed poor. It encourages group
responsibility which helps the poor in achieving economic development. The reserve bank of
India (RBI) and national bank for agriculture and rural development (NABARD) define
microfinance as provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of very
small amounts to the poor in rural semi-urban areas for enabling them to raise their income levels
and in improving living standards.
Poor households face many constraints in trying to save, invest, and protect their livelihoods.
They take financial intermediation seriously and devote considerable effort to finding workable
solutions. Most of the solutions are found in the informal sector, which, so far, offers lowincome households convenience and flexibility unmatched by formal intermediaries. The
microfinance movement is striving to match the convenience and flexibility of the informal
sector, while adding reliability and the promise of continuity, and in some countries it is already
doing this on a significant scale. ( Jonathan Morduch and Stuart Rutherford April 1, 2003)
Microfinance according to Otero (1999) is the provision of financial services to low income
poor and very poor self employed people. The UN declared 2005 as the international year of
microcredit. Poverty is a complex issue and is difficult to define as there are various dimensions.
(Microfinance Literature Review by Eoin Wrenn 2005)
One of the most important aspects of microfinance is saving mobilization. It has been recognized
that the poor people who are capable of coming out of poverty can improve their living standards
when right environment and opportunities exist. (Khan and Rahaman)
The question of the role of microfinance in reducing inequality and vulnerability remains valid
today. This tool has been adopted in European, American, Asian and African countries as a tool
to poverty reduction. (Gerard Tchouassi and Lefi, 2011.)
(Zeller and Johanssen 2006) assumed that Micro Finance Institutions are able to contribute to
improving economic conditions at the local, regional and country level and those contributions
are higher than the contributions to poverty alleviation.
(Rajasekhar D,2000) conducted a study on Microfinance Programmes and Womens
Empowerment: A study of Two NGOs From Kerala and found that Microfinance programmes
are important institutional devices for providing small credit to the rural poor in order to alleviate
poverty.
China, Vietnam, and South Korea have significantly reduced poverty in recent years with little
microfinance activity. (Adebiyi Julius and, Bolanle Aminat)
It is widely accepted that micro financing plays a very important role in improving the living
conditions of the poor by making it possible for the poor to have access to productive resources

with financial services being a key resource. (William Gabriel Brafu-Insaidoo and Ferdinand
Ahiakpor)
Microfinance is considered as a tool for socio-economic development. It is one way of fighting
poverty in rural areas where the poorest people live. It puts credit, savings, insurance and other
basic services within the reach of poor people. (Mrs.T.Chandrabai, Dr.K.Venkata janardhan rao,
Mr.Suresh Kandulapati)
High-quality microfinance is characterised by services that are easily accessible to the poor,
responsive to the full range of their financial needs and reasonably priced.( Kieran Donaghue and
Stav Zotalis, AusAID)
SELF HELP GROUPS
Self Help Groups are Group based financial service models have captured the attention of
development practitioners around the world. (Social intermediation and microfinance programs.
(A literature review by Elaine edg comb and laura barton, avg 1998.)
SHGs had set a new agenda for financial intermediation by banks in the form of micro-credit and
infused the dynamism among members to climb up the socio-economic ladder in the
development process. (Chintamani Prasad Patnaik)
(Rekha Goankar,2001) in her study concluded that the movement of SHGs can significantly
contribute towards the reduction of poverty and unemployment in the rural sector of the
economy and the SHGs can lead to social transformation in terms of economic development and
the social change.
(Gladis Mary John,2008) found that membership in SHG inculcated a great confidence in the
mind of majority of women to succeed in day to day life. Positive change was found in the
attitude of relatives and friends towards the women in self help groups. Self help groups develop
group responsibility and provide necessary moral and financial support in the process of
development.
Against this backdrop of failures of earlier poverty alleviation schemes and the financial
institutions to reach the real needy, microfinance schemes using self-help groups (SHGs) were
designed and NABARD considered this SHG-Bank Linkage model as a core strategy for rural
development. Self Help Groups (SHGs) are necessary to overcome exploitation, create
confidence for the economic self-reliance of rural poor, particularly among women who are
mostly invisible in the social structure. These groups enable them to come together for a
common objective and gain strength from each other to deal with exploitation, which they are
facing, in several forms. (Dr. B.B. Mansuri)
Self-Help Groups [SHGs] have proved to be an effective tool or instrument in India to address
the problem of poverty on the one hand and also empower women on the other. It is not only
expected to empower women economically but also socially in terms of say fighting for their
rights, fighting against the social evils such as gender bias, child labour, violence against women,
secondary status assigned to women, dowry, crimes against women etc.( N. Manimekalai)

VARIABLE
age
gender
Education
marital status
family members
occupation
MEASURING GROUP
frequency
percentage
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
Total
female
male
Total
uneducated
below SSC
SSC
intermediate
graduated
post graduate
Total
married
bachelor
Total
<2
25
42
43
10
120
73
47
120
11
28
32
22
22
5
120
113
7
120
1
20.80%
35.00%
35.80%
8.30%
100.00%
60.80%
39.20%
100.00%
9.20%
23.30%
26.70%
18.30%
18.30%
4.20%
100.00%
94.20%
5.80%
100.00%
0.80%
103
16
120
17
company 37
47
13
5
85.80%
13.30%
100.00%
14.20%
30.80%
39.20%
10.80%
4.20%
2-5
>5
Total
daily wage
private
employee
small business
agriculture
unemployed
TABLE
NO: 1
PROFI
LE OF
THE
RESPO
NDEN
TS

occupational
experience
domestic servant
Total
<1year
1-3 years
4-6 years
>7years
Total
1
120
6
33
43
38
120
0.80%
100.00%
5.00%
27.50%
35.80%
31.70%
100.00%

Table no 1 provides the information about the demographic profile of respondents. Most of the
respondents fall between the age groups of 30-40 and 40-50 years. And these two groups
together constitute 70.8% of the total respondents. Most of these are found to be middle aged
people. Females are the dominating users of microfinance facility and they are 60.8% and males
were 39.2%. Educated people are the prime users of micro credit and they are nearly 91%. Most
of the people are having qualification of SSC or less than that. Married people constute 94.2%.
Most of the respondents have 2-5 family members and they constitute 85.8%. It is found that
only 39.2% of total respondents are having small business as their occupation. 35.8% of total
respondents have the occupational experience of 4-6 years. From these results it is evident that
most of the microfinance users are middle aged and married people with SSC qualification.
Graduates and post graduates also there who availed micro credit facility. Graduate are 18.3%
and Post graduates are 4.2% and mere 9.2% are then uneducated respondents in all 120
respondents. Married women are the prime users of microfinance.
TABLE NO: 2 LOAN DETAILS
VARIABLE
satisfied with
way of loan
processed
no of times
benefits derived
amount of loan
received
amount spent for

the purpose
arrangements for
repayment
MEASURING
GROUP
yes
no
3
Total
once
twice
>twice
not yet received
Total
<5000
5000-10000
>10000
Total
business
household
requirement
others
Total
business income
savings from
daily wagesfrom
borrowing
earnedsources
other
income
earned
by other family
Total
members
frequency
85
34
1
120
12
47
59
2
120
8
73
39
120
67
39
14
120
57
36
13
14
120
percentage
70.80%
28.30%
0.80%
100.00%
10.00%
39.20%
49.20%
1.70%
100.00%
6.70%
60.80%
32.50%
100.00%
55.80%
32.50%
11.70%
100.00%
47.50%
30.00%
10.80%
11.70%
100.00%

Table no 2 shows loan details of respondents. Large percentage Respondents are satisfied by
way of loan processing and that is 70.8%. Most of the respondents availed microfinance facility
for more than twice and they are 49.2% and there is also another largest percentage which shows
that 39.2% of respondents availed microfinance facility for exactly two times. This is a clear
indication that microfinance is helpful otherwise they would not have come forward to avail
micro credit. Staggering 60% of respondents taken 5000-10000 rupees and 32.5% of respondents
taken more than 10000. It can be said that nearly 10000 rupees is the requirement to meet their
needs. Overwhelmingly 55.8% respondents used the money taken towards small business. But it
is also observed that 32.5% people are using microfinance funds for their household
requirements. It is not to be encouraged. The purpose can better be served through the
commitment of using these funds for income generating activities. Most of the respondents are
making their repayment arrangements by way of business income and savings.
TABLE NO 3: RESPONDENTS AWARENESS.

VARIABLE
Awareness of
duration of
repayment
Awareness of
repayment
terms
Awareness of
how
much
interest
charged
Purpose
of
micro credit
MEASURING
yes
GROUP
no
Total
yes
no
Total
yes
no
Total
yes
no
Total
frequency
112
8
120
107
13
120
111
9
120
112
8
119
percentage
93.30%
6.70%
100.00%
89.20%
10.80%
100.00%
92.50%
7.50%
100.00%
93.30%
6.70%
100.00%
TABLE NO 3 shows the awareness of the respondent about purpose of loan, interest charged,
and duration of the loan. Few people, though negligible, found that they are unaware. Most of
the respondents are aware about the interest charged, duration of the loan, and purpose of the
loan. This is a positive sign that people aware about the basics of the micro finance facility.

HYPOTHESES TESTING
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INCREASE OF INCOME AND THE INCREASE OF
SAVINGS
H01: there is no relationship between increase in income and increase in savings after availing
microfinance facility
Ha1: there is a relationship.
Correlations
The income has The savings has
increased
The income has Pearson
1increased
.755**
increased
Correlation
Sig.
(1.000
tailed)
N
120
120
**
The savings has Pearson
.755
1
increased
Correlation
Sig.
(1- .000
tailed)
N
120
120
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).
From the above correlation table it is significant with 0.755 at 0.01 level. So, null hypothesis has
been rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. It means there is a significant relationship
existing between increase in income and increase in savings. So, MFIs are successful in saving
mobilization.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS BETWEEN INCREASE OF INCOME AND ROLE IN
DECISION MAKING PROCESS
H02: there is no relationship between income increased and role in decision making process
increase.
Ha2: there is a significant relationship
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model
Variables
Entered
Variables Removed
Method
Enter
The income has

increasedb
a. Dependent Variable: Role in decision making process increased

b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R
R Square Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error Change Statistics

of the
R
F Change df1
Estimate Square
Change
a
1
.484 .234
.228
1.08516 .234
36.101
1
a. Predictors: (Constant), The income has increased
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of
df
Mean
F
Squares
Square
1
Regression 42.512
1
42.512
36.101
Residual
138.954
118
1.178
Total
181.467
119
b. Predictors: (Constant), The income has increased
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
B
Std. Beta
Error
1
(Constant)
4.214
.344
The income has increased -.563
.094 -.484
df2
Sig. F
Change
118
.000
Sig.
.000b
Sig.
12.242 .000
-6.008 .000

From the regression analysis and ANOVA table that shows there exist significant relationship
between role in decision making increased and income increased. So, null hypothesis has been
rejected and alternative hypothesis accepted. It is a clear indication that microfinance is playing a
significant role in empowering the rural poor in decision making process through increase in
their income.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INCREASE OF INCOME AND THE
OPERATINAL AAISTANCE RECEIVED FROM MFI
H03: there is no relationship between operational assistance received from MFIs and income
increased.
Ha3:there exists a significant relationship.

ANOVAa
Model
Regression
Residual
Total
Sum
Squares
22.363
106.925
129.288
of df
1
116
117
Mean Square
Sig.
22.363
.922
24.262
.000b
a. Dependent Variable: The income has increased

b. Predictors: (Constant), Operational assistance received from MFIs was helpful to run
the business
Variables Entered/Removed
Model
Variables Entered
Variables Removed
Method
Operational assistance
1
received from MFIs was
. Enter
helpful to run the business

Model Summary
Mod
el
.416
Adjusted R
Std. Error
Square
Square
of the
R Square
Estimate
Change
Change
.173
.166
.96009
Change Statistics
.173
df1
df2
Sig. F
Change
24.262
116
.000
a. Predictors: (Constant), Operational assistance received from MFIs was helpful to run the business
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized t
Coefficients
B
2.424
Std. Error
.244
Beta
.077
.416
(Constant)
Operational assistance
received from MFIs
.380
was helpful to run the
business
Sig.
9.947
.000
4.926
.000

From the above bi-variate regression analysis it is significant at 0.001 level. So, null hypothesis
has been rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. It means the operational assistance
received from MFIs is helpful in improving income level.
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS BETWEEN DIFFERENT VARIABLES
RELATED TO STANDARDS OF LIVING
H04: there is no significant relationship between living standards improved and increase in
income, increase in savings, better access to health care, better access to education, and financial
situation improved.
Ha4: increase in income, increase in savings, better access to education, better access to health
care, and improved financial situation are significantly related to improved living standards.
Descriptive Statistics
N
The income has
120
increased
The savings has
increased
120
Better access to
120
education
Better access to
120
healthcare
Financial situation
120
improved
Living standards
120
improved
Valid N (listwise) 120
Maximum Mean
5
3.5167
3.3333
3.0083
3.0083
3.4833
3.9167
Variables Entered/Removeda
Mode Variables
Variables
l
Entered
Removed
Method

Financial
situation
improved,
Better access
to healthcare,
The savings
1
has
.
Enter
increased,
Better access
to education,
The income
has
increasedb
a. Dependent Variable: Living standards improved
Model Summary
Mo R
R
Adjusted Std.
Change Statistics
del
Squar R Square Error of R
Square F
df1
e
the
Change
Chang
Estimate
e
df2
Sig.
F
Change
45.92
5
114
.000
5
a. Predictors: (Constant), Financial situation improved, Better access to healthcare, The
savings has increased, Better access to education, The income has increased
1
.817a .668
ANOVAa
Model
.654
Sum
Squares
Regression 87.651
Residual
43.515
Total
131.167
.61783
of df
5
114
119
.668
Mean
Square
17.530
.382
Sig.
45.925
.000b

b. Predictors: (Constant), Financial situation improved, Better access to
healthcare, The savings has increased, Better access to education, The income
has increased
Coefficientsa

Model
(Constant)
The
income
increased
The
savings
increased
Better
access
education
has
has
to
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
.362
.249
Standardized t
Coefficients
Beta
1.456
Sig.
.279
.105
.282
2.664
.009
.130
.086
.128
1.519
.131
.160
.085
.144
1.873
.064
-.028
-.364
.716
.443
6.569
.000
Better
access
to
-.026
.070
healthcare
Financial
situation
.498
.076
improved
.148
From the above multiple regression analysis it is evident that it is statistically significant (with
F=45.925 and probability 0.000). Hence, null hypothesis has been rejected and alternative
hypothesis has been accepted. It means increase in income, savings, better access to health care,
education and improved financial situation are significantly related to living standards improved.
FINDING AND CONCLUSION
Microfinance is playing a vital role in improving the living standards of the rural poor in rural
areas of Visakhapatnam district. SHGs are playing decisive role in outreach of microfinance to
rural poor in Visakhapatnam. Most of the microfinance users are married and middle aged
women. Microfinance users prefer ten thousand rupees and more for their business purposes.
Large number of people found using these micro finance funds to their household requirements
and that is not the purpose of loan given. Microfinance users of Visakhapatnam are repaying
from their business income and savings. These people found satisfication with the way loan
where being processed. Most of the people are aware the purpose for which the loan was given,
the duration and terms of microfinance and very few people were found unaware of the
particulars. The operational assistance from MFIs is important in increasing income. Increasing
income is also increasing the role in their decision making process within the family there by
empowering the women. Increase in income, increase in savings, better access to education,
better access to health care and improvement in financial position have a significant relationship
with improvement in living standards after availing microfinance facility. Hence, microfinance
facilities the institutions can be positively attributed towards the improvement of the members
living standards.

REFERENCES
1. David s. gibbons and Jennifer w. meehan,2002, Financing microfinance for poverty
reduction- by
2. Mohammad Arifujjaman Khan, Mohammed Anisur Rahaman.Impact of Microfinance on
Living Standards, Empowerment and Poverty Alleviation of Poor People: A Case Study
on Microfinance in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh
3. Gerard Tchouassi and LEFI, 2011.Microfinance, inequality and vulnerability: Empirical

analysis from Central African countries Journal of Development and Agricultural
Economics Vol. 3(4), pp. 150-156,
4. Abosede, Adebiyi Julius* and Azeez, Bolanle Aminat , 2011.Microfinance and gender in
the context of millennium development goals (MDGs) in Nigeria Journal of
Development and Agricultural Economics Vol. 3(3), pp. 98-106, March 2011
5. William Gabriel Brafu-Insaidoo and Ferdinand Ahiakpor,2011. Understanding the

marketing strategies of microfinance institutions within the Accra metropolis of Ghana:
Case of selected institutions African Journal of Marketing Management Vol. 3(2), pp. 4555

6. Rajesh Kumar Shastri, 2009. Micro finance and poverty reduction in India (A
comparative study with Asian Countries) African Journal of Business Management Vol.3
(4), pp. 136-140, April, 2009
7. C. O Adebayo, S. A Sanni and L. J. S Baiyegunhi. Microcredit scheme impact and food
security status of beneficiaries in Kaduna State, Nigeria: A propensity score matching
approach,African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 7
8. K. Nithya kala, K. Vidya kala and S. Poornima, 2012..Micro finance an anti poverty
vaccine for rural India.International journal of marketing, financial services &
management research Vol.1 No. 1, , ISSN 2277 3622
9. Dr. B.B. Mansuri , 2010. microfinancing through self help groups- a case study of bank
linkage programme. sri krishna international research & educational consortium volume
1, issue 3 (December, 2010) issn 2229-4104
10. Sanjay kanthi Das. Perception of Group Members on Self Help Groups Impact: An
Empirical Study. International Journal of Business and Management (IJBM) Volume (1) :
Issue (1) 13 by
11. Lakshmi and Vadivalagan. Impact of self help groups on empowerment of women: a
study in Dharmapuri district. Tamilnadu by http://jms.nonolympictimes.org/articles/5.pdf
12. Charles o. ondoro, dorine omena,2012. Effect of microfinance services on the financial
empowerment of youth in migori county, kenya Business and management review vol.
2(3) pp. 22 35 may, 2012 issn: 2047 - 0398
13. Chintamani prasad patnaik, 2012. Micro finance role in poverty alleviation and economic
growth- a study in gajapati dstrict. International journal of social sciences and
interdisciplinary research vol.1 no. 3, march 2012, issn 2277 3630
13. Dr. Anita soni ,2012. Analysis of financial performance of micro finance industry
International journal of marketing, financial and services & management research vol.1
no. 4, april 2012, issn 2277 3622
14. O.O. Akanji- cbn. ,Micro-finance as a strategy for poverty reduction.Economic &
financial review, vol. 39 n0. 4
15. Joe Remenyi .,Introduction: microfinance and poverty reduction., international and
community development, deakin university
16. Jonathan Morduch and stuart Rutherford, 2003.Microfinance: analytical issues for india.
http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/microfinance_analytical_issues_for_india.pdf
17. Appah, ebimobowei, john, m. sophia, and soreh wisdom,2012. An analysis of

microfinance and poverty reduction in bayelsa state of Nigeria. .Kuwait chapter of
arabian journal of business and management review vol. 1, no.7; march 2012
18. Savita Shankar,2013. Financial inclusion in india: Do microfinance institutions address
access barriers?ACRN journal of entrepreneurship perspectives vol. 2, issue 1, p. 60-74,
ISSN 2224-9729
19. DR. B.B. Mansuri ,2010. Microfinancing through self help groups- a case study of bank
linkage programme of NABARD- Apjrbm volume 1, issue 3 (december, 2010) issn
2229-4104
20. N. Manimekala, 2004. impact of various forms of micro financing on women-,
submitted to department of women and child development ministry of human resource
development government of india 2004
21.Nichel Halouni and Prof Younes boujelbene, 2011. Micro finance and social performance
in aafrica- Indian Journal of Finance, vol 58.
22. M.V.S. Mahendra ,2011.The empowerment of women through microfinance- A Case
Study of rangareddy district, AP, India. Indian Journal of Finance, vol 5,
******

MICROFINANCE

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MICROFINANCE

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MICROFINANCE

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

www.amazon.in, Amazon Digital South Asia Services, Inc, ASIN: B013PD4U7M

* Mr. R.L.N.MURTHY, research scholar, Gitam University, Visakhapatnam

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

amount spent for

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

TABLE NO 3: RESPONDENTS AWARENESS.

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

The income has

a. Dependent Variable: Role in decision making process increased

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Std. Error Change Statistics

a. Dependent Variable: Role in decision making process increased

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

a. Dependent Variable: The income has increased

received from MFIs was

helpful to run the business

a. Dependent Variable: The income has increased

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

a. Dependent Variable: Living standards improved

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

3. Gerard Tchouassi and LEFI, 2011.Microfinance, inequality and vulnerability: Empirical

5. William Gabriel Brafu-Insaidoo and Ferdinand Ahiakpor,2011. Understanding the

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

17. Appah, ebimobowei, john, m. sophia, and soreh wisdom,2012. An analysis of

Micro Finance in India: proceedings of national conference [Kindle Edition],

You might also like