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Topic 3

The document discusses evaporation from water bodies and methods for measuring evaporation. It contains the following key points: 1. Six factors affect evaporation from water bodies: solar radiation, wind, relative humidity, temperature, water quality, and water depth. 2. There are four main types of evaporation pans used to measure evaporation: Class A pans, modified Class A pans, Colorado sunken pans, and floating pans. 3. Analyzing evaporation in hydrological studies is important to estimate water losses from available water resources. The document provides examples of evaporation calculations using data from evaporation pans, reservoirs, streams, and lakes.

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343 views9 pages

Topic 3

The document discusses evaporation from water bodies and methods for measuring evaporation. It contains the following key points: 1. Six factors affect evaporation from water bodies: solar radiation, wind, relative humidity, temperature, water quality, and water depth. 2. There are four main types of evaporation pans used to measure evaporation: Class A pans, modified Class A pans, Colorado sunken pans, and floating pans. 3. Analyzing evaporation in hydrological studies is important to estimate water losses from available water resources. The document provides examples of evaporation calculations using data from evaporation pans, reservoirs, streams, and lakes.

Uploaded by

NorhazerahYussop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOPIC 3: Evaporation

1.

Briefly explain the factors that can affect the evaporation from a water body.

There are 6 factors that can affect the evaporation which is solar radiation,wind, relative
humidity, temperature, water quality and water depth. Firstly,solar radiation occurs on the
daylight and its can cause evaporation when there is only the sufficient amount of
developing or latent heat of vaporization available to convert the water from liquid to
vapor state. Wind is allow continuous evaporation which is only occur in drier air and rate
of evaporation increase with increase in the wind velocity up to some limit. Then, relative
humidity related to the space whereby if the humid is high, the evaporation will decrease
or low due to less space. Besides, the increasing in water temperature can cause the rate of
evaporation increase too. Water quality is about a presence of dissolved solids in water that
may indirectly reduce the evaporation rate. Lastly, deep water bodies have more heat
storage capacity compared with the shallow water bodies and the evaporation will less if
the water depth is increase.

2.

With aid of diagram, elaborate 4 types of evaporation pans.


Diagram

Description

Class A evaporation pan


Measured by measuring the depth of
water reduction with a hook gauge in a
stilling well.
Monel metal ( corrosion resistant metal
alloy)

Diagram

Description
Modified class A pan
A a calibrated cylindrical measure is
used to add or remove water to
maintain the water level in the pan to
a fixed mark indicated by the fixed
point gauge in the stilling well.
Fixed point gauge is place in stilling
well to indicate water level

Colorado Sunken pan


Buried into the ground such that the
top of its rim is 10 cm above the
ground surface.
Difficult to detect any leakage and
expensive to install.

Floating pan
Pan is supported by drum floats in the
lake to simulate the characteristic of a
large water body.
Water level in the pan is maintained at
the same level as the lake.

3.

In your opinion, explain the importance of analyzing evaporation in hydrological


study.
The importance of analyzing evaporation in hydrological study is to estimate
the amount of losses we encountered from our available water resources.

4.

The annual evaporation in Danao National Park Lake with a surface area of 1500 ha is
3m. Determine the average daily evaporation rate in ha-cm per day for the year.
Surface area = 1500 ha
E=3m
1 year = 365 x 24 x 3600
= 31536000 days
Average daily evaporation =

1500 x (3 x10 2 )
31536000

= 0.0143 ha.cm/ days

5.

Find the mean daily evaporation in ha-m from a stream reach of 98km long and 45m
wide. The mean daily evaporation measured by a class A pan is 0.5cm.
Mean daily evaporation (ha.m)
= (98 x 103) x 45
= 4.41 x 106 m2

(convert to ha)

= 441 ha
= 441 x (0.5 x 10-2)

= 2.205 ha.m

6.

Calculate the daily evaporation from a class A Evaporation Pan in Daman sara
Catchment if the daily measured rainfall and amount of water added or subtracted to
keep the water level in the pan to desired level is as given in table below.
Day

Rainfall (cm)
Water added (cm)
Daily evaporation (cm)

0.00
0.65
0.65

1.65
-1.40
0.25

0.30
0.18
0.48

0.00
0.70
0.70

0.03
0.25
0.28

7.

A class A pan was set up adjacent to a lake. The depth of water in the pan at the
beginning of a certain week was 195 mm. In that week there was a rainfall of 45 mm
and 15 mm of water was removed from the pan to keep water level within the
specified range depth. If the depth of the water in the pan at the end of the week was
190 mm, calculate the pan evaporation. Using a suitable pan coefficient estimate the
lake evaporation in that week.
S = 195 - 190 = 5 mm
P = 45 mm
O = 15

E = P - O - S
= 45 - 15 - 5
= 25 mm

Cp = 0.7
Pan evaporation = = = 35.71 mm

25
E
0Cp
.7

Lake evaporation = Cp x pan E


= 0.7 x 35.71
= 24.997 mm

8.

Assume the following situations for a small catchment area X. The six-month seasonal
precipitations is 70 cm, runoff is 20 cm, and the change in groundwater storage is 15
cm. What are the monthly evaporation rates, assuming no initial abstraction?
P = 70 cm
R = 20 cm
S = 15 cm
t = 6 months
= P - (E + R)
E = = = 5.833 cm
Monthly evaporation rate, E =

S
tS 20
70
P
15
R
6t

5.833 cm
9.

Water must be released from a reservoir to satisfy a downstream need of 48 000


m3/day during the month of July. The average daily class A pan evaporation is 5 mm
and the pan coefficient is 0.70. Estimate how much water must be released from the
reservoir to satisfy the 48 000 m3/day need if the average river width is 61 m and the
distance down the center of the river from the reservoir to point of need is 78 km.
Neglect the infiltration rate and assume there is no transpiration.
O = 48000 m3/day
E = 5 mm
Cp = 0.7
Width = 61 m

Distance = 78 km

Mean daily evaporation = Cp x pan evaporation


= 0.7 x 5
= 3.5 mm
Area of stream reach = w x d = 61 x (78 x 103)
= 4.758 x 106 m2

( convert to ha)

= 475.8 ha
Daily evaporation = area x mean
= 475.8 x (3.5 x 10-3)
= 1.6653 ha.m
10.

A reservoir had an average surface area of 20 km2 during June 1982. In that month, the
mean rate of inflow = 10 m 3/s, outflow = 15 m 3/s, monthly rainfall = 10 cm and
change in storage = 18 million m3. Assuming the seepage losses to be 1.8 cm, estimate
the evaporation in that month.
Surface area = 20 km2
I = 10 m3/s = 10 x 30 x 24 x 3600 = 25.92 x 106 m3
O = 15 m3/s = 15 x 30 x 24 x 3600 = 38.88 x 106 m3
P =10 cm
L = 1.8 cm
S = 18 million m3
R = P - L= 10 - 1.8
= 8.2 cm = 8.2 x 10-6 m3
Monthly precipitation = P x A

= (10 x10-2 ) x (20 x 106 )


= 2 x 106 m2

E = (P - R - I - O - S ) / area
= [ (2 x 106 ) - (8.2 x 10-6) - (25.92 x 106) - ( 38.88 x 106 ) - (1.8 x 108) ] / ( 20 x 106)
= - 12.14 m

11.

In a month, Kota Samarahan lake with a surface area of 12.5km3 received an average
inflow of 9.3 m3/s from surface runoff and 121.5 mm of rainfall. During the same
period, the outflow from the lake had an average of 3.6 m3/s and 0.11% of the lake
storage is lost due to groundwater recharge. It is recorded that the lake storage in that
month is 50 x 106 m3 . Find the monthly evaporation loss if there is no change in
storage occurred.
Surface area = 12.5 km2
Iaverage = 9.3 m3/s = 9.3 x 30 x 24 x 3600 = 24.1056 x106 m3
P = 121.5 mm = (121.5 x 10-3) x ( 12.5 x 106) = 1.5188 x106 m3
Oaverage = 3.6 m3/s = 3.6 x 30 x 24 x 3600 = 9.3312 x 106 m3
S = 50 x 106 m3 x (11%) = 5.5 x 106 m3
E = ( I + P - O - S ) / Area
=
= 0.8635 m

(24.1056 x106 ) (1.5188 x106 ) (9.3312 x106 ) (5.5 x106 )


(12.5 x106 )

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