EC2401 - Wireless Communication Study Materials For All 5 Units

8/20/2015
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EC2401- wireless communication study materials for all 5 units
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EC2401- Wireless Communication
VII Semester ECE
Nomadic devices: nomadic devices are placed at a certain location for a limited duration of time
(minutes to hours) and then moved to a different location. This means that during one drop
(placing of the device), the device is similar to a fixed device. However, from one drop to the
next, the environment can change radically. Laptops are typical examples: people do not operate
their laptops while walking around, but place them on a desk to work with them.
Low mobility: many communications devices are operated at pedestrian speeds. Cordless phones,
as well as cellphones operated by walking human users are typical examples. The effect of the
low
mobility is a channel that changes rather slowly, andin a system with multiple BSs.
High mobility usually describes speed ranges from about 30 to 150 km/h. Cellphones operated by
people in moving cars are one typical example.
Extremely high mobility is represented by high-speed trains and planes, which cover speeds
between 300 and 1000 km/h. These speeds pose unique challenges both for the design of the
physical layer (Doppler shift, see Chapter 5) and for the handover between cells.
Energy Consumption
Energy consumption is a critical aspect for wireless devices. Most wireless devices use (one-way
or
rechargeable) batteries, as they should be free of any wires both the ones used for
communication
and the ones providing the power supply.Rechargeable batteries: nomadic and mobile devices,
like laptops, cellphones, and cordless phones, are usually operated with rechargeable batteries.
Standby times as well as operating times are one of the determining factors for customer
satisfaction. Energy consumption is determined on one hand by the distance over which the data
have to be transmitted (remember that a minimum SNR has to be maintained), and on the other
hand, by the amount of data that are to be transmitted (the SNR is proportional to the energy per
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hand, by the amount of data that are to be transmitted (the SNR is proportional to the energy per
bit).
One-way batteries: sensor network nodes often use one-way batteries, which offer higher energy
density at lower prices. Furthermore, changing the battery is often not an option; rather, the
sensor including the battery and the wireless transceiver is often discarded after the battery has
run out.
Power mains: BSs and other fixed devices can be connected to the power mains. Therefore,
energy efficiency is not a major concern for them. It is thus desirable, if possible, to shift as
much functionality (and thus energy consumption) from the MS to the BS.
Use of Spectrum
Spectrum can be assigned on an exclusive basis, or on a shared basis. That determines to a large
degree the multiple access scheme and the interference resistance that the system has to provide:
Spectrum dedicated to service and operator: in this case, a certain part of the electromagnetic
spectrum is assigned, on an exclusive basis, to a service provider. A prime point in case is
Prepared By A.Devasena Asso.Prof., & R.Sankari Asst.Prof.
Page 10
VII Semester ECE
cellular telephony, where the network operators buy or lease the spectrum on an exclusive basis
(often for a very high price). Due to this arrangement, the operator has control over the spectrum
and can plan the use of different parts of this spectrum in different geographical regions, in order
to minimize interference.
Spectrum allowing multiple operators:
Spectrum dedicated to a service: in this case, the spectrum can be used only for a certain
service (e.g., cordless telephones in Europe and Japan), but is not assigned to a specific operator.
Rather, users can set up qualified equipment without a license. Such an approach does not
require (or allow) interference planning. Rather, the system must be designed in such a way that
it avoids interfering with other users in the same region
Free spectrum: is assigned for different services as well as for different operators. The ISM
band at 2.45 GHz is the best known example it is allowed to operate microwave ovens, WiFi
LANs, and Bluetooth wireless links, among others, in this band. Also for this case, each user has
to adhere to strict emission limits, in order not to interfere too much with other systems and
users. However,
coordination
between
(in order
to minimize
interference)
almost
impossible
different
systems
cannotusers
exchange
coordination
messages
with becomes
each other,
and
often even have problems determining the exact characteristics (bandwidth, duty cycle) of the
interferers.
Di rection of Tr ansmission
Simplex systems send the information only in one directione.g., broadcast systems and pagers.
Semi-duplex systems can transmit information in both directions. However, only one direction
is
allowed at any time. Walkie-talkies, which require the user to push a button in order to talk, are a
typical example. Note that one user must signify (e.g., by using the word over) that (s)he has
finished his/her transmission; then the other user knows that now (s)he can transmit. Fullduplex systems allow simultaneous transmission in both directionse.g., cellphones and cordless
phones.
Asymmetric duplex systems: for data transmission, we often find that the required data rate in
one direction (usually the downlink) is higher than in the other direction. However, even in this
case, full duplex capability is maintained.
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case, full duplex capability is maintained.

Servi ce Quali ty
The requirements for service quality also differ vastly for different wireless services. The first
main
indicator for service quality isspeech quality for speech services andfile transfer speed for data
services. Speech quality is usually measured by theMean Opinion Score (MOS). It represents
the
average of a large number of (subjective) human judgments (on a scale from 1 to 5) about the
quality
of areceived
speech
. The An
speed
dataimportant
transmission
measured
bit/s
obviously,
higher speed
is better.
evenofmore
factorisissimply
the availability
of in
a service.
Page 11
VII Semester ECE
For cellphones and other speech services, the service quality is often computed as the
complement of fraction of blocked calls. plus 10 times the fraction of dropped calls.
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Noise and Interference Limited Systems.

Noise-Limited Systems
Wireless systems are required to provide a certain minimum transmission quality . This
transmission quality in turn requires a minimum Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at the receiver
(RX). Consider now a situation where only a single BS transmits, and a Mobile Station (MS)
receives;
performance
of moves
the system
is determined
by the
the (useful)
signal andthus,
the the
noise.
As the MS
further
away from only
the BS,
the strength
receivedofsignal
power
decreases, and at a certain distance, the SNR does not achieve the required threshold for reliable
communications. Therefore, the range of the system is noise limited; equivalently, we can call it
signal power limited . Depending on the interpretation, it is too much noise or too little signal
power that leads to bad link quality.
2
PRX= PTXGRXGTX ( / 4d) .----------------------------------------------- (1)

where GRX and GTX are the gains of the receive and transmit antennas, respectively, is the
wavelength, andPTXis the transmit power
The noise that disturbs the signal can consist of several components, as follows
Thermal n oise
: The power spectral density of thermal noise depends on the environmental
temperature Te that the antenna sees. The temperature of the Earth is around 300 K, while the
temperature of the (cold) sky is approximately Te 4K (the temperature in the direction of the
Sun is of course much higher). As a first approximation, it is usually assumed that the
environmental temperature is isotropically 300 K. Noise power spectral density is then
N0= kBTe -------------------------------------------------------------------- (2)
where kBis Boltzmanns constant, kB= 1.38
1023 J/K, and
the noise power is Pn = NB--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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the noise power is Pn = N0B-------------------------------------------------------------------------------(3)

whereB is RX bandwidth (in units of Hz). It is common to write Eq. (.2) using logarithmic units
(powerP expressed in units of dBm is 10 log10 (P/1 mW))N0= 174 dBm/Hz --------------------------------------------- (4)
Page 12
VII Semester ECE
This means that the noise power contained in a 1-Hz bandwidth is 174 dBm. The noise power
contained in bandwidthB is
174 + 10 log10(B) dB.--------------------------------------------------------------(5)

The logarithm of bandwidthB, specifically 10 log10(B), has the units dBHz.
M an-made noise
:We can distinguish two types of man-made noise:
(a) Spurious emissions: Many electrical appliances as well as radio transmitters (TXs) designed
for other frequency bands have spurious emissions over a large bandwidth that includes the
frequency range in which wireless communications systems operate. For urban outdoor
environments, car ignitions and other impulse sources are especially significant sources of noise.
In contrast to thermal noise, the noise created by impulse sources decreases with Frequency At
150 MHz, it can be 20 dB stronger than thermal noise; at 900 MHz, it is typically 10 dB stronger.
At Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) frequencies, Note that frequency
regulators in most countries impose limits on spurious or out-of-band emissions for all
electrical devices. Furthermore, for communications operating in licensed bands, such spurious
emissions are the only source of man-made noise. It lies in the nature of the license (for which
the license holder usually has paid) that no other intentional emitters are allowed to operate in
this band. In contrast to thermal noise, man-made noise is not necessarily Gaussian distributed.
However, as a matter of convenience, most system-planning tools, as well as theoretical designs,
assume Gaussianity anyway.
(b) Other i ntenti onal emission sour ces
: Several wireless communications systems operate in
unlicensed bands. In these bands, everybody is allowed to operate (emit electromagnetic
radiation) as long as certain restrictions with respect to transmit power, etc. are fulfilled. The
most important of these bands is the 2.45-GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band.
The amount of interference in these bands can be considerable.
Receiver noise: The amplifiers and mixers in the RX are noisy, and thus increase the total noise
power. This effect is described by the noise figureF, which is defined as the SNR at the RX
input (typically after down conversion to baseband) divided by the SNR at the RX output. As the
amplifiers have gain, noise added in the later stages does not have as much of an impact as noise
added in the first stage of the RX. Mathematically, the total noise figure Feq of a cascade of
components is
Feq =F1 +F21 +F31 +

G1
G1G2
whereFi and Gi are noise figures and noise gains of the individual stages in absolute units (not
in decibels (dB)). Note that for this equation, passive components, like attenuators with gain m <
1, can be interpreted as either having a noise figure ofF = 1/m and unit gain of G = 1, or unit
noise figureF = 1, and gain G = m.

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VII Semester ECE
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8/20/2015

EC2401- wireless communication study materials for all 5 units

EC2401- Wireless Communication

VII Semester ECE

Prepared By A.Devasena Asso.Prof., & R.Sankari Asst.Prof.

EC2401- Wireless Communication

VII Semester ECE

case, full duplex capability is maintained.

Prepared By A.Devasena Asso.Prof., & R.Sankari Asst.Prof.

EC2401- Wireless Communication

VII Semester ECE

Noise and Interference Limited Systems.

PRX= PTXGRXGTX ( / 4d) .----------------------------------------------- (1)

1023 J/K, and

the noise power is Pn = NB--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

the noise power is Pn = N0B-------------------------------------------------------------------------------(3)

Prepared By A.Devasena Asso.Prof., & R.Sankari Asst.Prof.

EC2401- Wireless Communication

VII Semester ECE

174 + 10 log10(B) dB.--------------------------------------------------------------(5)

Prepared By A.Devasena Asso.Prof., & R.Sankari Asst.Prof.

EC2401- Wireless Communication

VII Semester ECE

Prepared By A.Devasena Asso.Prof., & R.Sankari Asst.Prof.

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