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ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND FIELDS

GRAPH OF A NETWORK

Connected graph

When all the elements (resistance, inductance, capacitance etc.)

of a network are replaced by lines with circles or dots at both
ends, the configuration is then called the graph of the network. A
point at which terminal or end of two or more than two elements
are joined is called node (N). A line segment representing one
network element or a combination of elements connected between
two points is called branch (B).
N1

N2

B2

B1
B6
B7

N3

B5

N4

B3

B4

N5

Graph
Directed (or oriented) Graph: A graph is said to be directed or
oriented when all nodes and branches are numbered and
directions are assigned to the branches by arrows.
The graph of the network shown in Fig.
N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5 represent the five nodes and B1, B2, B3, B4,
B5, B6 and B7 seven branches of the graph of a network.
N1

B1

N2
B2

B6 B
5

B7

N3

N4

B3

N1

B5

B2

Non-connected graph
N2 B3

B1

N4

B4

N3

N1

B1

N2

N3

B3

N4

B4

B2

N5

Cut-set : It is that set of elements or branches of a graph that

separates two main parts of a network. If any branch of the cutset is not removed, the network remains connected. The term cutset is derived from the property designated by the way by which
the network can be divided into two parts.
A cut set is shown on a graph by a dashed line, where the dashed
line passes through the branches defining the cut-set. A graph
should have at least one cut-set through there may be more than
one cut-set in any graph.
Tree and Co-tree : Tree is an interconnected open set of branches
which include all the nodes of the given graph. In a tree of a graph
there cannot be any closed loop. A branch of tree is known as
twig. Those branches of a graph which are not included a tree are
called co-tree. The branches of a co-tree are called links or chords.
Total no. of links L = B (N 1) = B N + 1
where B = total no. of branches
N1 = total no. of tree branches

B4

N5

Oriented/directed graph
Definitions Related to Graph of a Network
Degree of a Node: It is the number of branches incident to it.
Loop: It is the closed contour selected in the graph.
Path: An ordered sequence of branches traversing from one node
to another.
Circuit: In the network graph, it is a set of branches such that
exactly two branches are incident to each of the nodes in the set.
A circuit subgraph is always connected.
Subgraph: A graph is said to be the subgraph of a graph if every
node and branch of subgraph is the node and branch respectively
of the graph.
Connected and Non-connected graph : A graph where at least one
path along branches between every pair of nodes of a graph exists.

Co-tree
Tree

Properties of a Tree
(i) It consists of all the nodes of the graph.
(ii) If the graph has N no. of nodes, the tree will have (N 1)
branches.
(iii) There will be no closed path in the tree.
(iv) There can be many possible different trees for a given graph
depending on the number of nodes and branches.
Number of independent KCL equations = N 1

2
Rank of a graph.
If there exists N number of nodes, then rank R of a graph is given
by the relation
R = (N 1)
No. of fundamental cut-sets = no. of twigs = (N 1)
where N = no. of nodes of a graph
Number of independent node equations (n) = J(no. of junctions) 1.
Number of independent mesh equations (m) = b (no. of branches)
(j 1)
RESONANCE
Resonance in electrical circuits consisting of passive and active
elements represents a particular state of the circuit when the
current or voltage in the circuit is maximum or minimum with
respect to the magnitude of excitation at a particular frequency,
the circuit impedance being either minimum or maximum at the
power factor unity.

Properties of Parallel Resonant LRC Circuit

1.
Power factor is unity
2.
Current at resonance is [V/(L/CR)] and is in phase with the
applied voltage. The value of current at resonance is
minimum.
3.
Net impedance at the resonance of parallel circuit is
maximum and equal to (L/CR) W.
4.
The admittance is minimum and net susceptance is zero at
resonance.
5.
The resonant frequency of this circuit is given by
f0 =

1
R2
- 2
LC L

1
2p

Resonance Between Parallel RC and RL Circuit

R1

R2

Series Resonance
VR

VL

VC

I
V volts, f Hz

V, fHz

Series resonant circuit

Resonance Properties of Series RLC Circuit

1.
The applied voltage and the resulting current are in phase
which also mean that the p.f. of the RLC series resonant
circuit is unity.
2.
The net reactance is zero at resonance and impedance does
have the resistive part only.
3.
The current in the circuit is maximum and is (V/R) A.
4.
At resonance, the circuit has got minimum impedance and
maximum admittance.
1

5.

Frequency of resonance is given by f0 =

6.

Q factor of series resonant circuit is given by

2p LC

Hz.

Resonance between RC and RL circuit

Let Y1 = admittance of R1C circuit
Y2 = admittance of R2L circuit
Y = net admittance = Y1 + Y2

R2
XL
R1
XC
= R 2 + X 2 + R2 + X 2 + j R 2 + X 2 - R 2 + X 2
C
2
L
2
1
1
C
L
Important Point

Circuit will be resonant for any frequency provided

R1 = R2 = L / C

Resonant frequency,
L
2
C - R2

f = 2p LC L
- R12
C

Q=

1
1 L
=
.
1
R C
RC
LC

1
=
w 0 RC

Parallel Resonance of RLC Circuit

f0
Resonant frequency
=
Also Q =
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
C

Parallel Resonance

IC

Parallel RLC circuit in this circuit, the condition for resonance

circuit occurs when the susceptance part is zero.

IL
R

L
V
AC, f Hz

Parallel Resonant Circuit

Importance Formulae

lower half power frequency is given by,

2

w1 =

1
1
1
+
+

2 RC
2 RC
LC

Upper half-power frequency is given by,

R1

R2

w2 =

1
1
1
+
+
2 RC
2 RC
LC

Bandwidth Bw = w2 w1 =

Quality factor, Qr =

V1 +

1
RC

I1

w
w0
= o = w o RC
1
w 2 - w1
RC

NODE ANALYSIS
(i) Label all nodes in the circuit.
(ii) Arbitrarily select any node as reference.
(iii) Define a voltage variable from every remaining node to the
reference. These voltage variables must be defined as
voltage rises with respect to the reference node.
(iv) Write a KCL equation for every node except the reference.
(v) Solve the resulting system of equations.
(vi) Number of independent node equations (n) = J(no. of
junctions) 1.
V1
1
I1

R2

R1

R3

Node 2 :

I2

V1 (V1 V2 )

=0
R1
R2

(i)

(V1 V2 ) V2

+ I2 = 0
R2
R3

(ii)

Rearranging equation (i) and (ii), we get

1
1
1
+
V1
V2
= I1

R1 R 2
R2

and

+ V
2

I2
e

(iv) Solve the resulting equations.

(vi) Number of independent mesh equations (m) = b (no. of
branches) (J 1)
Thus, loop equations for the network shown are
For loop abefa,
I1R1 (I1 I2) R3 + V1 = 0
For loop bcdeb,
R2I2 + (I2 I1) R3 + V2 = 0

NETWOR K THEOREMS
Superposition Theorem
This theorem finds use in solving a network where two or more
sources are present and connected not in series or in parallel.
Steps for Solving a Network Using Superposition Theorem:
(i) Select a single source. Short other voltage sources and open
the current sources, if internal impedances are not known.
If known, replace them by their internal impedances.
(ii) Find out the current through or voltage across the required
element, due to the source under consideration.
(iii) Repeat the above steps for all the sources
(iv) Add all the individual effects produced by individual
sources to obtain the total current in or voltage across the
element.

V2
2

The equations for the network shown are :

Node 1 : I1

R3

1
-1
1
V1 + V2 + = I 2
R
R
R
2
3
2

These equations can be solved simultaneously to get unknown

node voltages from which any branch current can be calculated.
MESH ANALYSIS
Mesh is a loop that does not contain an inner loop.
(i) Count the number of window panes in the circuit.
(ii) Assign a mesh current to each window pane.
(iii) Write a KVL equation for every mesh whose current is
unknown.

Thevenins Theorem
Any two terminal bilateral linear d.c. circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series
resistor.
Steps to Solve a Network Using Thevenins Theorem:
(i) Remove the branch impedance, through which current is
required to calculate.
(ii) Calculate voltage across the open circuited terminals. This
voltage is Thevenins equivalent voltage Vth
(iii) Calculate equivalent impedance Zep as viewed through two
terminals of the branch from which current is to be calculated by removing that load impedance and replacing all the
independent sources by their internal impedance.
(iv) Required current thr ough the branch is given by
I=

Vth
Z L + Zeq

Nortons Theorem
A linear active network consisting of independent and or
dependant voltage and current sources and linear bilateral network
elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
current source in parallel with a resistance, the current source
being the short circuited current across the load terminal and the

4
resistance being the internal resistance of the source network
looking through the open circuited load terminals.
This theorem is converse of Thevenins theorem.
Steps to solve a network using Nortons Theorem :
(i) Short the branch through which the current is to be
calculated.
(ii) Find out the current through this short circuited branch.
This current is nothing but Nortons current IN.
(iii) Calculate equivalent impedance Zeq as viewed through two
terminals of interest by removing the load impedance and
making all the independent sources inactive.
(iv) Current through the branch of interest is given by,
I = IN

Zeq
Zeq + Z L

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

A resistance load, being connected to a dc network, receive
maximum power when the load resistance is equal to the internal
resistance (Thevenins equivalent resistance) of the source
network as seen from the load terminals.
Steps to solve the problems related to maximum power transfer
theorem :
(i) Remove the load resistance and find Thevenins resistance
(RTH) of the source network looking through the open
circuited load terminals.
(ii) As per maximum power transfer theorem, this RTh is the load
resistance of the network i.e., RL = RTh that allows maximum
power transfer.
(iii) Find the Thevenins voltage (V0) across the open circuited
load terminals.
(iv) Maximum power transfer is given by :

V02
.
4R Th

TWOPORT NETWORK
In the two port network, there are four variables two voltages
and two currents. We use V1 and I1 as variables at the input and
V2 and I2 as variables at the output as shown in the figure.
Port 1

+
V1
-

I1

I2

Two Port
Network

+
Port 2
V2
-

Z-parameters (impedance parameter or Open circuit parameter)

Impedance parameter or Z-parameter (open circuit impedance
parameters)
Here, V1 and V2 are expressed in terms of I1 and I2
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2 = Z21I1 + z12I2

Z12= forward impedance when input is open circuited

V1

= I when I1= 0
2
Z21= reverse impedance when output is open circuited
V2

= I when I2 = 0
1
Admittance Parameter or Y-Parameter (Short Circuit
Parameter)
Here I1 and I2 are expressed in terms of V1 and V2
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2
I1
Y11 = admittance when output is short circuited =
when V2 = 0
V1

Y12=forward admittance when input is short circuited =

Hybrid Parameter or h-Parameter

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
h11 = short circuited input impedance =

I2
when I1 = 0
V2

h12 = open circuit reverse voltage gain =

V1
when I1= 0
V2

I2
when V2 = 0
I1
ABCD Parameters (Transmission Parameter)
ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power
transmission engineering where they are termed as Generalised
Circuit Parameters ABCD parameters are also called as
Transmission Parameters.
Representation of input and output voltages and currents in
two-port network for ABCD parameter-representation
V1 = AV2 + B(I2)
I1 = CV2 + D ( I2)

h21 = short circuit current gain =

In

I1

I2

V1

V2

V1
V2

I 2 =0

I1
C= V
2

I 2 =0

A=

Z 22 = impedance when input is open circuited

V2

V1
when V2 = 0
I1

h22 = open circuited output admittance =

V1

= I when I1 = 0
2

I1
when
V2

V1= 0
Y21= reverse admittance when output is short circuited
I
= 2 when V2= 0
V1

Z11 = impedance when output is open circuited

= I when I2 = 0
1

I2
when V1 = 0
V2

Y22 = admittance when input is short circuited =

Out

5
A is called reverse voltage ratio and does not have any unit. C
is known as transfer admittance and has the unit mho.
V1
B = -I
2
I1
D = -I
2

I1A

I2A

V1A

V2A

V2 =0

V
In

Vout

I1B

V2 =0

D being a ratio of two currents, it is called reverse current ratio;

it is an unitless quantity while B is expressed in ohm and is
termed as transfer impedance.
Table : Condition of Reciprocity and Symmetry in Terms of
Various Parameters.
Parameter

Condition for
reciprocity

Condition for
symmetry

Z12 = Z21

Z11 = Z22

Y12 = Y21

Y11 = Y21

h12 = h21

Dh = 1

ABCD

AD BC = 1

A=D

V1B

I2B
V2B

Fig. Series connection of two 2-port networks

For network A,

V1A = Z11A I1A + Z12A I2A

V2A = Z21A I1A + Z22A I2A
and for network B, V1B = Z11B I1B + Z12B I2B
V2B = Z21B I1B + Z22B I2B.
For the series connected two numbers two port networks
V1 = (Z11A + Z11B) I1 + (Z12A + Z12B) I2
V2 = (Z21A + Z21B) I1 + (Z22A + Z22B) I2

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERCONNECTIONS OF TWO

PORT NETWORKS
Series Connection
Let network A and B be the two port networks connected in series

V1 Z11A + Z11B
or, in matrix form, =
V2 Z21A + Z21B

Z12A + Z12B I1
Z22A + Z22B IB

Thus it has been observed that the overall Z parameter matrix for
series connected two port networks is simply the sum of Z matrices
of each individual network.

Cascade Connection
In Fig. let X and Y are two networks connected in cascade. The result may be generalised for any number of networks.
I1

I1X

I2X

+
V1 in

I1X

I2Y

I2

+
X

V1X

V2X

+
Y

V1Y

V2Y

V2 out

Fig. Cascade connected two numbers two port network.

For network X,

V1X = AX V2X BXI2X

IIX = CX V2X DX I2X
and for network Y, V1Y = AY V2Y BYI2Y
I1Y = CYV2Y DYI2Y
For the cascade connection,
A B A X B X A Y BY

C D = C

X D X D Y DY
The overall ABCD parameter network matrix for cascaded network
is then the matrix product of ABCD matrices of individual network.
Parallel Connection
Let network A and B be connected in parallel as shown in Yparameter representation is very much useful.

I1

I1A

I2A

I2

V1

V1A

V2A

V1B

V2B

Fig. Parallel connection of two 2-port networks.

For network A,

I1A = Y11A V1A + Y12A V2A

I2A = Y21A V1A + Y22A V2A

+
V2

6
and for network B,

I1B = Y11B V1B + Y12B V2B

I2B = Y21B V1B +Y22B V2B
I1 = (Y11A + Y11B) V1 + (Y12A + Y12B) V2
I2 = (Y21A + Y21B) V1 + (Y22A + Y22B) V2
Thus in matrix form, the combined network parameter equations
become,

I1 Y11A + Y11B Y12A + Y12B V1

I = Y
2 21A + Y21B Y22A + Y22B VB
This result may be generalised for any number of Y parameter
network paralleling. The overall Y parameter matrix is then simply
the summation of Y matrices of each individual two port network.

GAUSS THEOREM
Gauss theorem states that the surface integral of the normal
component of the electric intensity, E over a closed surface is
always equal to 1e times the total charge (Q) inside it.
0
E area =

1.

THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Star Connection or Y-Connection
Line voltage, VL = 3 ( VPh ) ; whereV Ph is the phase voltage
Line current, IL = Iph; where Iph is the phase current.
Total active power, P = 3 Vph Iph cosF; where F is the angle
between phase voltage and phase current.

Delta Connection or D-Connection

Line voltage, VL = Vph; where Vph is the phase voltage.
Line current, IL = 3 Iph; where Iph is the phase current.
Total active power, P = 3 Vph Iph cosF; where F is the angle
between phase voltage and phase current.

2.

Total active power, P = 3 VL IL cosF; where F is the

angle between phase voltage and phase current.
L

Ph

VPh
VL
Neutral

3.

Y-connection
IPh

R
IL
VL=Vph

Delta connection

l
1
r
2pe 0 r

Here we have
l = linear charge density
e0 = electrical permittivity of free space
r = radius
r = unit vector in the direction of radius.
Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane
sheet: Consider a uniform charged infinite plane sheet
having uniform surface charge density s, point P situated
at a perpendicular distance r from the given plane, then the
electric field intensity as per the Gauss' law is:
E=

Electric field due to an infinite long straight charged line:

Consider one example of an infinite long straight charged
line having uniform linear charge density (l) and a point P
located at a perpendicular distance r from the linear charge
distribution. The electric field intensity at any point P and
all the other points like P situated perpendicular distance
from the line will be equal as the line is of infinite length (L).
As per Gauss' law, the electric field intensity at point P on
an infinitely long straight charged line is:
E=

Total active power, P = 3 VL IL cosF ; where F is the

angle between phase voltage and phase current.

Q
e0

s
2e 0

Here we have
s = Surface charge density
e0 = electrical permittivity of free space
It shows that the electric field intensity at any point on the
plane sheet is not depend on the distance of the point from
the plane.
Electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical
shell:
Consider a spherical shell having surface charge density s
and radius R. The electric field resulting from such a
spherical shell is radial and hence electric field intensity is
calculated for a point lying inside and outside the spherical
shell.
(a) Point lying inside the shell: Here point is lying inside
the shell and having radius r smaller then the spherical
shell radius R. So, as per the Gauss' law, the electric
field intensity is zero due to charge enclosed by such
a surface is zero as the radius is concentric with the
shell.
(b) Point lying outside the shell: Here point is lying
outside the shell and having radius r greater than the
spherical shell radius R. So, as per the Gauss law, the
electric field intensity is,

7
6

E=

4.

q 1
4pe 0 r 2

It shows that for a point outside the sphere, the entire

charge of the sphere can be treated as concentrated at its
centre.
Electric field due to a uniformly charged sphere: Consider
a uniformly charged sphere having volume charge density
r and radius of sphere R. The electric field resulting from
such a sphere is radial and hence electric field intensity is
calculated for a point lying inside and outside the spherical
shell.
(a) Point lying inside the shell: Here point is lying inside
the sphere and the spherical Gaussian surface of radius
r < R, concentric with the sphere. Using Gauss' law,
the electric field intensity is

rr
3e 0
(b) Point lying outside the shell: Here point is lying
outside the sphere and the spherical Gaussian surface
of radius r > R, coincide with the each other. Using
Gauss law, the electric field intensity is
E=

E=

Example 10: A particle having surface charge density 4 10

c/m6, is held at some distance from a very large uniformly
charged plane. Calculate the electric field intensity at any point
lying on uniformly charged plane. Here e 0 = 8.85
1012 C2N1m2
Solution:
e0 = 8.85 1012 C2N1m2
s = 4 106 c/m2
E = s/(2 e0)
E = 4 106 / (2 8.85 1012)
E = 2.26 105 NC1
AMPERE AND BIOT-SAVARTS LAW
According to the Biot-Savart Law,
m Idlsin q
Wb / m2
dB = 0 .
2
4p
r
Where
dB = magnetic field strength
I = current
dl = length of current element
r = distance between the observation point and the line element
q = angle between the observation point and the line element
INDUCTANCE
Inductance is the property or the behaviour of a coil of wire because of
which it resists any change of electric current flowing through it.

R3r
3r 2 e 0

L=N

df
di

BASIC FILTER CONCEPTS

Filters

Active

Passive

It contains active components like

operational amplifier, etc.

(a) Resistive-capacitor : these are RC filters,

and they are most used since they are
easier and cheaper to build
(b) Inductor-capacitor: they are noted as LC
filters and they have better performance

Depending upon Functionality both Passive and Active Filters can be

Filters

Low Pass
Filter

High Pass
Filter

Band Pass
Filter

Band Stop
Filter

Frequency of
the range 0f
passes

Frequency of
the range f
passes

Frequency within
the range f 1 f2
passes

Frequency within
0f1 & f2
passes

Attenuates
Frequency
above f (i.e. f )

Attenuates
Frequency
below f (i.e. 0 f )

Attenuates
Frequency
below f1 & above f2

Attenuates
Frequency
between f1 f2

Low Pass Filter

It will stop all frequencies greater than the cutoff frequency.
Graphical representation

Description

[dB]

0
HPp
10
20
[Hz]

fc

30

10f

Low-Pass Attenuation curve

In Fig, everything is fine and perfect until reach to the HPp (Half-Power point)
corresponding to fc (the cutoff frequency).
That is when filter starts working, because its purpose is to cut all frequencies greater
than fc

100f

Low-Pass, first order, simple RC circuit

This circuit is going to give us the above attenuation curve. A few formulas are
needed when working with RC filters:

Vi

Vo

1
1 + RCs
The above formula becomes:

A=

A=

1
1 + ( 2pfRC )

Note that A = 0.707 in HPp. This allows us to calculate:

1
2pRC
Low-Pass, first order, simple LC circuit
Using inductors and capacitors we obtain the same output attenuation curve shown
in fig. The formulas used to calculate the filter are a bit different.
First of all, because we deal with AC signals, we have a Characteristic Equivalent
Resistance

fc =

Vi

Vo

Re = (L / C)
In this case the cutoff frequency is:
fc =
L

Vi

L
Vo

2C
2L

Vi

Vo

1
2p LC

Low-Pass, first order, "T" LC circuit

The "T" LC filter is a common circuit, 2C needs 2 times the value of C in the previous
case. The formulas used to calculate the circuit is the same as above.
Note that at high frequencies L behaves like a capacitor, while C behaves like a
resistor, due the reactance formulas.
Low-Pass, first order, "PI" LC circuit
The "PI" LC filter is another common filter circuit. In order to simplify things 2L has
double the value in previous circuit.

High Pass Filters : It stop all frequencies smaller than the cutoff frequency.
Graphical representation

Description

[dB]

High-Pass filter attenuation curve

The graph on left tells us that the High-Pass filters work to stop all frequencies up to
the cutoff fc. The cutoff frequency appears when the attenuation reaches the HalfPower point (0.707Vrms).

0
HPp
10
20
30

fc
f

10f

100f

[Hz]

High-Pass, first order, simple RC filter

Two formulas are used to calculate this High-Pass simple RC circuit:

C
R

Vi

Vo

A=

1
1
1+
2pfRC

1
2pRC
Above the cutoff A is almost 1 and A [db] appx = 0 [db]. Below the cutoff A is 2pRC
and A [db] appx = 20log( 2pRC )
fc =

High-Pass, first order, simple LC filter

C
L

Vi

First we determine the Characteristic Equivalent Resistance: Re =

Vo

(L / C)

1
2p LC
Re must have the same impedance as the source one; this allows us to calculate:

then the cutoff frequency: fc =

L=

Re
2pfc

1
pf c R e
2
High-Pass, first order, "T" LC filter
Again it is improper to name this "T" circuit "a first order one", because it is in fact a
second order in disguise. In order to facilitate calculations, the inductance is selected
as L/2 of the previous circuit.
High-Pass, first order, "PI" LC filter
Same considerations as the above. This time C is half the value it had previously.

C=

Vi

L/2

Vo
C/2

Vi

Vo

SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS

Types of AC circuits

Vector diagram

Circuit arrangement

Remarks

R
IR

Circuit with only R

Voltage and current are on the same phase

I
VR
VL

90

Current lags Voltage by 90 degrees

IL
IC

Circuit with only C

Current leads Voltage by 90 degrees

900

VC
R

Circuit with R & L

Current lags Voltage by 0 - 90 degrees

VL

Circuit with L & C

V=V-V
L

Current lags Voltage in inductor and

Current leads Voltage in capacitor by 90

VC
I

Circuit with R-L-C

IR

V
I

Current lags Voltage if XL >XC and

current leads Voltage if XL > XL

10

EXERCISE
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Coulombs law is true for

(a) atomic distances (= 1011 m)
(b) nuclear distances (= 1015 m)
(c) charged as well as uncharged particles
(d) all the distances
Electric flux at a point in an electric field is
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) zero
(d) none of these
As the temperature of a conductor increases, its resistivity
and conductivity change. The ratio of resistivity to
conductivity
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) may increase or decrease depending on the actual
temperature.
The unit of capacitance of a capacitor is
(a) joule
(b) henry
(c) farad
(d) ampere
Consider the following two statements.
(A) Kirchoffs junction law follows from conservation of
charge.
(B) Kirchoffs loop law follows from conservative nature
of electric field.
(a) Both A and B are correct
(b) A is correct but B is wrong
(c) B is correct but A is wrong
(d) Both A and B are wrong
The unit of specific resistance is
(a) W m1
(b) W m -1
(c) W m
(d) 2.5 W m
The example of non-ohmic resistance is
(a) diode
(b) copper wire
(c) filament lamp
(d) carbon resistor
Kirchoffs first law, i.e., S i = 0 at a junction, deals with the
conservation of
(a) charge
(b) energy
(c) momentum
(d) angular momentum
One Kilowatt hour is equal to
(a) 36 105 joule
(b) 36 103 joule
3
(c) 10 joule
(d) 105 joule
The capacitance between points P and Q in circuit shown
in fig is
1.5 F

11.

12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

24.

Specific resistance of a conductor depends upon:

(a) composition of the conductor
(b) length of the conductor
(c) area of cross-section of the conductor
(d) resistance of the conductor
With increase in temperature, the resistance of copper:
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) becomes zero
(d) remains constant
Specific resistance of a substance is measured in:
(a) ohm/m
(b) m/ohm
(c) mho/m
(d) mho
One Kilowatt hour of electrical energy is the same as
(a) 36 105 Watts
(b) 36 105 ergs
(c) 36 105 Joules
(d) 36 105 B.T.V
Krichoff's current laws is applicable to only:
(a) closed loops in a network
(b) electronic circuits
(c) junctions in a network
(d) electric circuits
Filaments of electric bulbs are usually made of:
(a) nichrome
(b) carbon
(c) tungsten
(d) copper
Ohm's law is not applicable to:
(a) D.c. circuits
(b) High currents
(c) Small resistors
(d) Semiconductors
The element of electric heater is made of:
(a) copper
(b) carbon
(c) steel
(d) nichrome
In the SI system of units, the unit of force is:
(a) kg wt
(b) newton
(c) joule
(d) N-m
A light dependent resistors is basically a:
(a) power resistor
(b) non-metallic resistor
(c) carbon resistor
(d) variable resistor
In MKS system one Kilowatt is equal to
(a) 1.36 HP
(b) 1.34 HP
(c) 1.5 HP
(d) 1.6 HP
Voltage dependent resistors are used as:
(a) current stabilizers
(b) as heating elements
(c) for inductive circuits (d) to suppress surges
In which of the following the resistance decreases with rise
in temperature?
(a) LDR
(b) NTC thermistors
(c) Nichrome conductors (d) ACSR conductors
An uncharged metal ball is placed in the uniform electric
field of a plane capacitor. Which of them correctly represents
the field lines on the ball ?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) none

(a) 1mF
(b) 1.5 mF
(c) 9 mF
(d) 6.75 mF

3 F

3 F

Q
1.5 F

11
25.

There is a point charge +q inside a hollow sphere and a

point charge q just outside its surface. The total flux
passing through the sphere
(a)
(c)

26.

-q
0

(b)

2q
0

(d) zero.

33.

q
0

A solid sphere made of insulating material has a radius R

and has a total charge Q distributed uniformly in its
volume. What is the magnitude of the electric field
intensity, E, at a distance r (0 < r < R) inside the sphere?
(a)

Figures below show regular hexagons, with charges at the

vertices. In which of the following cases the electric field at
the centre is not zero.

1 Qr
4pe0 R 3

(b)

3 Qr
4pe0 R 3

1 Q
1 QR
(d)
2
4pe0 r
4pe0 r 3
The number of chords in the graph of the given circuit
will be

(c)

34.

(a) 1
(c) 3
27.

28.

29.

(b) 2
(d) 4

31.

For a given surface the Gauss's law is stated as E . dA = 0 .

From this we can conclude that
(a) E is necessarily zero on the surface
(b) E is perpendicular to the surface at every point
(c) The total flux through the surface is zero
(d) The flux is only going out of the surface
The electric field due to a uniformly charged sphere of radius
R as a function of the distance from its centre is represented
graphically by
(b) electric field is zero but potential is not zero
(c) electric field is not zero but potential is zero
(d) neither electric field nor potential is zero
Two charges are at a distance d apart. If a copper plate
(conducting medium) of thickness

30.

35.

1kW

(c) 5 2
(d) 7
The RMS value of the voltage u(t) = 3 + 4cos (3t) is

1kW

2kW
D

1kW

1kW

6V

36.

(a) zero
(b) 1 mA
(c) 2 mA
(d) 6 mA
If the 12 W resistor draws a current of 1 A as shown in
the figure, the value of resistance R is
1W

d
is placed between
2

them, the effective force will be

(a) 2F
(b) F / 2
(c) 0
(d)
2F
Electric potential at any point is V = -5x + 3 y + 15 z, then
the magnitude of the electric field is
(a) 3 2
(b) 4 2

(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
The current through the 2 kW resistance in the circuit
shown is

1A

2A

37.

12W

6V

(a) 4 W
(b) 6 W
(c) 8 W
(d) 18 W
The r.m.s. value of the current i(t) in the circuit shown
below is
1F
1H
1W

32.

(a) 17 V

(b) 5 V

(c) 7 V

(d) (3 + 2 2)V

If E is the electric field intensity, then . ( E) is equal

to
ur
ur
(a) E
(b) | E |
(c) null vector

(d) zero

i(t)
1W
+
(1.0 sin t) V
1
A
2

(b)

(c) 1 A

(d)

(a)

1
2

2 A

12
38.

39.

A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 30 Hz is

cascaded with a high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency
of 20 Hz. The resultant system of filters will function as.
(a) an all - pass filter
(b) an all- stop filter
(c) a band - stop (band-reject) filter
(d) a band-pass filter
In the circuit given below, the value of R required for the
transfer of maximum power to the load having a resistance
of 3W is
R

44.

(b) 77 V
(a) 38.5 V
(c) 33.3 V
(d) 33.3 V
Node voltages VA and VB are as shown in the circuit below.
2W

VA I 6 W

VB

2W

5V

3W

2W

2A

VA and VB are respectively

10V

40.

41.

42.

6W

Load

3W

(a) Zero
(b) 3 W
(c) 6 W
(d) infinity
Two magnetically uncoupled inductive coils have Q
factors q1 and q2 at the chosen operating frequency.
Their respective resistances are R1 and R2. When
connected in series, their effective Q factor at the same
operating frequency is
q
q
(a) q1R1 + q2R2
(b) 1 + 2
R1 R 2
(q1R 1 + q 2 R 2 )
(c)
(d) q1R2 + q2R1
(R 1 + R )
The undesirable property of an electrical insulating material is
(a) high dielectric strength
(b) high relative permittivity
(c) high thermal conductivity
(d) high insulating resistivity
A delta load is connected to a balanced 400 V, 3-phase
supply as shown in figure. The total power dissipated in
the network is equal to

46.

(a)

11 8
,
3 3

(b) 6, 8

(c)

24 33
,
9 9

(d) None of these

For the following parallel resonant circuit, the admittance

at resonance condition is
I

(a)

(b)

L
Cr

(d)

1
r

Cr
L
The impedance Z(s) in the above circuit is

(c)

47.

a
R

j20

20
j20

b
1/CS
Z(s)

43.

(b) 4 kW
(a) 2 kW
(c) 6 kW
(d) 8 kW
A parallel RLC circuit has a response circuit iL = 2e5t 5(e10t)
in the inductor of value L = 0.2. The values of C and R are
given by
(a)

44.

1 2
,
10 3

(b)

(a)

s + (R / L)
1

C s 2 + ( R / L ) s + (1/ LC )

(b)

s + (1/ RC )
1

L s2 + (1/ RC ) s + (1/ LC )

(c)

s + (R / L)
1

L s2 + (1/ RC ) s + (1/ LC )

(d)

s + (1/ RC )
1
2

C s + ( R / L ) s + (1/ LC )

1 4
,
10 3

1 4
8 2
,
,
(c)
(d)
500 3
10 3
Vx in the following circuit is
+ Vx
2W
50 V +

4W
0.1 Vx

+
100 V

Ls

13
48.

For a parallel RLC resonant circuit, the damped frequency is

8r / s and bandwidth is 2r/s. What is its resonant frequency ?
(a) 2

49.

(b)

53.

(a) 32 V
(b) 32 V
(c) 12 V
(d) 12 V
The resonant frequency of the given series circuit is

M = 1H

(c)
(d) 3
10
Two identical T-sections, such as one shown below are
connected in series.
10 W

54.

(b) 1/ 4p 3 Hz

(c) 1/ 4p 2 Hz
The transfer function

(d) 1/ 4p 2 Hz

V2 ( s )

What is the y11 of the combination ?

11
240W

(b)

V1 ( s )

22
240W

11
22
(d)
360W
120W
For the a.c. circuit given below, what is the value of I?

(c)

50.

55.

v(t) = 120 sin wt

56.

51.

60
j120

57.
j60

(a) 1 + j 1
(b) 1 + j 0
(c) 0 j 1
(d) 0 + j 0
Match for the two port network List-I with List-II and select
the correct answer using the code given below the Lists.
i1

58.

i2

59.
V1

52.

List-I
A. Z 11
B. Z 12
C. Z 21
D. Z 22
Codes:
A
B
C
D
(a) 1
2
1
4
(b) 2
1
1
3
(c) 1
1
1
4
(d) 2
1
3
4
In given network final Vx?

V2

1.
2.
3.
4.

60.

List-II
R
R+ L
R Ls
R + Ls

+
1.6A

100 W

50 W
0.02Vx

Vx

2F

1/ 2p 3 Hz

(a)
1W

(a)

2H

2H

10 W

10s

is for an active
s + 10s + 100
(a) low pass filter
(b) band pass filter
(c) high pass filter
(d) all pass filter
In a two port network, the condition for reciprocity in terms
of h parameter is
(a) h12 = h21
(b) h11 = h12
(c) h11 = h22
(d) h12 = h21
If the numerator of a second-order transfer function F(s) is
a constant, then the filter is a
(a) band-pass filter
(b) band-stop filter
(c) high-pass filter
(d) low-pass filter
The input impedance of a network having transmission
2

A B
parameter
is
C D
(a) A/C
(b) A/B
(c) AB/DC
(d) D/C
A series RLC circuit resonance at 1 MHz at frequency of 1.1 MHz
the circuit impedance is
(a) Capacitive
(b) inductive
(c) resistive
(d) none of these
The number of edges in a compete graph of n vertices is

n ( n - 1)

(a) n (n 1)

(b)

A.

Gausss law

1.

B.

Amperes law

2.

C.

Faradays law

3.

D.

Poynting vector

4.

F = q ( E + B)

5.

H = Jc +

2
(d) n 1
(c) n
Match List-I (Law/quantity) with List-II (Mathematical
expression) and select the correct answer using the code
given below the lists.
List-I
List-II

Codes:
A
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 3

B
2
5
5
2

C
4
2
2
4

D
3
1
3
1

.D = r
B
t
S = EH

.E = -

D
t

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