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Signals and Systems: 16 December 2006

1. Transforms like the Laplace transform, Fourier transform, and Z-transform are used to simplify calculations and analysis of signals and systems. The Z-transform is the primary tool for analyzing digital filters. 2. For discrete-time systems, the Z-transform plays a similar role to the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems. The region of convergence of a Z-transform determines where its summation converges. 3. Properties of the Z-transform include linearity, time shifting, time reversal, and convolution. These properties allow analysis of discrete-time linear time-invariant systems using the Z-transform.

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Muhammad Ahtisham Asif
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56 views

Signals and Systems: 16 December 2006

1. Transforms like the Laplace transform, Fourier transform, and Z-transform are used to simplify calculations and analysis of signals and systems. The Z-transform is the primary tool for analyzing digital filters. 2. For discrete-time systems, the Z-transform plays a similar role to the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems. The region of convergence of a Z-transform determines where its summation converges. 3. Properties of the Z-transform include linearity, time shifting, time reversal, and convolution. These properties allow analysis of discrete-time linear time-invariant systems using the Z-transform.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ahtisham Asif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

16 December 2006

TRANSFORMS
Transforms are regularly used to make calculation or
mathematical analysis simpler.
Examples include:
Logarithms (used to simplify multiplication) slide-rule
Laplace transform. (widely used in linear analysis, circuits &
systems including control systems)
Fourier transforms. (Move us from the time to frequency domain)
The Z transform is the primary mathematical tool for the analysis
and synthesis of digital filters.
The system function of a digital filter is defined as the z transform
of its unit-sample response.
2

Z-transforms
For discrete-time systems, z-transforms play
the same role of Laplace transforms do in
continuous-time systems
Bilateral Forward z-transform

H [ z] =

h[k ] z

k =

Region of Convergence
Region of the complex zplane for which forward ztransform converges

Four possibilities (z=0 is a


special case and may or
may not be included)

Im{z}

Entire
plane

Im{z}

Disk
Re{z}

Im{z}

Im{z}

Complement
of a disk

Re{z}

Re{z}

Re{z}

Z complex..

z n = r n e jn

Region of
Convergence
z-transform infinite
sum , does not converge for all z
Example
x[n] = (0.5)nu[n]
X(z) = 1/(1-0.5z-1) for |z|>0.5

ROC Properties:
1)The ROC of X(z) consist of a ring in the zplane centered about the origin.
2) The ROC does not contains any poles
3) If x[n] is of finite duration, then ROC is
the entire z-plane , except possibly z=0
and/or z=infinity

EXAMPLE:

[n ]

[n ] z

=1

n =

With an ROC consisting of the entire z plane


including zero and infinity.
Consider

[n 1]

[n 1]

[ n 1] z

= z 1

n =

This z transform is well defined except at z=0;


8

4) If x[n] is a right sided sequence then ROC will


be outside the outside excluding 0 but including
Im{z}
infinity.
ROC is BLUE
Complement
Re{z}

of a disk

5) If x[n] is a left sided sequence then ROC will be


a circle including 0 and excluding infinity.
Im{z}

Disk
Re{z}

6) If x[n] is two sided sequence then ROC will


consist of a ring in z-plane
Im{z}

Re{z}

7) If the z-transform X(z) of x[n] is rational, then


its ROC is bounded by poles or extends to
infinity.
10

x[n] = anu[n]
|a|.

X(z) =1/1-az-1 for |z| >

11

12

13

What happens if a < 0?


x[n] = anu[n] X(z) =1/1- az-1 for |z| > |a|.

14

15

x[ n] = nu[ n 1]

1
for | z |<| |
1 az 1

Anti
causal
(left sided
signals)

16

17

Two Sided
Sequence

z ( 1 )
x[n] = u[n]
( z 1 )(z )
|n|

18

Inverse z-transform
1) Using Contour integration. A difficult
procedure.
c+ j

1
f [k ] =
F [z ]z k 1dz
2j c j

2) Using long Division..A relatively easier


method
3) Decomposition using partial fractions and
then applying inverse transform using z
transform properties
19

EXAMPLE
Ratio of polynomial z-domain functions

z2 + 2z +1
X [ z] =
3
1
z2 z +
2
2
Divide through by the highest power of z

1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
X [z] =
3
1
1 z 1 + z 2
2
2
20

10

Factor denominator into first-order factors

1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
X [ z] =
1 1
1
1 z 1 z
2

Use partial fraction decomposition to get first-order terms

X [ z ] = B0 +

A1
A2
+
1
1
1 z 1 1 z
2
21

Find B0 by polynomial division

2
1 2 3 1
2
1
z z +1 z + 2z +1
2
2
z 2 3z 1 + 2
Express in terms of B0

5z 1 1

1 + 5 z 1
X [ z] = 2 +
1 1
1
1 z 1 z
2

)
22

11

Solve for A1 and A2


1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
A1 =
1 z 1
1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
A2 =
1
1 z 1
2

=
z 1 =2

=
z 1 =1

1+ 4 + 4
= 9
1 2
1 + 2 +1
=8
1
2

Express X[z] in terms of B0, A1, and A2


X (z) = 2

9
8
+
1
1
1 z 1 1 z
2

23

Use table to obtain inverse z-transform


k

1
x[k ] = 2 [k ] 9 u[k ] + 8 u[k ]
2

24

12

Properties of Z transform
Linearity

ax1[n] + bx2[n]

X1(z) + bX2(z).

X(z) = (ax1[n] + bx2[n])z-n,


n =

X(z) = a

n =

x1[n]z-n

+b

n =

x 2[n]z-n,

X(z) = a X 1(z)+ bX2(z).


25

Time shifting

x[n-k]
X(z).
Difference in z Domain
nx[n]

z-k

-zdX(z)/dz

Time reversal

x[n ] X ( z ) withROC = R
x[n ] X (1 / z )withROC = 1 / R
26

13

Convolution Property

x1[ n ] X 1 ( z)
x2 [ n] X 2 ( z )
x1[ n ] * x2 [ n] X1 ( z ) X 2 ( z )

ROC=R1
ROC=R2
ROC=R1 I R2

27

Analysis and Characterization of LTI


systems using z transform
1) Causality:
A discrete time LTI system is causal if and only if ROC of
its system function is the exterior of a circle, including
infinity
A DT LTI system with rational transfer function is causal if
and only if:
a) The ROC is exterior of a circle outside the outermost
pole.
b) With H(z) expressed as a ratio of polynomials in z, the
order of the numerator can not be greater than the order
of the denominator
28

14

Stability:
An LTI system is stable if and only if the
ROC of its system function H(z) includes the
unit circle. |z| = 1
EXAMPLE:

h[ n] = (1 / 2) n u[ n] 2n u[ n 1]
29

Causal and Stable


A causal LTI system with rational system
function H(z) is stable if and only if all of its
poles lie inside the unit circle I.e. they must all
have magnitude less than 1.

Example:

H ( z ) = 1 / 1 az

1
30

15

Causality

31

Stability

32

16

LTI system characterized by LCCD equations


Find the impulse response of the system followed
by following difference equation

y[n] 1/2y[n-1] = x[n] + 1/3 x[n-1]

33

System functions and Block Diagram


representations
1) Direct form I
2) Direct form II (canonical form)

34

17

Draw forms for following system

H(z) = 1/(1+1/4z-1 1/8z-2)

y[n] + 1/4y[n-1]-1/8y[n-2]=x[n]

35

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