Arvind Textiles Internship Report

Summer Textile Internship
DECLARATION
We Sakshi kaul, Sohini Ali and Sunistha Singh hereby declare that the internship
project report titled Summer Textile Internship, submitted towards the
fulfillment of two weeks internship is our original work and no part of the project
has been copied from any other reports or any other work carried by someone else
which has been submitted for any other degree or award. However, any material
taken from any other published source has been suitably referred and
acknowledged at various spaces.
(__________________)
Ms. Subhalakshmi Kropi
NAME: Sakhi Kaul
Sohini Ali
Sunistha Singh
BATCH: 2013-17.
DATE: 25th May 2015 06th June 2015.
PLACE: Arvind Textile Mills, Santej,
Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India 380015.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship Project titled Summer Textile Internship,
submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the Bachelors in Fashion Technology
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH
(2013-17)

by Sakshi Kaul, Sohini Ali and Sunistha Singh is their original work under my
guidance and the results are based on the research done by them.
(___________________)
Ms. Subhalakshmi Kropi
DATE:
PLACE:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to NIFT for providing us an opportunity to work on our Summer

Textile Internship. We express our whole hearted thanks to our Mentor Ms.

(2013-17)

Subhalakshmi Kropi for her encouragement and moral support in organizing our
work and giving us valuable information for making it presentable.
We are indebted to Mr. Kabir Sarosh (Processing Department Supervisor) and
Mr. Rajesh Tiwari(Weaving Department Supervisor), who guided and supervised
us throughout this study. We have no words to express our gratitude towards them.
We are also thankful to Ms. Shivangi Seth (Human Resource Department) for
providing us the details of conducting the research from its inception.
We will be failing in our duty if we do not mention the name of our Director Prof.
V Shivalingam and other faculty members for their help in our Internship Project.
Lastly, we are also obliged to our family and friends for providing us valuable
suggestions.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. TEXTILE INDUSTRY

(2013-17)

The textile industry is a term used for industries primarily concerned with the
design or manufacture of clothing as well as the distribution and use of textiles.
Textile is a general term applied to any manufacture from fibers, filaments, or
yarns characterized by flexibility, fineness and high ratio of length to thickness.
Textile Industry is unique in the terms that it is an independent industry, from the
basic requirement of raw materials to the final products, with huge value-addition
at every stage of processing.
Textile Internship as a module in the course of Apparel Production emphasizes on
the learning of the processes in the Textile Industry which involves the major
processes of procuring raw material, spinning, weaving or knitting, dyeing,
printing, finishing, testing and quality control measures. The internship revolves
around observing the functioning and processing at a Textile Manufacturing Unit.
It also greatly focuses on the learning of the process parameters, working
conditions, process flow and other important criteria in the manufacturing process.
It is also important to observe the machinery details, safety measures, and
productivity, testing and quality criteria. We were to understand the step-wise
breakdown of all the process, how they are carried and what are the start and endproduct at each of these steps.
1.2. INDIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Indian textile industry and market size
Textiles sector contributes to 14 per cent of industrial production.
(2013-17)

4 per cent of national GDP.
10.63 per cent of country's export earnings.
MARKET SIZE
India's share of global textile exports is expected to increase from the
Current 4% to around 7% over the next three-years
GROWTH RATE OF ARVIND LIMITED
3-4 percent during
the last six decade
9-10 percent during
last five year
SCOPE OF RIVALRY
Raymond India
Welspun India ltd
Alok Industries
Gokaldas Exports
Arvee Industries
Bharat Vijay mills
Fig 1.1. Arvind ltd. Revenue

composition
1.3. OBJECTIVE OF TEXTILE INTERNSHIP

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The objective of our textile internship at Arvind Limited was to understand the
concept of spun yarn production, grey fabric production, dyeing, printing and
finishing of fabric, textile testing and their quality aspects both technical as well as
for commercial purposes.
Our first step was to learn about the profile of the company and their basic
dealings. We further dealt with the way the company handles the raw material and
sends it through to subsequent stages of manufacturing. We were to learn about the
various stages in the entire process of textile manufacturing, the importance of
each of these stages, the machinery features, machine and material process
parameters available in detail in the areas as mentioned below.
We summarize some of the major concepts that we were to observe and understand
during our internship:
Spinning Section
Weaving Section
Dyeing Section
Quality Assurance Section
Environmental Factors
1.4. COMPANY OVERVIEW

(2013-17)
Date of Establishment
Revenue
Market Cap
Corporate Address
1931
604.01 ( USD in Millions )
18037.2105231 ( Rs. in Millions )
Naroda Road, , Ahmedabad-380025, Gujarat
www.arvindmills.com
Management Details
Chairperson - Sanjay S Lalbhai

MD - Sanjay S Lalbhai
Directors Bakul Dholakia, G M Yadwadkar, Jayesh
K Shah, K M Jayarao, KulinLalbhai, Munesh Khanna,
PrabhakarChavan, Prabhakar,Dalal, PunitLalbhai, R V
Bhimani, R W Khanna, RenukaRamanath, S R Rao,
Sanjay S Lalbhai,Sudhir Mehta, TarunSheth
Business Operation
Textile
Company Secretary
R V Bhimani
Bankers
ABN Amro Bank, Axis Bank , Bank of Baroda,

Canara Bank , EXIM Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank,
Standard Chartered Bank, State Bank of Hyderabad,
State Bank of India, State Bank of Patiala, UCO Bank
Auditors
Sorab S Engineer & Co

(2013-17)
1.5. COMPANY PROFILE

The Arvind Ltd. was set up with the pioneering effort of the Lalbhai brothers in
1931. With the best of technology and business acumen, Arvind has become a true
Indian multinational, having chosen to invest strategically, where demand has been
high and quality required has been superlative. The Arvind Mills Limited is the
flagship company of Rs.20 billion (US$ 500 million). Arvind Mills has set the pace
for changing global customer demands for textiles and has focused its attention on
selection of core products.
Fore vision and Technology has made Arvind one of the top three producers of
Denim in the world, and the most diversified conglomerates in the world. Arvind is
already making its presence felt in Shirtings, Knits and Khakis fabrics apart from
being all set to create ripples in the ready to wear Garments world over.
Arvinds knits department has an annual knitting capacity of 10,000 tons. Apart
from the basic knitting capabilities, Arvind has mastered specialty knitting
techniques such as yarn-dyed auto stripers, jacquards, and stretch fabric. The knits
vertical has a fabric dyeing capacity of 6500 tons per annum and yarn dyeing
capacity of 3500 tons per annum. It has the ability to process both tubular and
open-width fabric and offer specialty finishes like mercerization, singing and
various forms of brushing and peaching. The department also boasts of a state-ofthe art print shop equipped with fully automatic rotary screen printing technique.

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1.5.1. VISION AND VALUES
The underlying theme running across the broad spectrum of all business activities
at Arvind is that of enhancing lifestyles of people, across all diversities and
demographics. To serve that end, the corporate vision for Arvind states:
We will enable people to experience a better quality of life by providing
enriching and inspiring lifestyle solutions.
1.5.2.
MILESTONES
1931 -The inception of Arvind Mills at the hands of three brothers Kastur bhai,
Narottam bhai and Chimanbhai Lalbhai.
1934 - Arvind establishes itself amongst the foremost textile units in the country.
1980 - Arvind records highest levels of profitability. The new strategy Reno
vision, points at changing the business focus from local to global, towards a highquality premium niche market.
1987-88 - Arvind enters the export market for Denims with a dual focus - Denim
for leisure and Denim for fashion wear.
1991 - Arvind emerges as the third largest manufacturer of denim in the world.
1997 - Indias largest state-of-the-art facility for shirting, gabardine and knits is set
up at Santej.
2005 - Arvind creates a unique one-stop shop service on a global scale, offering
garment packages to reputed national and international customers.
(2013-17)

2007 - Arvind expands its presence in the brands and retail segment by establishing
Mega Mart One of Indias largest value retail chains.
2010 - Arvind launches The Arvind Store, a concept putting the companys best
fabrics, brands and bespoke styling and tailoring solutions under one roof.
Arvind launches its first major Real Estate projects.
Arvind becomes one of Indias largest producers of fire protection fabrics.
2012 Joint venture with PD Group, Germany, for manufacture of glass fabrics.
2014 Joint venture with PVH Corp for Calvin Klein Businesses in India.
Launches Formal suits with Goodhill Corporation Limited of Japan.
2014 Joint venture with OG Corp, Japan, for manufacture and sale of non-woven
fabrics, project being spearheaded by Dr. Kunal Shah.
2014 Forayed into the E-commerce segment with custom clothing brand
'Creyate'.

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10
1.5.3.
ARVIND TODAY
Arvind has a strong focus on Research and Development for process improvement,
cost reduction and new product development. This is evident in the fact that Arvind
continuously modifies its production process to enhance flexibility on the use of
various types and quality of cotton.
State-of-the-art technology and equipment have made Arvind one of the leading
producers of denim in the world. This cutting edge position comes to Arvind
courtesy technologies such as Open-end Spinning, Foam Finishing, Mercerizing,
Slasher-dyeing, Rope-dyeing, Air-Jet, Projectile and Wet Finishing. Its only
natural that Arvind quality fabrics are in high demand in the markets of Europe,
US, West Asia, the Far East and Asia Pacific.

(2013-17)
Fig. 1.2 Arvind
11
Fig. 1.3
1.5.4.
PRODUCTION FLOW CHART

ARVIND LIMITED
Managing Director (SANJAY LALBHAI)
Human
Resource
Departme
Store
s
Exports
&
Spinnin
g
Administratio
n and
Quality
Assuranc
Weavin
Productio
Garment Packages
Divisions
Processin
g&
Finishing
Engineerin
Order
Management &

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12
Order
Management
Sampling
Purchases
Administration
Production
Accounts
Inspection
Banking
Documentation
Invoicing
ISO
Co-ordination
1.6. COMPANY PROCESS FLOW

The customer and the marketing department communicate with each other. The
marketing department then talks with Product Development Group (PDG) and then
communicates the terms discussed to the Quality Assurance and Product Planning
and Control (PPC) who decide on the various guidelines and the time required to
execute the order. These guidelines are then communicated to the plant head who
conveys them to the various departments according to the guidelines and
instructions. The fabric is then sent to the fabric inspection and then to the Central
Quality Assurance, who sends it to folding and dispatch from where other financial
activities follow.

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13
Fig 1.4 Company Process Flow
1.7. DENIM
The late 1980s saw Arvind pioneer
the manufacture of denim in India.
Today with an installed capacity of
over 110 million meters per annum,
Arvind is a leading producer of denim
worldwide. Design, Innovations and
Sustainability have been their core
competency and have played a key
role in their success. The use of
sophisticated ultramodern technology
under the guidance of world-renowned designers has enabled Arvind to deliver
Fig 1.3
many firsts in the
Fig international markets. All their products are designed and
1.5 of expert design inputs coming from their designers based out
modeled on the basis
of India, Japan, Italy and the United States. All Arvind Denim products come with
the hallmark of distinctiveness and quality.
Some Examples:
Shuttle looms for Selvedge denim

Name selvedge and Stretch selvedge
Unique Fibers like Excel, Jute, Silk, Linen
Natural Indigo and Vegetable dyes
Unique concept products like Indigo voiles & Handspun denim
Organic, BCI (Better Cotton Initiative) and Sustainable denim

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14

The denim facility at Arvind is accredited with ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OEKOTEX
100, GOTS, and Organic exchange standard. Our labs are certified by NABL (ISO
17025 certification) and customers like Levis, Lee, and Wrangler etc.
1.8. KNITS
Arvinds knits department has an
annual knitting capacity of 5,000
tons. The knits vertical has a fabric
dyeing capacity of 5000 tons per
annum and yarn dyeing capacity of
1800 tons per annum. It has the
ability to process both tubular and open-width fabrics and
Figoffers
1.6 specialty finishes
like mercerization, singeing and various forms of brushing and peaching.
Basic knits:
Jersey, Pique, Rib, and Interlock
Specialty knits: Yarn-dyed, Auto stripers, Jacquards, and Stretch fabric
Fibres: Cotton, Excel, Viscose, Modal, Polyester
Finishes: Mercerization, Brushing, Peaching, Aero-finish.
Marks & Spencer Eddie Bauer Zara Josepha Banks
1.9. WOVEN (SHIRTING)

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15

Their expertise in new age shirting
fabric
and
bottom
weights
is
unparalleled. Their shirting fabrics

have
consistently
premium
in
the
fetched
local
a
and
international markets. Their state of

the art facility is capable of
Fig 1.7
producing a total of 65 million
meters per annum of Shirting and bottom weight fabrics. This capacity is set to
increase reaching a total of 84 million meters by the next financial year.
They have a dedicated in-house design team constantly working on product
innovation and fashion forecasts for the
Fig
1.4
domestic and international markets. They are

the largest yardage and sampling mill in India.
Their spinning setup can produce a variety of
counts for yarn types like compacts, slubs,
singed yarn etc. Their weaving capabilities
include high-speed Airjet looms and Rapier
looms. Their finishing capabilities include
continuous bleaching and dying ranges, caustic mercerization,Fig
and machinery for
various chemical and mechanical finishes.
1.8
A sophisticated and supremely flexible package dying facility complete with

vessels ranging from 1 Kg to 750 Kgs and state of the art printing facilities are also
in place.

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16

In addition to cotton they now work with a variety of fibres including
Modal, Tencel, Excel, Viscose, Bemberg, Lycra, Silk, Linen, Polyester and
Nylon.
They are host to Indias first Ammonia Mercerization Plant
They use patented technology to impart structural stability and superior
hand-feel for the difficult-to-handle fibres like Modal, Tencel, Excel and
Viscose
Over the years, therein-house R&D department has successfully developed
and perfected a number of finishes adding value to their products and
uniqueness to their range.
Other Chemical Finishes: Wrinkle free, Prepress, Everfresh, Easy to Iron,
Stain Repellent, Nano Care, Anti-Bacterial, Permawhite etc.
Mechanical Finishes: Aero, Peach, Brush, Diamond Emery and Carbonium
Their product range is certified by Oekotex, their processes are certified by GOTS
for producing Organic products, they are certified producers of Lycra and Teflon
based varieties, while their laboratory is accredited by Marks and Spencers, Next,
Gap Inc., Levi's, DuPont and INVISTA.
1.10. Customers
Fig 1.9

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17
Gap Inc Patagonia Tommy Hilfiger Quicksilver Brooks Brothers Silver

Jeans Calvin Klein FCUK Pull & Bear Jack & Jones Energie Esprit
S.Oliver Mexx Sisley Benetton Coin
Own Brands
Mainstream
Excalibur Gant
Flying Machine
Licensened Brands
Bridge to Luxury
U.S.A. 1949
Energie
Popular
Premium
Ruf & Tuf

New Port University
USPA
Arrow
Izod
Joint Venture Brands
Popular
Bridge to Luxury
Tommy Hilfiger
Cherokee
Mossimo
Premium
Lee
Wrangler
1.11. PRODUCTION PLANNING CONTROL

The production planning team need to coherently work on deciding whether the
capacity of the plant is enough to fulfil the order in the given lead time.
Usually the lead time for any particular order is 50 to 55 days, including all quality
checks inspection etc.
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18

The thumb rule for calculation of lead time:
Pre- spinning procedures: 3 days
Spinning: 15-20 days
Warping and dyeing- 3 days
For every weaving cycle- 3 to 4 days(weaving cycles depend on the order
qty and above mentioned factors)
Usually for one order about 8 to 10 weaving cycles required
Finishing processes- 1 day for each process, if not covered in the integrated
finish processing machine
Inspection 2 to 3 days
Washing 2 to 3 days
1.11.1. RAW MATERIAL

Cotton
100 kilo cotton = 88 kilo of yarn(for combed yarn) (75% yarn realisation)
Loss: 1 % sizing, 2.3 to 2.5 % weaving, 1% warping (total 4 to 4.5%)

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19
SPINNING SECTION
2. SPINNING SECTION
To produce quality yarns for world class shirtings with optimum cost within
stipulated time frame through continuous improvement.
In Arvind open end spinning process is carried out. They have two separate lines of
manufacturing, for cotton and synthetic fibers. Each line has the same machines in
the same amount.

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20
2.1. LAYOUT OF THE SPINNING SECTION
Fig. 2.1 Spinning

2.2. RAW MATERIAL
section layout
2.2.1. STORAGE
Bales are bought and stored into the cotton godown at the shirting section.
Weight of the bale (comes in packages of 220 to 250 kg)
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21
Storage Area: 1500-2000 sq. M

Capacity: 4000-6000 bales
2.2.2. VARIETY OF COTTON FOR SHIRTING DIVISION

Pakistan cotton
Bani Brahma Maharashtra baby cotton
American cotton
Recycle cotton
Gizza-76, 45 & 88(Egyptian)
Australian ELS
Cotton in Arvind Mills is mainly imported from Pakistan, Turkey, U.S.A.,
Australia, Egypt and China.
FLOW
ORDE
R
1.
SECTION/FLOW
OUTPUT
FUNCTION
BLOW ROOM
Cotton tuft
Opening, cleaning and blending
2.
CARD
Sliver
Individualization of fibre, neps

removal and sliver preparation
3.
PRE DEFRAME
Breaker sliver
Parallisation and improvement in

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22

sliver
4.
UNILAP
Comber lap
To prepare lap sheet suitable for

combing
5.
COMBER
Combed sliver
Short
fibre
individualization
preparation
6.
POST
FRAME
DRAW Finisher sliver
7.
SPEED FRAME
Roving bobbin
and
removal,
sliver
Parallisation and improvement in

sliver quality (by mass variation)
To prepare a suitable roving for
ring frame by inserting twist
Yarn
To produce yarn on smaller

package
RANDOM
WINDING
Cleared yarn
To prepare bigger package after

removing faults
10.
ASSEMBLY
WINDING
Assembled yarn
To assemble the yarn
11.
TFO
Double yarn
To impart twist in assembled

yarn and produce bigger package
12.
SINGEING
Singed yarn
To remove protruding fibres on

the surface
RING FRAME
8.
9.
Table 1. Flow Order of

Spinning Section
2.3. TRUTZSCHLER BLOW ROOM PROCESSES

The basic purpose of blow room is to supply small, clean homogeneously blended
fibre tufts, if more than one variety of fibre is used to carding machine without
increasing fibre rupture, fibre neps, and broken seed particles and without
removing more good fibres.

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23

The above is achieved by the following processes in the blow room:
Pre-opening
Pre-cleaning
Mixing or Blending
Fine Opening
2-4% of the fibre is removed in the blow room section as waste. Feeding is done by
the lattice feeding system in the blow room. Humidity in the blow room should be
around R.H. 65% to 75%.
VARIATION:
Standard intra lap variation = 1.0%.
If the variation is more than 1.0% the lap shall be rejected.
Lap Parameters:
Count
8s - 10s
10s 12s
15s 20s
24s
Weight
20.0 kg
16.5 kg
20.5 kg
20.0 kg
Length
36 yards
30 yards
38 yards
40 yards

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The blow room is divided into two sections:

Open end line ( for pure cotton fibre)
Vertex line ( for manmade/ synthetic fibre)
Production capacity (at 85% efficiency)

Weight of lap produced 1700 kg/8hr/line
Length of lap produced 4000 yards/8hr/line
Total production capacity of the unit 10 ton

Time taken to produce one lap approx 4 6 min.
No. Of laps produced per hour approx. 12
2.3.1. PRE-OPENING
Machine used:
GBR-II
Make- Trutzschler (Germany)
400 kg/hour

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The tuft size in the missing should be as small as possible. Normally it
should be less than 10 grams.
Since this machine does not take care of long term blending, mixing should
be done properly to maintain the homogenous blending
This machine is not meant to remove trash , hence the fibre loss should also
be less
Trash removal in this machine will result in breaking the seeds, which is
very difficult to remove
It is easier to remove the bigger trash than the smaller trash, therefore
enough care should be taken to avoid breaking the trash particles
This machine is just to open the tufts into small sizes so that cleaning
becomes easier in the next machines.
The fibre tuft size from this machine should be preferably around 100 to 200
milligrams.
If tuft size is small, removing trash particles becomes easier, because of
large surface area
2.3.2. PRE-CLEANING
Machine used:
Axiflow Cleaner
Machine make: Trutzschler (Germany)
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Model: 52-2502
Pressure- 50-75 Bar
Pre-cleaning should be gentle.
Since removing finer trash particles is difficult, seeds and bigger trash
particles should not be broken.
Finer trash particles require severe treatment in Fine openers. This
will lead to fibre damage and more nep generation.
Therefore, pre-cleaning should be as gentle as possible and no
compromise on this. If pre-opening and pre-cleaning are done
properly, consistency in trash removal by fine openers is assured.
Dust removal should be started in this machine. Enough care should be
taken remove dust in this process.
The fibre treatment in this machine is very gentle because the fibres are not
gripped by the feed roller during beating.
Fibre tufts treated by the pin beater when it is carried by air medium
All heavy trash particles fall down before it is broken
Cleaning efficiency of this machine is very high in the blow room line

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Mostly all heavy seeds( full seeds) fall in this machine without any problem
Around 50 Pascal suction pressure should be maintained in the waste
chamber for better cleaning efficiency
Beater speed, air velocity through the machine, grid bar setting and gap
between grid bars will affect the cleaning efficiency
Higher the cleaning efficiency, higher the good fibre loss, higher the nep
generation and higher the fibre rupture
The optimum cleaning means maximum cleaning performance, minimum
loss of good fibres, a high degree of fibre preservation and minimum nep
generation.
2.4. BLENDING PROCESS
Fig.
2.2
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Cotton is passed from bales and then to apron. Apron moves cotton to blending
apron. Blending apron has sharp spikes the raise cotton until part of it is knocked
off by the roll. Some of the cotton stays on apron. The cotton knocked back by roll
and continues to chum and blend until picked up again by apron. Another roll strips
off cotton that was not knocked back by previous roll. Cotton falls on conveyor
belt and is carried to next process. It is necessary so as to obtain uniformity of fiber
quality.
MACHINE USED: BLENDOMAT -TRUETZSCHLER
Model
Bale Layout
No Of Bales
Weight Of Bales
Mode Of Bale Laying
Material In Process
BDT/019/2300
BOTH SIDES (2 ROWS)
50-60
110-167 kgs
MANUAL
COTTON WITH IMPURITIES
It helps to maintain the homogeneity of the long term blending.

Cotton is opened gently without recycling as it is done in manual bale
openers.
With the latest automatic bale opening machines, the tuft size can be as
small as 50 to 100 grams without rupturing the fibres.
The opening roller speed should be around 1500 to 1800 rpm.
the depth of penetration of the opening should be as minimum as possible
for better quality.
It is better to use this machine with one mixing or maximum two mixing
at the same.
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If the production per feeding machine is less than 150 kgs, then four
mixings can be recommended.
2.5. OPENING PROCESS
Lint cotton falls on apron and passes between feeder rolls to beater cylinder.
The rapidly whirling beater blades take off small tufts of cotton, knock out trash,
and loosen up the mass. The two screen rolls are made of screen material and air is
sucked out of them by fan. This draws the cotton from beater and condenses it on
the surface of the screen rolls from which it is taken and passed on by the small
rolls.
Air suction through cotton takes out dirt and trash. Conveyor belt passes cotton
to another type of beater. From beater the
cotton passes to a conveyor and is carried
to hopper. The fiber is mixed and passed
to an opener, cylinders with protruding
fingers open up the limp and free the trash.
The kind and number of cylinders or
beaters, employed depend upon the type of
cotton that is being processed. As the
cotton is opened, trash falls through a
series of grid bars.
Fig.
2.3
MACHINE USED: GBR COTTON OPENER

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Model No
Opening Speed
Tuft Size
Opening Roller Speed
No. Of Mixings
No. Of Chambers
Power Consumption
GBR
400 Kg/Hr
50-100 gms
1500-1800 rpm
2
8
4.95 W
2.6. CARDING PROCESS

Before the raw stock can be made into yarn, the remaining impurities must be
removed, the fibers must be disentangles, and they must be straightened. The
straightening process puts the fibers into somewhat parallel CARDING. The work
is done by carding machine. The lap is passed through a beater section and drawn o
rapidly revolving cylinder covered with very fine hooks or wire brushes slowly
moves concentrically above this cylinder. As the cylinder rotates, the cotton is
pulled by the cylinder through the small gap under the brushes; the teasing action
removes the remaining trashes, disentangles the fibers, and arranges them in a
relatively parallel manner in form of a thin web. This web is drawn through a
funnel shaped device that molds it into a round rope like mass called card sliver.
Card sliver produces carded yarns or carded cottons serviceable for inexpensive
cotton fabrics.

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Fig.
31
STEPS: The lap from pucker unrolls and feed roll passes cotton licker in roll
(covered with saw toothed wire).The licker in roll passes fiber against cleaner bars
and gives it up to large cylinder which passes between the thousands of fine wires
on surface of cylinder and on flats. The
cotton follows large cylinder to doffer
cylinder, which remove lint from large
cylinder. The doffer comb vibrates against
doffer cylinder and takes lint off in a filmy
web that passes through condenser rolls,
coiler head, and then into can. The sliver may
be passed from one can to combing for
further removal of foreign matter and
parallelization of fiber or directly to drawing.
Fig.
2.5
MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS
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32

Make
Model
No Of Machines
Card Cleaning Efficiency
Temperature
Humidity
Pressure
Production
Front Delivery Speed
TRUTZSCHLER
DK 803
14
62-67%
33.3 C
56.5%
325 Pascal
80 Kgs/Hr
210.240
Min
2.7. DRAWING PROCESS

The combining of several fibers for the
drawing, or drafting, process eliminates
irregularities that would cause too much
variation if the slivers were pulling
through singly. The draw frame has
several pairs of rollers, each advanced set
of which revolves at a progressively faster
speed. This action pulls the staple
lengthwise over each other, thereby
producing longer and thinner slivers. After
several
Fig. 2.6
stages
of
drawing
out,
the
condensed sliver is taken to the slubber,
where rollers similar to those in the drawing frame draw out the cotton further.
Here the slubbing is passed to the spindles, where it is given its first twist and is
then wound on bobbins.

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Fig. 2.7
33
STEPS: Her six cans that were filled at cards feed each drawing from delivery.
The spoons are connected so that if any one of the six slivers from can should
break, the machine automatically stops. This prevents making uneven yarn later.
Each of four set of rolls runs successively faster than preceding set. The last set
runs approximately six times as the first set; consequently, sliver coming out is the
same size as each one of six going in. but is attenuated to six times the length per
minute. The sliver is neatly coiled again in roving can by coiler head. The sliver is
now much more uniform and fibers much more nearly parallel. The sliver is now
ready for roving frames.
2.8. COMBING PROCESS

When the fiber is intended for fine yarns, the sliver is put through an additional
straightening called COMBING. In this operation, fine-toothed combs continue
straightening the fibers until they are arranged with such a high degree of
parallelism that the short fibers, called noils, are combed out and completely
separated out from the longer fibers.
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Fig. 2.8
34
Fig. 2.7
The combing process forms a comb sliver made of the longest fibers, which, in
turn, produces a smoother and more even yarn. This operation as much as 25%
of the original card sliver; thus almost one fourth of the raw cotton becomes
waste. The combing process, therefore, is identified with consumer goods of
better quality. Since long-staple yarns produce stronger, smoother, and more
serviceable fabrics, quality cotton goods carry labels indicating that they are
made from combed yarns or combed yarns.
MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Make
Model No
Production Capacity
Speed
LAKSHMI
LK69
2.1 TONS/DAY
600
M
2.9. SPINNING PROCESS

The roving, on bobbins, is placed in the spinning frame, where it passes through
several sets of rollers running at successively higher rates of speed and is finally
drawn out to yarn of the size desired. Spinning machines are of two types; ring
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35

frame and mule frame. The ring frame
is faster process, but produces a
relatively coarse yarn. for very fine
yarns, such as worsted, the mule frame
is required because of its slow,
intermittent operation.
The ring frame, which is general in use,
is more suitable for the manufacture of
Fig. 2.9
cotton yarns in mass production. Its
hundreds of spindles, whirling thousands of revolutions per minute, and its

constant
spinning
action
provide
fast
operation.
The ring
spinning
frame completes the manufacture of yarn (1) by drawing out the roving (2) by
inserting twist, and (3) by winding the yarn on bobbins-all in one operation. The
bobbins of yarn are removed for such processing as may be desired; for example,
the yarn may be reeled into skeins for bleaching or may be wound on cheeses, or
spools, for ultimate weaving.
STEPS: The principle of spinning is same as that used in roving except that the
operation is more refined and a ring and traveler are used instead of the flyer. From
Fig.between
2.9
bobbin roving is fed
set of drafting rolls to draw strand down to its final
desired size. The spindle turns bobbin at a constant speed. The front set of rolls is
adjusted to deliver yarn at a speed sufficient to insert desired mount of twist as
strand moves along. The traveler glides freely around ring. The tension caused by
drag of traveler causes yarn to wind on bobbin at same rate of speed as it delivered
by rolls.

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Fig. 2.10
36
MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Make
ZINSER
Model
351
Application Area
Count Range
STAPLE FIBRES UPTO

60mm
167 4 TEX
Twist Range
100-3500 t/M
No Of Spindles
240-1680
Spindles Speed
25000 rpm
Ring Diameter
36-54m
2.10. OPEN END SPINNING

In open end spinning, the fibre supply is reduced, as far as possible, to individual
fibres, which are then carried forward on an air-stream as free fibres. This permits
internal stresses to be relaxed & gives rise to the term free fibre spinning. These
fibres are then progressively attached to the tail or open end of already formed
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rotating yarn. This enables twist to be imparted by rotation of the yarn end. Thus
the continuously formed yarn has
only to be withdrawn & taken up
on a cross-wound package.
2.10.1.
EFFICIENCY IN
SPINNING
DEPARTMENT:
Fig. 2.11
Open end: 85 to 90%

Draw frame: 85 to 90%
Auto doffing system: 88%
Manual doffing system: 75%
Comber: 93%
Carding: 87%
2.10.2.
PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF OPEN END SPINNING
6700 kg of 10s yarn can be produced per machine per day.

Machines work 24 hours a day, stopping only when faulty or for
maintenance.

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2.11. WINDING
Machine used: Auto Coner No. 1
In this stage the cops are winded into suitable cheeses and cones. This can be done
both manually and automatically. Before final packing and dispatching, proper
conditioning is done to the yarns. For this the Palletising machine is used. The
lustre is added by spraying very, mild dew drops every two hours. This final cone
weighs around 1.5 kilograms. Packing is done in gunny bags each carrying 40
cones and having an entire weight of 60 kilograms.
2.12. FREQUENTLY FACED PROBLEMS

Several defects in the yarn lead to a decrease in the production, and slows down
the manufacturing process, since these defects have to be remedied during
production. These defects are length variation, thick and thin, moir and count
variation.
How these problems can be overcome?
Machines with quality stops (sensors) are used to overcome these defects.
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39
Safety precautions observed

Fire extinguisher
Medical centre with Ambulance
Water hose pipe
Boots for personal safety
First aid box
WEAVING SECTION

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40
3. WEAVING SECTION
3.1. PROCESS FLOW IN THE WEAVING UNIT
The warp beams are received from Fig.

the 3.1
warping department, which is situated
inside the main plant. The transportation between the warping and weaving
department is accomplished by the means of warp beam trolleys and trucks. Once
the warp beams reach the loom shed, individual warp threads are needled through
the heald eyes manually (drawing), hence preparing a beam for loading on to a
loom. All the warp threads have to be threaded through the heald eyelet and its gap
in the reed prior to weaving. The warp threads are passed through eyelets on the
heald. Two operators sit facing each other, across the frame and the operator facing
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41

the reed passes a hooked needle through the heald eyes and drop wires. The needle
hook is then exposed to the second operator on the other side of the frame; who
selects the correct yarn in its proper order and puts it on the hook so that when the
needle is pulled, the yarn is threaded through the two loom parts. This process is
carried out in an area right behind the main loom shed.
The yarns are then
threaded through the
reed
dents
as
required by the reed

plan (denting). The
Fig. 3.2
reed is like a comb

and its purpose is to
control
separation
the
of
the
Fig. 3.2
warp threads. Once the denting is complete, the beam is loaded as per the
requirement. Once the already loaded warp beam is exhausted, the new one can be
tied on to it by the means of manual knotting. After this the process of weaving can
be resumed in about 2 hours.
3.2. TYPES OF LOOMS

The Arvind Techno Park weaving unit at Santej houses 48 weaving looms, evenly
distributed between two makes that is 24 of each, Toyota E Shed and Picanol
Gammax. Both the looms can be bifurcated further on the basis of the number of
heald frames and/or colored wefts which they can accommodate. Listed below is
the information regarding the looms on the basis of their types and sub-types.

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42
No of Looms
24
24
Loom Type
Toyota E Shed
(Airjet Loom)
Picanol Gammax
(Rapier Loom)
Type
Toyota E Shed (Airjet Looms)
PicanolGammax (Rapier Looms)
Number of
Looms
6
18
8
16
Number of
Colored Weft
6
4
8
6
Number of Heald
Frames
16
16
24
20
Fig 3.3.

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43
3.2.1. Toyota E Shed (JAT 710)

As the production begins,
the pre winder is released
which is responsible for the
release of the filling yarn in the main
nozzle. On the other end, a catch cord
catches the weft. The yarn is detached
from the pre winder but the
end from the pre winder is
held
at
insertion. This
Fig. 3.4 Toyota E Shed (JAT

is followed710)
by the beat-up
the machine end for the next

motion, after which shedding and picking
take place for the next pick.
3.2.2.
Picanol
Gammax
PicanolGamMax is a double
rapier loom. It is equipped
with a weft presenter. The
color and weave pattern are
controlled
by
microprocessor. A light weight

gripper carries the weft yarn
from one selvedge to another
using free flight system. The loom makes use ofFig.
electronic
selvedge
system.
3.5 Picanol
Gammax
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44

Listed below are the specifications of both the looms against the respective
parameters.
Type of Loom
RPM(for the main shaft)
WIR
Production
Efficiency(targeted)
Usage
Toyota E Shed
Airjet Loom
1,250
2,650 m/min
6500m/day
87%
For easier designs
Gammax
Double Rapier Loom
600
1160 m/min
4000m/day
85%
For complex designs
Attachments
Dobby
Dobby
Machine Width
1900mm
2200 mm
TOYOTA E SHED

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45
PICANOL GAMMAX
WEAVING SECTION

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46
4. WEAVING PREPARATORY
Machines Used
Capacity
No. of Machines
Muruta
50 spindles
10
Mahavir
120 spindles
3
4.1.
4.1.
Re-Winding
The final cones from spinning are used to rewind the yarns on perfora ted bobbins
to form soft cheeses that will be sent for winding. According to number of
packages required for sectional warping. The Murata rewinding machines have a
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47

capacity of 50 spindles and they are 10 in total. 2-3 Local Mahavir machines can
hold 120 spindles at once. A constant length of yarn is wound on all packages.
4.2. Sectional warping
Fig. 4.1
The pattern for a fabric requires yarn of specific length, number and color. These
are wound on the warp beam in this section. A creel of capacity 720 cones holds
the
yarns.
through
These
leasing
are
drawn
reed
and
warping reed and the emerging

pattern wound on warping drum
and finally on warping beam.
There are 8 rows on the creel,
to the warp pattern.
Fig. 4.2
which holds the yarns according
For shirting, the pattern is placed alternately, i.e. 13572468 upwards. Each row is
used as layer for leasing. 7 lease are introduced in the beginning of every section
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48

and a 50% lease towards the end. The 7 lease help in sizing to separate layers in
order prevent sticking together. 50% leasing helps in drawing.
Fig. 4.2
Maker
VAMATEX BENNINGER
Model No.
VM 108
BEN-ERGOTRONIC
Drum Width
2500mm
2500mm
Maximum Warping Speed
800m/min
800m/min
Maximum Beaming Speed
150m/min
150m/min
For precise control high speed sensor are provided.
4.2.1.
Stop motion
Stop motion for Picanol Gammax Rapier looms

Warp stop motion (castellated bar)
When the warp beam is taken to the loom for gaiting of warp, after
being threaded through drop pins, heald eye and reed dents, the drop
pins are threaded on to the slide bar. In case of a thread break, the
corresponding drop pin falls down the free movement of the slider and
slide bar is arrested thereby stopping the loom.
Automatic pick finding
In case of a broken pick the machine stops and only the harness
frames are brought in motion automatically so as to free the broken
pick, without the reed touching the beat-up line.
Stop motion for Toyota E Shed JAT 710
Electronic warp stop motion

Leno-selvage & waste-selvage break stop motion
Reflecting type weft detector (double feeler)
LED signal lamp
Light Colour
Implication

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49

Yellow light blinking
Yellow and red light blinking
Red light
Red light blinking when machine is
working
Blue light blinking
Weft thread breakage

Shut down via emergency switch
Mechanical fault
Electronic projectile detector or
weft detector is switched off
Warp thread breakage
4.3. Fabric designing

Arvind handles weaving consignments from most of the leading brands in the
country and its in-house brands. The Arvind Techno Park weaving unit produces
Shirting fabric in various contemporary designs such as solids, stripes and plaid.
The designing of the fabric for in-house brands is carried out by the Textile Design
Department. Henceforth, all the fabrics follow a common route namely, Pre
Production Planning.
4.4. Objectives of Pre-Production Planning

Production Method: The selection of the production method is dictated by
the Pre Production Committee, keeping in mind the feasibility of the design
and efficiency and ability of the machines available.
Determination of Details: Assessment of the fabric in question to establish
necessary constants of the weave plan such as Ends per Inch, Picks per Inch,
pegplan, drawing, warping section, weave etc.
4.5. Safety measures

Ear plugs: Aloom shed is bound to have extremely high levels of noise due
to the constant beat-up motion, clanking of the heald shafts, shuttle (for
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50

shuttle looms) etc. Hence, it is absolutely mandatory for the operator to be
equipped with ear plugs to prevent permanent damage to his health.
Shoes: To move around in the loom shed, it is absolutely imperative to cover
ones feet thereby ensuring physical safety.
Half sleeve clothes: Working with a loom involves a lot of activity near the
weft presenters warp thread, machine parts etc. Therefore it is advisable to
wear half sleeved clothes and avoid any sort of entanglements and accidents,
in extension.
Cover moving machine parts: As far as possible, it is ensured that all the
moving machine parts are covered. Such as protection guard over take-up
rollers in case of a Picanol Gammax loom.

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51
4.6.
Weaving Machine Details:
MACHINE
NO. OF
M/C
MAXIMUM PRODUCTION
COLOR
PER DAY
WEFT
YARN
FEATURES
Toyota Air-jet
weaving loom
type
24
6 M/C 6
18 M/C 4
6500 meter
Working width 3400mm,

6 and colours,
positive electronic STAUBLI
dobby type 2861,
up to 16 shafts,
max RPM =800, 380V-50Hz,
1 reed.
PINACOL
rapier Looms
type
GamMax model
24
400 metre
Working width 3600mm,

4 colours,
max RPM = 550,
positive electronic STAUBLI
dobby type 2861with preequipped for batching motion
but without the batcher.
ECGI Electric
suction machine
To suck the loose flying li

dust particles to prevent it
from sticking to the machines
and fabric.

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4.7. Product defects

Broken pattern: Instances of wrong drawing of thread in a colour pattern or
wrong picking lead to non-continuity of a weave/design/pattern.
Double end: Taking more ends in the heald eye leads to weaving of two or
more ends as one.
Float: Improper shedding, slack heald shafts etc. lead to improper
interlacement of warp and weft threads over a certain area.
Gout: Foreign matter (such as lint or waste) accidentally gets woven into the
fabric.
Hole, Cut or Tear: These occur for a variety of reason and end up rupturing
the fabric.
Missing ends: Despite being equipped with warp stop motions, this defect is
observed due to reasons such as dirty electro bars and operators
inattentiveness.
4.8. Problem faced

In weaving room, relative humidity, has a great impact on the performance of the
looms. The optimal level of temperature and
humidity over the machines, i.e. the warp, is
generally not reached, because the sources
of heat within the weaving machine disturb
the climatic condition. Numerous yarn
breaks are caused by the dust, lint and fiber
Fig. 4.3 Removal of extra
accumulation.
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53
PROCESSING SECTION
5. PROCESSING UNIT
5.1. OBJECTIVE

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54

The aim of preparatory wet processing is to treat the goods by standard procedures
so that they are brought to a state in which they can be dyed, printed and finished
without showing any fault on fabric.
5.2.
GREY FABRIC INSPECTION
In Arvind mills Grey fabric inspection is done through the 4 point system.
Length of defect
3 inches or less
More than 3 inches but not more than 6 inches
More than 6 inches but not more than 9 inches
More than 9 inches
Demerit points
1
2
3
4
Fig. 5.1

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55
Fig. 5.2
5.2.1. Fabric is classified as:

Grade A: less than 3 defects per 100 m
Grade B: 3 - 6 defects per 100 m
Grade C: more than 6 defects per 100

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5.2.2. Acceptable tolerance:
28 points per 100 sq. yd. for each
individual roll.
20 points per 100 sq.yd for average
of rolls inspected.
More defects are found in dobby
weave, heavy varieties, etc
Fig. 5.3
If more than 4 points are detected/ 100m of fabric then it is reported to the
weaving section and sent further for mending.
8 machines are used for initial checking but 5 machines are used for
rechecking.
After initial checking, the fabric is sent to the storage area.
OTHER INFORMATION
There are 8 inspection machines and total 3500 metre of fabric is inspected on one
machine in one day. That means total 28 thousand of fabric is inspected in one day.
Also efficiency of inspection system is 90%.
5.3. MENDING
The fabric is bought from the storage area for mending. After mending, the fabric
is sent back to the storage area and then sent for re-checking. After mending of the
fabric the fabric is sent forbatching. There are 3 mending machines in the industry.

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5.4. BATCHING
After mending, fabric is sewn end to
end and then batched. Spec sheets are
sent to the batching in charge, wherein
it is mentioned how many meters of
what fabric needs to be rolled together
in one package. After batching, the
fabric is sent for singeing.
Fig. 5.4
5.5. SINGEING
Singeing is a process applied to both yarns and fabrics to produce an even surface
by burning off projecting fibres, yarn ends, and fuzz. This is accomplished by
passing the fibre or yarn over a gas flame or heated copper plates at a speed
sufficient to burn away the protruding material without scorching or burning the
yarn or fabric.
Fig. 5.5 Singeing

Singeing machine used: OSTHOFF-SENGE
Model BZ/3.
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58
CNG is used for burning the protruding fibres, yarn ends and fuzz.
Flames are applied perpendicular to the fabric.
Pressure gauge in the machine controls the pressure.
Maximum Speed of the machine is 100 m/min.
In a shift i.e. of 8 hours, 30,000m of fabric is singed.
The efficiency of the machine is 85%.
A roller with brushes removes the fibres on selvedge and small protruding
fibres. A suction pump takes these fibres and pumps them into an air bag.
This bag needs to be changed every week.
There are two burners, the machine operates at 10000c and works at 1 m/s.
Special rubberized rollers are used for quenching. Fabric takes 4 seconds to
traverse from burners to these quenching rollers. Till this time the
temperature of the fabric lowers down to 700 C. These rollers further cool
the cellulosic fibre.

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Arvind mills Ltd uses Gas singeing due to following reasons:
Efficient singeing
No local cooling problems
No hardness is produced on fabric surface.
5.5.1. STEPS INVOLVED IN SINGEING
The fabric passes through a tension unit with guide rollers.
Then fabric passes through pre-brushing unit which removes dirt/dust, lint
and loose fibres from the fabric.
After pre-brushing, the fabric enters into the singeing chamber.
Adjustable water-cooled rollers are used to obtain different fabric/flame
positions, which permit desired degree of singeing effect.
A Carburettor or air/gas mixer allows automatic mixing of gas with air to
control the intensity of the singeing flame.
After passing over the flames, the fabric passes through (optional) steam
quenching unit.
5.6. DESIZING
Desizing is done for the fabrics made from cotton or blends, the warp threads are
coated with an adhesive substance known as 'size to prevent the threads breaking
during weaving. Although many different compounds have been used to size
fabrics, starch and its derivatives have been the most common sizing agent. After
weaving, the size must be removed again in order to prepare the fabric for dyeing
and finishing.
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This process (desizing) must be carried out by treating the fabric with chemicals
such as acids, alkali or oxidising agents. However starch breaking enzymes
(amylases) are preferred for desizing due to their high efficiency and specific
action. Amylases bring about complete removal of the size without any harmful
effects on the fabric. Another benefit of enzymes compared to strong chemicals
mentioned above is that enzymes are environment friendly.
The unit visited took enzymatic desizing into practice and used the same m/c as for
singeing.
Fig 5.6 desizing
5.6.1. STEPS INVOLVED

Wetting out with a suitable wetting agent.
Steeping the temperature for affecting the swelling and softening of the size
paste.
Rinsing thoroughly in water.
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5.6.2. CHEMICALS USED

DMCP (surfactant agent) - [Deoxycytidine monophosphate]
Pulkozyme
MFB (wetting agent)
The fabric is desized, and then washed.
Temperature = 550c
Efficiency of the machine = 85%
Usage of Calcium and Magnesium causes problems.
Chelating agent is used which forms a complex with the size present in the
fabric, mixes in water and gets drained off.
This wet fabric is wound on batching rollers.
These rollers are rotated for 8 hours so that the enzyme can react with the
size present on the fabric.

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5.6.3. FEATURES:
An exhaust fan removes fluffs, fumes, dust collected by brush & exits
through a ventilation hood.
Mixture of C.N.G. (3O to 35 %) and air (65 to 70 %) is supplied at constant
pressure.
Double burner flame system which automatically controls the flame height,
width and temperature.
Cool water is supplied to make cool the burner.
Water & Chemicals for desizing is supplied to quenching chamber from
tanks through pipes.
5.6.4. FAULTS
There is a chance of scorching if flame height is not maintained properly.
Stopping of machine may cause heat bars on the fabric.
Selvedge may burn due to extra hairiness.

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5.7. WASHING
Fig. 5.7
Machine used: INJECTA MACHINE, BENNINGER (GERMANY)

Efficiency- 85-87%
5.7.1. PROCESS
The fabric is dipped in water for pre-wetting at 600C (forms slurry).

Then the fabric is passed through steam (pulpy).
Washing with hot water at 900C through jet.
Then the fabric is washed again at 950C.
Washing speed for piece dyed and white fabric is 50 m/min.
Washing speed for yarn dyed fabric is 80 m/min

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5.8. MERCERISING
Mercerising can be done at different stages during the pre-treatment process. This
could be after Desizing or after Scouring or after Bleaching. When done after
desize-washing, it induces maximum luster onto the fabric. However,
contamination of dye can occur, which reduces life of the caustic lye. High degree
of whiteness can be achieved if the bleaching process is done after mercerisation.
Mercerisation after scouring and bleaching prevents contamination of caustic dye
but effects the whiteness and absorbency. Mercerising can be done either on wet
fabric with a dye concentration controller or on dry fabrics.
Cold Mercerising is strictly done below 20 degree C as there are few chances of
hydrolization of color.
Fig. 5.8
250 gpl (grams per litre) caustic soda is applied and kept for 45 sec. Liquid
ammonia (NH3) is used in mercerization (NH3 becomes liquid at -33degree
Celsius) Liquid ammonia treatment is a highly effective and well controlled
alternative to caustic soda mercerisation, but high capital cost of the necessary
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equipment for recovery and reuse of the ammonia as well as the application steps
limits the adoption of this sophisticated approach more widely. The effect of liquid
ammonia treatment on the dyeing of the cotton depends on the ammonia is
removed. As with mercerising treated yarns and fabrics appear more deeply dyed
than untreated material having the same amount of the dye present. There are total
3 machines for mercerization.
5.8.1. PURPOSE BEHIND MERCERIZING
Mercerising enhances
Dimensional stability
Improves strength
Absorbency
Dye uptake and lustre,
Parallelisation of fibres
Sphering of fibres.
5.8.2. MACHINES USED
Kyoto
Clip mercerizer
High speed mercerization machine
72 meters long
Speed 80 m/min
Benninger
Computerized control
Trough capacity(for caustic)- 1100 liters
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After 1 hour and 45 minutes 250 liters of caustic is drained off

automatically to change the concentration of the liquor (concentration
due to impurities).
5.8.3. Cold mercerization

In Arvind cold mercerization is preferred and taken into practice. Cold
mercerization dimensionally stabilizes warp and weft. It changes cellulose 1 to
cellulose 2. The fabric is washed off with low gel caustic (50 80 gpl) and washed
with hot water at 900C and then washed with the cold water. Speed of the machine
is maintained at 30-50 m/min and the efficiency of the machine is 90%.
5.9.
BLEACHING
(i)
Oxidative bleaching:
Generally oxidative bleaching is carried out using sodium hypochlorite
(NaOCl) or
hydrogen peroxide. Natural fibres like cotton are bleached
with oxidative methods.

(ii)
Reductive bleaching:
Reductive method of bleaching is done with sodium hydrosulphite, a
powerful reducing agent. Fibers like polyamide, Polyacrylics and
Polyacetates can be bleached using reductive bleaching technology.
5.9.1. MACHINE USED
1. BENNINGER (GERMANY)

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No. of machines 1
Speed 58 m / min
Trough capacity 116 litres of liquor
Liquor contains Caustic
Peroxide
Wetting agent
Stabilizer
Fig. 5.9 Beinninger CBR
Wetting of fabric
Bleaching

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Washing with plain water
68
Washing with acetic acid
Machine name
Batching machine
Singeing and desizing machine
Injecta washer
Continuous bleaching range
Mercerizing machine
Jumbo jigger
Drying machine
Soaping machine
Number of
machines
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
Table 5: Types and number of machines in the preparatory unit

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DYEING SECTION
6. DYEING UNIT
6.1.
DYEING
Dyeing is the process which provides uniform single colouration throughout the
surface of the textile material. Dyeing can be classified into various categories on
the basis of parameters such as textile material being dyed and whether batched or
continuous. Given below is a description of all the dyeing processes which were
going on in the unit during the visit.
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6.2. YARN DYEING

Dyeing, if done after the fiber has been spun into grey yarn, is described as yarn
dyeing. Fabric made of dyed yarns is called yarn dyed fabric.
Yarn dyed fabrics are usually deeper and richer in color. Yarn dyed fabrics intended
for laundering must be quite colorfast, or bleeding could occur. The primary reason
for dyeing in
the yarn form is
to
create
interesting
checks, stripes,
and plaids with
different
colored yarns in
the weaving
process.
Fig. 6.1
Method employed: Package dyeing under high temperature and high

pressure

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Machine used: THEN

Number of machines: 87
Capacity: 18 tons/day
6.3. PACKAGE
DYEING
Fig. 6.2
MACHINES
In these enclosed machines where dyeing under pressure can take place, the dyeliquor is circulated through wound packages of yarn until the dye is evenly
exhausted.
The yarn is wound onto perforated tubes or springs, and the packages are classified
according to count and formed are then mounted onto a perforated rod (spindle) or
tube. After loading, the carrier is dropped into a seating in the dyeing tank by the
means of overhead crane, through which the dye-liquor is circulated. The
dye-liquor is pumped through the packages in either direction, according to
need.
In dyeing warp yarns, a single perforated cylinder of the yarns fits into the seating
of the dye tank.

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Fig. 6.3
Packages that are too loosely wound may collapse during the dyeing process.
However, packages that are too tightly wound may interfere with the circulation of
the dye-liquor. In any case, the packages must be wound as uniformly as possible.
6.4. AUTOLAB-DISPENSER
There is a stock of primary dye solutions that can be mixed in specific proportions
to get any shade. This is a computerized process and requires little intervention
manually.
To prepare dye solutions of accurate and specific concentration, this is helpful. A
beaker is placed in which some quantity of water is filled. The range of dye that
can be added is shown on the screen. Then it is taken and agitated for homogenous
mixing. The beaker is replaced and desired concentration entered in the system.
Water is filled to achieve that concentration.
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Yarn is weighed and tagged to be put into the solution for dyeing. Then the yarn or
the fabric swatch is treated with dye for required amount of temperature and time.
The machines which are used are:
Turbomat: its capacity is minimum 70gms.
Spectra dye: its capacity is 7. 5gms
Infrared colour: its capacity is 20gms
Fig. 6.4

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6.5. PARTS OF DYEING MACHINE

The dyeing machine consists of:
Microprocessor
It depends on light, medium, dark, reactive dyes. All details are feeded onto the
processor and locked, as per the requirement one program is used.
Closing Tank
In this chemicals are added as per the approved recipe and a tube passes
from this tank to main tank through which dye liquor passes through.
Main tank
Its the main tank in which carrier is been put.
First they put the carriage in the main tank in which 900 liters of
water is filled.
Then chemical is put into chamber which later goes to closing tank.
Programming done according to chemicals, water, temperature.
Water coming out from bottom of spindle and spreads out.
There are mainly two stages: inout and out-in
7-8 hrs is taken for dyeing 1 carrier.
Capacity is 18 tons/day

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Fig. 6.5 Dummy Carriers
Dummy Carriers
In same vessel we can have different capacity. There are carriers known as dummy
carriers. These carriers consist of dummy spindles. Dummy spindles are plain
rod which doesnt have holes in them so that when dyeing process takes
place water is not wasted in and out through these spindles. So these rods
block the movement of water in and out through the spindle.
6.6. R.F. DRYER (RADIO FREQUENCY DRYER)

After dyeing process almost double amount of water is present inside the
package. Then water comes down due to gravity. For the remnant dyeing liquor, a
radio frequency dryer is put to use.
In this dryer machine electrodes are present, which create an electromagnetic field.
H+ and O- polar molecules are produced. They start vibrating and create
energy. Therefore H+ an O- get split. In this temperature has to
be controlled which is 80C and also height between these electrodes and
yarns have to be maintained.

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It basically involves placement of dyed packages on a conveyer belt which moves
at a speed of 9.2 m/hour. The excess dyeing liquor is removed through the process
mentioned above.
After the drying process, the yarn packages are winded in a cone, like 2 yarn
packages
are
winded in one cone to check forthe shade variation among different yarn packages.
TYPES OF DEFECTS
1. Shade matching
2. Shade levelling
6.7. CARRIERS
There are around 200 carriers available and minimum being 10 spindles.
Maximum of 25 carriers can be put on a machine with at least 10 spindles on 1
carrier. Their height is around 180cm.
6.7.1. TYPES OF CARRIERS

SPRING
1.2 kg packages.
These carriers are compressed by 12-15%.
The weight of these carriers is 160-168 grams.

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PLASTIC TUBE
945 g packages
The weight of these carriers is 135-140 grams.
Carriers
AFTER TREATMENT:
Hot wash:
80C for 10 minutes.
Soaping chemical:
wash of rd (0.5gpl upto 0.2% depth)
Tan:
Metaxiladw (0.7gpl 0.21 to 0.5%)
6.8. FABRIC DYEING

6.8.1. JET DYEING
This is the most modern machine used for the dyeing of polyester using disperse
dyes. In this machine the cloth is dyed in rope form which is the main disadvantage
of the machine.
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In this machine, the dye tank contains disperse dye, dispersing agent, leveling
agent and acetic acid. The solution is filled up in the dye tank and it reaches the
heat exchanger where the solution will be heated which then passed on to the
centrifugal pump and then to the filter chamber. Therefore, this machine made use
of HTHP dyeing method.
The solution is filtered and reaches a tubular chamber. Here the material to be dyed
will be loaded and the winch is rotated, so that the material is also rotated. Again
the dye liquor reaches the heat exchanger and the operation is repeated for 20 to 30
minutes at 135C. Then the dye bath is cooled down, after the material is taken out.
Metering wheel is also fixed on winch by external electronic unit. Its purpose is to
record the speed of the fabric. The thermometer, pressure gauge is also fixed in the
side of the machine to note the temperature and pressure under working.
However, in the plant visited, the jet dyeing machine was not put to use due to the
fact that it dyes the fabric in rope form, leaving it crinkled and its extremely low
capacity of 1000m/batch.
6.8.2. ADVANTAGES OF JET DYEING MACHINE
Dyeing time is short compared to beam dyeing.
Production is high compared to beam dyeing machine.
6.8.3. DISADVANTAGES JET DYEING MACHINE
Cloth is dyed in rope form
Risk of entanglement

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Chance for crease formation
6.9. CONTINUOUS DYEING
In continuous dyeing, there is a sequence of machinery chambers where-in the well

prepared textile material is impregnated with the dye solution in the first section
and then passed into the fixation chamber and/ or any other chemical bath used for
fixation. Then the material is washed off and finally dried to complete the process.
Continuous dyeing is ideal and economical when a large amount of textile must be
dyed to the same shade.
Machine used: Ben Dry
Number of machines: 1
Dye used: Reactive dye > VAT dye (in order of preference)
6.9.1. PROCESS
After a series of various rollers, the grey fabric is passed through a trough of dye
stuff. After this comes in picture the process of chemical fixation. After being
padded with sodium silicate (in an alkaline medium i.e. soda ash), the fabric is
passed through steam chambers for chemical fixation. Further it is padded with
CH3COOH to neutralize the soda ash and sodium silicate. Next step involves
passing the fabric through an Infra-Red heater for mechanical fixation of the dye
and drying up the fabric.
6.9.2. SHADE MANAGEMENT

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Once a sample batch is developed, the following method is applied to control
center to selvedge variation and shade variation between rolls.
Center to selvedge variation check
This process takes care of shade variation within the roll. The fabric is divided into
4 sections width wise as shown below:
Further these pieces are cut and rearranged as shown below:
Once the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram, if there is any center to
selvedge shade variation, it becomes evident instantly. Remedial measures are
taken immediately.
PROBLEM
The jet dyeing machine was left inutile due to low ROI and hence, in extension,
poor productivity.
SOLUTION

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It was resolved by putting the same machine to use for smaller consignments
which required crinkle effect. It is now also used for desizing.
QUALITY ASSURANCE

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7. QUALITY ASSURANCE
7.1. TRADITIONAL VIEW
Traditionally quality assurance was looked as if a post-mortem report where in the
yarn and the fabric was checked for the quality and standards as per required by the
customer. A proper policing was kept on what has been done and what is to be
done.
Modern view:
In the modern day quality assurance has a wider scope and it includes activities
like process ownership and calibration where in the department ownership is given
to a person and it becomes his/ her duty to deal with it in the most efficient manner.
QA Lab is accredited by Marks & Spencers, Levis, L L Bean, Next, Gap Inc,
Invista (For Lycra Testing), Liz Claiborne (Under Process)
Fig 7.3
Fig 7.2
Fig 7.1 OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE
B.F.TECH
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83
7.2. QUALITY ASSURANCE LABS

7.2.1. COTTON LABORATORY:
Cotton is held for the 70% cost of the fabric cost only and hence becomes a major
factor which if controlled will add maximum contribution to the strength of Arvind
mills.
The coefficient of variance is calculated for the width, diameter and hairiness of
the fibre. The machine used for this purpose is USTER TESTER 5.the fibre is
passed at a speed of 400m/min and the variance is hence calculated. The variance
is calculated against international or the preset Arvind standards.
The length, weight and the exact count of the fibre is also calculated and the
CASCADE machine is used for this purpose which ensured the right thing at the
right time as per customer demands.
7.2.2. PHYSICAL TESTING LABORATORY
This testing happens at the yarn manufacturing stage and the yarn is tested for its
1. Length
2. Elongation
3. Elasticity
The yarn should be tested in a way so as to know whether the yarn can take all the
loadings or not and if yes to what extent can it take.
This helps in deciding what processes the yarn can face and what effects cab be
deduced.

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Single yarn strength and its elongations is measured using the USTER
TENSORPAID 3 machine which is the most trusted name in the field and comes
from Switzerland.
INSTRON 4465 is used to check the tensile strength of the fibre and the tear
strength is also calculated in grams.
For all the above written testings the standard lab conditions are made at a
temperature of 60+/2 F and the humidity level is maintained at 65%+/-2%
Factors like stretchablilty skew and shrinkage are tested after marking is done
followed by three washings of the fabric; the fabric is tonned to the environment
after keeping it in the standard environment.
7.2.3. CHEMICAL TESTING LABORATORY:
In the chemical laboratory they
check all the fuels, dyes, and all the
chemicals that are used in the
production process. They even
check the denim if it is washed
with bleach how much it fades the
colour. They try different process
like how the denim would react in
different conditions like in case of
Fig. 7.4
perspiration, salt water, normal water, in extreme temperature.

7.2.4. COLOUR QUEST LABORATORY:
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In the colour quest they try to find out the different shades and they see to it that
after the washing and drying process does the shade match the requirement of the
customer or not.
7.2.5. CALIBRATION LABORATORY:

Calibration is a specialized measurement process where in one compares test and
measuring instruments/ equipments of unknown status to well defined standards of
greater accuracy in order to detect/eliminate error by adjustments & report any
variation in accuracy capability.
7.2.6. CALIBRATION ACTIVITY
Calibration through in house facility 93%
Calibration through out - side agencies 7%
7.2.7. CALIBRATION FACILITY AT CALIBRATION LABORATORY
Parameters and Instruments used for its calibration
Temperature
Mercury thermometer, temperature indicator & controllers, temperature switches,
temperature gauges, temperature transmitters.
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Pressure
Pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, pressure transmitter, pressure switch.
Mass
Analytical weighing balance AC/OC voltage, AC/DC current, single phase power,
frequency, resistance capacitance, conductance, logic pulses, logic levels.
Digital& analogue amateur, millimeters, panel meters, frequency meters.
Dimensional
Measure tape, steel scale, Vernier capture, micro meter, dial gauge.
Gas lab instruments
Lab instruments used for quality conformance tests & physical testing lab &
chemical testing lab.

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Fig. 7.5
7.3. HVI
SPECTRUM
(High
Volume
Instrument)
ZELLWEGER USTER
This is a prime instrument, which fulfills all the requirements and measures the
different parameters for cotton to be used in production. The different criteria,
which it detects, are as follows:
length of the fiber
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uniformity in the length

strength of the fiber
elongation or elastic behavior of the fiber
Fig. 7.6
short fiber length (no. of fibers lesser than )

Rd: the color i.e. the degree of yellowness or whiteness of the fibers.
the percentage of coarseness and fineness of the fiber i.e. the
micronaire measurement.
Around 150-200 gms of fibers are taken for testing.
7.4.
FIBRO SAMPLER- HVI 900
This is a semi-operated machine and measures all parameters except color. A comb
is used to take out fiber beard, which is used to feed the machine.
7.5.
USTER MDTA 3
This is used to test impurities in cotton. 10-100 g of fiber is taken and the output
includes clean cotton, micro dust and major impurities. The clean cotton serves as
a standard for testing efficiency of carded sliver.

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7.6. YARN FAULT-TESTING

7.6.1. CLASSIMAT:
This instrument tests faults in the yarn. 100 km of yarn can be tested at once. The
thick and thin, long and short areas of the yarn are detected and categorized
according to the severity. In a graph, A1, B1, C1denotes the length of the fault,
while A1, A2, A3denotes the mass of the yarn which in turn is a measure of
thickness. If the resultant value falls under E, it is a long and thick area. F and G of
the graph show thin and long areas.
7.6.2. USTER TENSOJET:
This is a single yarn strength-testing instrument. It runs at a speed of 400 m per
min. 500 readings are taken each out of 10 packages of one sample. It gives the
values in unit of force/ count = g/tex. Elongation of the yarn is also measured.
7.6.3. USTER UNEVENESS TESTER:
This tests and reads thick places (+50%), thin places (-50%) and neps (200%). At a
speed of 400m/min, yarn from 10 packages is tested. The Unevenness % and
hairiness as a sum of total hair lengths are obtained At stages of ring winding,
roving, cone winding etc tests are conducted many times a week to ensure
consistency. This is in-process checking.
7.6.4. TWIST TESTER:
According to the required specifications twist of the yarn is measured in this which
involves different methods for single, doubled and open end yarn.

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Fig. 7.7
7.6.5. AFIS (ADVANCED FIBER INFORMATION SYSTEM):

An in process testing system for detecting neps, length, micronaire till roving
stage.
7.6.6. WRAP BLOCK:
It is used to measure the hank of the feeding material to decide the setting for the
next process
7.6.7. YARN BOARD WINDER:

Is done when required. Here, the yarn is wound on black or white board according
to its own color and analyzed subjectively for slubs.
7.6.8. ELECTRONIC LEA STRENGTH TESTER:
The lea is subjected to pulling force by means of clamps and breaking strength is
tested. The value obtained is CSP (count strength product).
7.6.9. HAIRINESS TESTER:
On the basis of optical principle, the hairiness is measured as the number of hairs
per unit length
for 24 mm.
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7.7. WRINKLE TESTER:

To determine a fabric's ability to recover after
wrinkling under a predetermined load for a set period
of time. Set of 3-D plastic replicas are available to
grade fabrics.
Fig. 7.8
7.8. CROCKMETER
To determine the color fastness of dyed or printed
textiles or leather, this test is used for the
determination of color fastness against rubbing,
either under dry or under wet conditions.
Fig. 7.9
7.9. Pilling Resistance Tester

Determines the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface
changes of textile fabrics using the random tumble pilling tester.

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Specimens are laundered 3 times and then
conditioned in atmospheric conditions for
textiles
The edges of 3 4x4 squares cut on the
bias are sealed with glue and allowed to
dry
The 3 specimens are placed in the pilling
chamber along with 25mg of gray-dyed
cotton fiber and tumbled for 30 minutes
The specimens are evaluated in a viewing
apparatus against photographic standards
(ASTM ADJD 3512) or in house fabric
Fig.
7.10
standards.
7.10. TEARING TESTER

Elmendorf Tearing Tester. To determine the ballistic
tearing strength of textiles, paper or board. Range
from 8000 to 64000 Millinewtons with suitable
pendulum. Pendulums not included.
Fig.
7.11
Fig. 7.8
7.11. ABRASION AND PILLING TESTER

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Fig.
7.12
To determine the abrasion and pilling resistance of all kinds of textile structures.
Samples are rubbed against known abradents at low pressures and in continuously
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changing directions and the amount of abrasion or pilling is compared against
standard parameters.
Fig. 7.9
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
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8. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AT ARVIND

Optimizing usage of cotton, energy, chemicals & water.
Adopting preventive strategies to reduce the generation of effluents, waste &
air emissions.
Maintaining a safe working environment.
Increasing the green cover.
Training employees on environmental issues
8.1. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

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Arvind ltd. has switched from liquid fuel to natural gas for all their heating &
steam requirements in order to avoid air pollution.
8.2. WATER TREATMENT

Arvind ltd. also possess chemical, biological treatment facilities to treat 1000m/day
of effluents to meet the pollution control board norms.
8.3. ACCREDITATIONS
Global organic textile standards, control union certifications, the
Netherlands, for processing of fibres from certified organic agriculture.
ISO-17025 NABL national accreditation board for laboratories, Delhi,
India, for chemical & mechanical disciplines of testing.
Premier accreditation scheme by marks & Spencer, test methods and
conditions set forth, laboratory, shirting division business, the Arvind mills
ltd.
Liz claiborne intl ltd., testing audit performance, laboratory, shirting
business division, the Arvind mills ltd.
SKAL international standards for sustainable textile production
Labs certified by DuPont

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ISO14000:
provides
environment
management
standards
to
help
organisations minimise their negative impact on the environment.
8.4. ACCREDITED BY
MARKS & SPENCERS
LEVIS
TOMMY HILFIGER
RALPH LAUREN
NEXT
DUPONT
DEBENHAMS
9. LEARNINGS
Arvind is the best platform to learn how quality and quantity is maintained at the
same time. Thats the reason we joined the mill for our first internship. We learn a
lot in our 15 days internship.
Ring dying process in denim was the best part of our learning as it was the process
of great curiosity. Our mentor told and explain the whole process and clarified on
the the process. Also we saw the only machine in Asia that is cone to beam
converter. It converts the cone to beam and vice-versa. So we can use this
machine with every machine and can produce output in any type of format.
Also we came to know about some new finishing techniques like arrow finish
which is given to provide softness to fabric. We got the opportunity to see the latest
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technology machines in the mill like drawing and carding machines which is able
to reduce the manpower upto 8 persons per machine.
Our whole internship was full of learning and it teaches us how quality is
preserved with quantity.
We got chance to an industry full of dedicated workers.
10.
ARVIND LIMITED REVIEW NOTE 2014-15
Agenda:
Financial Performance: Consolidated
Financial Performance: Standalone
Business Analysis
Financial Performance: Q4 2014-15

Consolidated revenue growth of 8% and PAT growth of 3%

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99
Business Highlights: Q4 2014-15

Moderate top-line growth with moderated bottom-line due to higher tax

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100
Key Highlights:
Revenue growth of 8% achieved due to
17% top-line growth in Brands & Retail
16% top-line growth in Garments
PBT growth of 20%, PAT growth 3% over Q4 FY14
Despite healthy growth in PBT for the year, the PAT growth was muted due
to higher tax
Exceptional items:
Rs. 26 crores for retrenchment of 960 workers
Rs. 22 crores for settlement of legal dispute of USPA brand with Polo Ralph
Lauren
Financial Performance: FY 2014-15

Revenue growth of 14% and PAT growth of 7%
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101
Business Highlights: FY 2014-15

Strong top-line & bottom-line growth
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102
Key Highlights
Revenue growth of 14% achieved due to
23% top-line growth of Brands & Retail
6% top-line growth of Textiles
EBIDTA margin % slightly lower

Higher weightage of Brand & Retail Business
Lower textile margin
PBT growth of 18% : PAT growth of 7%
PAT growth lower at 7% due to higher tax
Exceptional items :
Rs.29 crores for retrenchment of 1012 workers
Rs. 22 crores for settlement of legal dispute of USPA brand with Polo Ralph
Lauren
Margin moderated in both key business segments in FY

2014-15
Quarterly margins lower than LY due to Forex loss and Mega Mart Performance
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EBIDTA margin of textile business lower due losses incurred in two garments
manufacturing plants which commenced commercial production in Q4.
Textiles Business: Revenue Mix in FY2014-15

Textile revenue grew by 6%
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104
Led by 8% growth
Woven fabrics
6% growth in garments
2% growth in Denim
10% growth on a
smaller base for the
voiles business
Volume growth: Woven volume growth at 8%:

Denim at 1%
Key Parameters: FY2014-15 Textiles

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105
11.
ANNEXURES

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106
References:
Images given by Mr Subhanish Malhotra, Senior H.R. Manager, Arvind Limited,
Santej.
Facts and other data provided by different Department Supervisors: Mr.Kabir
Sarosh (Processing Department Supervisor) and Mr. Rajesh Tiwari (Weaving
Department Supervisor).
www.arvindmills.com
http://www.arvindmills.com/pdf/shareholding/2013/Review%20Note
%20Q4%2012-13.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Mills

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107

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Summer Textile Internship

Summer Textile Internship

We are grateful to NIFT for providing us an opportunity to work on our Summer

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

1.2. INDIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Summer Textile Internship

Fig 1.1. Arvind ltd. Revenue

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF TEXTILE INTERNSHIP

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

1.4. COMPANY OVERVIEW

Summer Textile Internship

Chairperson - Sanjay S Lalbhai

ABN Amro Bank, Axis Bank , Bank of Baroda,

Sorab S Engineer & Co

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

1.5. COMPANY PROFILE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

Summer Textile Internship

Arvind launches its first major Real Estate projects.

Arvind becomes one of Indias largest producers of fire protection fabrics.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Fig. 1.2 Arvind

Summer Textile Internship

PRODUCTION FLOW CHART

Managing Director (SANJAY LALBHAI)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

1.6. COMPANY PROCESS FLOW

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

Fig 1.4 Company Process Flow

Shuttle looms for Selvedge denim

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

1.9. WOVEN (SHIRTING)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

unparalleled. Their shirting fabrics

international markets. Their state of

producing a total of 65 million

domestic and international markets. They are

A sophisticated and supremely flexible package dying facility complete with

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE. B.F.TECH

Summer Textile Internship

Gap Inc Patagonia Tommy Hilfiger Quicksilver Brooks Brothers Silver

Ruf & Tuf

Joint Venture Brands

1.11. PRODUCTION PLANNING CONTROL