Graduate Course

SKILLS OF LANGUAGE USE

STUDY MATERIAL 1

nghUslf;fk;
ghlk;

1. vOj;jpay;

ghlk;

2. nrhy;ypay;

ghlk;

3. njhlupay;

ghlk;

4. eilapay;

ghlk;

5. eilahf;fk;

ghlk;

6. gpio jpUj;jk;

ghlk;

7. Fog;gk; ePf;Fjy;

Prepared by:Dr. S. Manickavasagam

SCHOOL OF OPEN LEARNING

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
5, Cavalry Lane, Delhi 110007

ghlk; - 1
vOj;jpay;
nkhop vd;gJ xyp tbtj;ijNa Fwpf;Fk;. yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;yhfpa
Lingua vd;gjw;F eh vd;nwhU nghUSk; cz;L vdNt> ehtpd; nrayhy;
cUthd xd;W vd;gijf; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;JtNj Language vd;Dk;
nrhy;yhFk;. jkpopYk;> nkhopag;gLtJ nkhop vd;gu;. xt;nthU nkhopapYk;
xyp tbtk; mjpfk; khWjYf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mk; nkhopapd; tup
tbtk; xyp tbitf; fhl;bYk; nfhQ;rk; mjpfk; khWjYf;F cl;gLk;. jkpo;
,yf;fz Mrpupau;fshd njhy;fhg;gpaUk; gtze;jpahUk; ,jid czu;e;j
fhuzj;jhy; mtu;fsJ ,yf;fz E}y;fs; tpsf;ftpay; ,yf;fz E}y;fshf
,Uf;fpd;wd. mtu;fs; jkpo; nkhopapd; tbT ,J vd;gijf; $Wk; tifapy;
,yf;fzk; vOjpdhu;fNs jtpu ,Jjhd; ,jw;F tpjp vd;W tiuaiw $Wk;
tifapy; ,yf;fzk; $wtpy;iy vdyhk;. xt;nthU xypf;Fk; fl;lhak; xU
tup tbtk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; nkhopapd; xypaikg;G
Kiwia xl;b tup tbtk; tsu;r;rp ngWk;. njhy;fhg;gpaUk; ed;D}yhUk;
jkpo; vOj;Jfis mtw;wpd; xyp tbTf;F Vw;g tifg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gijf;
fhzyhk;.
jkpo; vOj;jpay;
capnuOj;Jfs;:
jkpo; vOj;J ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit tUkhW :
1. capnuOj;J 12. m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs.
2.
w;>
3.
4.

nka;naOj;J 18. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;>
d;.
capu; nka;naOj;Jfs; 216
MAjk;
1
---------------nkhj;jk;
247
----------------

capnuOj;Jfs; gd;dpnuz;bidf; Fwpy;> neby; vd ,uz;lhf tFg;gu;.

capnuOj;Jfs; m> ,> c> v> x vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;Jfs; Fw;nwOj;Jfs;
vdTk; M> < C> V> I> X> xs vd;Dk; VO vOj;Jfs; nel;nlOj;Jfs;
vdTk; gpupg;gu;. Fw;nwOj;J Ie;jpDs;Sk;> Kjy; %d;W vOj;Jfshfpa m>
,> v> vd;gd Rl;L vOj;JfshFk;. ,e;j vOj;Jfspd; Jiz nfhz;L
me;j> ,e;j> ve;j> mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb> mg; gf;fk;> ,g; gf;fk;> vg; gf;fk;>
mtd;> ,td;> vtd; vdr; nrhw;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. ,r;
Rl;nlOj;Jfisg; Nghd;W M> V> X vd;gd tpdh vOj;JfshFk; vd;gu;
njhy;fhg;gpau;. njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;Nj ,t;ntOj;Jfs; tpdhf;fshfr;
nray;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf:
mtd; jhd; + M ,uhkd;
mtd; jhd; + V ,uhkd;
mtd; jhd; + X ,uhkd;

mtd; jhdh ,uhkd;?

mtd; jhNd ,uhkd;?
mtd; jhNdh ,uhkd;?

=
=
=

vd tUtijf; fhzyhk;. gpd;du; v> ah vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; nrhy;ypd;

Kjypy; epd;Wk;> M> V> vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epd;Wk;> V
vd;Dk; vOj;J ,U epiyfspYk; tpdhthf tUk; vd;gu; gtze;jpahu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf:
vtd;?> vts;?> vtu;?.
ahtd;?> ahts;?> ahtu;?> ahJ?> ahit?.
Vd;?
vdTk; tUtijf; fhzyhk;.
2. nka;naOj;Jfs;:
capnuOj;Jfisf; Fwpy;> neby; vd xypg;G Kiwf;F Vw;g
gpupj;jpUg;gijg;
Nghd;W
nka;naOj;JfisAk;
ty;ypdk;>
nky;ypdk;>
,ilapdk; vd %d;whfg; gFj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
ty;ypdk; : f; r; l; j; g; w;
nky;ypdk; : q; Q; z; e; k; d;
,ilapdk; : a; u; y; t; o; s;
,k; nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndl;Lk; capnuOj;Jfs; gd;dpnuz;NlhL cwo 216
nka;naOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wtijf; fhzyhk;. vLj;Jfhl;lhf:-

f;
f;

+
+

m
M

= f
= fh

,t; ntOj;Jfs; xypg;G epiyapy; jk; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J

xypg;gijg; gytplq;fspy; fhzyhk;. ,t;ntOj;Jfspd; xypg;G epiyiar;
rhu;e;J gy vOj;Js; jk; khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;J xypj;jhYk; mtw;wpd; tup
tbtk; xd;NwahFk;. eF> ehF> jG> jg;G> tW> tapW> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd;
,WjpapYs;s cfuj;ij xypf;Fk;nghOJ xypg;G Kiwapy; NtWghL
,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. eF> jG> tW> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; cfuk;
Kw;WfukhfTk;
ehF>
jg;G>
tapW
vd;Dk;
nrhw;fspd;
cfuk;
Fw;wpaYfukhfTk; xypg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;nthyp NtWghl;bid xl;br;
rpy vOj;Jfisr; rhu;ngOj;J vd;gu;. njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;Nj Fw;wpaYfuk;>
Fw;wpaypfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;Dk; %d;nwOj;JfisNa rhu;ngOj;Jfshff;
Fwpg;gpl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ed;D}yhu; rhu;ngOj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk;
vd;ghu;. ,r; rhu;ngOj;Jfspd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; khztu;fs; njupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;baJ xd;Wkpy;iy. Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpwF
afuj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs; tUkhapd; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy; jpupe;J
Fiwe;j khj;jpiuAila nrhy;yhf xypf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
thj;J ahuJ thj;jpahuJ
ehL
ahJ ehbahJ
vd
tUk;
nrhw;fisg;
ghu;f;Fk;nghOJ
nghUs;
Gyg;gLtjpy;iy.
thj;jpahuJ vd;gJ MrpupauJ vd;Dk; nghUisf; Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ>
vdNt
gtze;jpahu;
nrhd;d
rhu;ngOj;Jfspd;
tiffisg;gw;wpj;
njupe;Jnfhs;tJ vd;gJ Ntz;lhj xd;whFk;. rhu;ngOj;Jfs; 369 vdg;
gtze;jpahu; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltijf; nfhz;L njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpypUe;J
gtze;jpahu; fhyk; tiuapy; jkpo; nkhopapd; xypg;G epiyapy; gy
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. khw;wk; ,Uj;jy; tsu;r;rpapd;
milahsk; MFk;.
,Jtiu ghu;j;j jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; vitnait nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;
tUk; vd;Wk;> vitnait nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vd;Wk;> vitnait
nrhy;Yf;F <w;wpy; tUk; vd;Wk; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. capnuOj;Jfs;
gd;dpnuz;Lk; f r Q l j e g k a u y t vd;Dk; capu;
nka;naOj;Jfs; gd;dpnuz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk;. q; z; o; s; w; d;

Mfpa
vOj;Jfs;
nrhy;Yf;F
Kjypy;
tukhl;lh.
u;
o;
Mfpa
nka;naOj;Jfisj; jtpu kw;w gjpdhW nka;naOj;JfSk; jj;jk;
vOj;NjhL Nru;e;J tUtJz;L. u; o; gpw nka;fNshLk; Nru;e;J tUjy;
cz;L.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

Nru;jy;> tho;jy;

capnuOj;Jfs;: mwk;> ML> ,iy> <l;b> cuy;> Cu;> vUJ> Vu;> Iak;>
xd;W> Xlk;> xsit.
nka;naOj;Jfs; :
f : fy;> fhy;> fpsp> fPiu> Flk;> $lk;> nfLjy;> Nfs;> ifg;G>
nfhil> NfhL> nfsit (Xir).
r :

rl;b> rhu;jy;> rpupg;G> rPu;> RLjy;> #L> nrf;F> Nrty;>

irif> nrhy;> Nrhu;T> nrsf;fpak;.

Q : Q> Qh> nQ> nQh vd;gd kl;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;

tUk;. Qkyp (eha;)> Qhyk; (cyfk;)> nQfpop (nfhs;spf;
fl;il) nQhs;Fjy; (Fiwjy;) vd;Dk; Qfu tupirapy;
cs;s vOj;Jfis Kjyhff; nfhz;L tUk; nrhw;fs;
,d;W ngUk;ghYk; gz;bju; jkpopNyjhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
l :

lfuk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tuhJ vd;W $wpaJ jkpo;r;

nrhw;fisf; Fwpj;jNj MFk;. lq;fd; Jiuia ,lq;fd;
Jiu vd;Wk; lau; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy ,lau; vd;Wk; by;yp
vd;gij ,by;yp vd;Wk; vOjpdhy; nghUs; khWglhjh?
Mjypd; ,f; fhyj;jpy; lfuk; gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy;
nkhopf;F Kjy; vOj;jhf tUk; vdf; nfhs;f vd;gu; m.
fp. gue;jhkdhu;.

j :

je;ij> jha;> jpid> jPik> Jiz> J}z;> njd;id> Njd;>

ijay;> njhd;ik> Njhy;> njsty; (nfLjy;)

e :

ed;wp> ehL> epyk;> ePu;> Edp> E}y;> ney;> Neu;ik> iee;J>

nehr;rp> Nehf;fk;> nestp.

g :

gd;wp> ghL> gpQ;R> gPL> Gtp> G+l;L> ngz;> Ngij> igad;>

nghd;> Nghij> ngsu;zkp.

k :

kz;> khd;> kpd;dy;> kPd;> Kl;lhs;> %is> nka;> Nkd;ik>

ikak;> nkhl;L> Nkhu;> nksdk;.

a :

akd;> ahid> Afk;> A+fk;> nastdk; vd tUk; afu

tupirapy; gpw vOj;Jfs; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tuh.

u :

,f; fhyj;jpy; ufuKk; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; gpw nkhopr;

nrhw;fspy; tUtijf; fhzyhk;. Kd; fhyj;jpy; ufuk;
nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; te;jhy; mfuk; ,l;Lk; ,fuk; ,l;Lk;
muq;fehjd; ,uq;fehjd; ,uhkhazk; vd vOJtu;. uk;gu;>
uk;gk;> ujk; vd;gtw;iw ,uk;gk;> ,ujk; vd vOj
Ntz;bajpy;iy. ug;gu; vd;gjid ,ug;gu; vd vOjpdhy;
ahrpf;fpwtu; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. vdNt ufuj;jpw;F Kd;
mfuk; ,fuk; ,l;L vOjj; Njitapy;iy.

y :

gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy; tUk; yfuj;ijr; nrhy;Yf;F

Kjypy; tUtjhff; nfhs;syhk;. Nyhfk; vd;gij
cNyhfk; vd vOjpaJ Nghd;W yz;lid ,yz;ld;
vd;Wk; yl;Lit ,yl;L vd;W Y}apgp\iu cY}apgp\u;
vd;Wk; vOJtJ jtW vd;gu;.

t :

tUif> thdk;> tpid>

ntsTjy; vd tUk;.

tPL>

ntsp> Ntiy>

itafk;>

jj;jk; vOj;JfNshL Nru;e;J nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs;

tUkhW:
gf;fk;> mq;qdk;> mr;rk;> kQ;iQ> gl;lk;> fz;zd;> gj;J.
me;epau;> mg;gk;> nka;ad;> gy;yp> nfht;it> gs;sk;> Fw;wk;> md;dk;.
ty;ypd vOj;Jfshd f> r> l> j> g> w> vd;Dk; MWk; nky;ypd
vOj;Jfshd q> Q> z> e> k> d> vd;Dk; MWk; ,d ntOj;Jfshk;.
vdNt nky;ypd vOj;JfSk; jk; ,dntOj;JfNshLk; nrhy;Yf;F
,ilapy; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
rq;fk;> gQ;R> tz;L> fe;jd;> fk;gd;> fw;G.
nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; 23 MFk;. capnuOj;Jfs;
gd;dpnuz;Lk; Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;> vd;Dk;
nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndhd;Wk; nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jfshk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
tps> gyh> fpsp> jP> eL> G+> Nra;> kid> nehNth> ntd
capu;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; te;jd.
cupQ;> vz;> nghUs;> mwk;> kz;> jha;> Ntu;> khy;> njt;> Gfo;> Ks;
Mfpa nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndhd;Wk; nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; te;jd.

xyp khw;wk; :
fhye;NjhWk; xypg;G Kiwapy; gy khWghLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. xUtu;
Xu; vOj;ij cr;rupg;gJ Nghd;W kw;nwhUtu; xypg;gjpy;iy. xUtu; Xu;
vOj;ij xU jlit xypj;jJ khjpup gpwpnjhU jlit xypg;gjpy;iy. ,t;
nthypg;G
khw;wq;fs;
nkhopapy;
ngUFk;nghOJ
mit
epiyngw;W
tpLfpd;wd. ,yf;fz E}yhh; mtw;wpw;F ,yf;fzKk; vOjp tpLfpd;wdu;.
nkhop E}yhu; ,k; khw;wq;fs; nkhop tsu;r;rpapd; milahsk; vd;gu;. ,t;
nthyp khw;wq;fs;gw;wpa mwpT khztu;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaUk; ,itgw;wp capuPw;wpg; Gzupay;> nka;aw
P ;Wg; Gzupay;
Kjypa mjpfhuq;fspy; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhu;. ,t;nthyp khw;wq;fspy; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdtw;wpy; rpy ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
1. Xupdkhjy;:
Xupdkhjy; my;yJ nka; gpwpjhjy; vd;gjid Assimilation vd;gu;
nkhop E}yhu;. xU nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s nka;naOj;jhdJ
mLj;JtUk; nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;jpd; jhf;fj;jhy; khWtij Xupdkhjy;
vd;gu;. tUQ; nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;jpd; jpupjiy tUnkhopj; jpupG vd;Wk;
Kjw; nrhy;ypd; nka;nahypj; jpupjiy epiynkhopj; jpupG vdWk;
,uz;blj;Jk; jpupjiy ,U nkhopj; jpupG vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
tUnkhopj; jpupG:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

epiynkhopj; jpupG:
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

kz; jPJ kz;BJ.

nghd; ed;W nghd;dd;W.

ney; fjpu; new;fjpu;

Gwk; ehD}W GwehD}W

,Unkhopj; jpupG:
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
fy; J}z; fw;W}z;
ey; jha; ew;wha;
2. mir nfly;:
,UNtW nrhw;fs; ,ize;J xypf;Fk;nghOJ mr; nrhw;fis
KOtJkhf xypf;fhJ tpLtJk; cz;L. ,jid mir nfly; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
mUkUe;J md;d mUkUe;j
Mjd;
je;ij Me;ij
G+jd;
je;ij G+e;ij
3. capu; Njhd;wy;:
jkpo; xyp kugpy; ,uz;L nka;nahypfs;jhd; njhlu;e;J tuKbAk;.
,uz;L nka;nahypfSf;FNky; njhlu;e;J tUk;nghOJ ,ilapy; capu; xyp
Njhd;Wk;. ,jid capu; Njhd;wy; vd;gu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
thf;ak; - thf;fpak;@
gj;kk; - gJkk;
vd tlnkhopr; nrhy;iyj; jkpo;gg
; Lj;Jk; nghOJ ,ilNa capnuOj;jpl;L
vOJjy; kuG. ,jid capu; Njhd;wy; vd;gu;.
4. capnuhl;L:
tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpopy; vOJk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fSf;FKd; m>
,> c vd;Dk; capnuOj;Jfisr; Nru;j;J xypg;gjw;F capnuhl;L vd;gu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
af;\d; - ,af;fd;@ up\p - ,U\p

5. capu; nfly;:
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

kUSk; - kUz;k;@ NghYk; - Nghd;k;

6. nka; nfly;:
capnuOj;Jfisg;Nghd;W nka;naOj;JfisAk; xypf;fhJ tpLtJ
fhzyhk;. nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; tUk; f> o> u vd;Dk; vOj;Jfisg;
NgRk;nghOJ ngUk;ghYk; xypg;gjpy;iy. ,jid nka; nfly; vd;gu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
MFk; - Mk;
NghFk; - Nghk;
nghOJ NghJ
mUk;gy; - mk;gy;
cUz;il cz;il.
7. ,lk; ngauy;:
nrhw;fspd; tbtikg;ghdJ Kd; gpd;dhf khwpDk; nghUs; khwhJ
,Ug;gijNa ,lk; ngauy; vd;gu;. ,jid ,yf;fz E}yhu; Nghyp vd;gu;.
,J Kjw; Nghyp> ,ilg; Nghyp> filg; Nghyp vd %tifg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
,y;tha; - thapy;
Ejw;fz; - fz;Zjy;
,y;Kd; - Kd;wpy;
kuEdp - Edpkuk;
tprpwp - rptpwp
fhy;tha; - tha;f;fhy;
rpy nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s k;> y; vd;Dk; vOj;JfSf;Fg;
gjpyhf d;> u;> s;> vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; Nghypahf tUk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
eyk;
mwk;
Fly;
ge;jy;

-----

eyd;
mwd;
Flu;
ge;ju;

rhk;gy;
Rty;
kjpy;
nrjpy;

,t;tpuz;L tpjkhfTk; ,r; nrhw;fis

nghUs; xd;Nw. ,jid nkhop NtWghL vdyhk;.

-----

vOjpdhYk;

rhk;gu;
Rtu;
kjps;
nrjps;
jtwpy;iy.

8. clk;ghL nka;:
,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,izAk;nghOJ Kjw; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp vOj;J
capuhfTk;> ,uz;lhtJ nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;J capuhfTk; ,Ug;gpd;
,t;tpU nrhw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa a> t vd;Dk; nka;fs; te;J mr;
nrhw;fis ,izf;fpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,uz;L capu;fis xypf;Fk; nghOJ

jil Vw;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jidj; jLf;Fk; tifapy; afuk;> tfuk;

tUtijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt> ,t;ntOj;Jfs; clk;gL nka;fs; vd;gu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kzp

moF

kzpaoF
gyh

mUik

gyhtUik
mtNd

mofd;

mtNdaofd;
,uz;L nrhw;fs; NrUk; nghOJ Vw;gLk; xyp khw;wq;fisg; gw;wp
khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwj; njupe;J nfhs;Stjw;Fj;
njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y; #j;jpuq;fis khztu;fs; kdg;ghlk; nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Njitapy;iy. ,uz;L nrhw;fis xypf;Fk; nghONj mr;
nrhw;fspy; Vw;gLk; xyp khw;wj;ijf; fhzyhk;. nrhw;fis ,izj;J
vOJk;NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis ehd;F tifahfg; gpupg;gu;. nrhy;fhg;gpau;
,tw;iw xypj; jpupG vd;gu;. ,uz;L nrhw;fs; Gzu;e;J vOJk;nghOJ
Ntnwhd;W Mjy;> kpFjy;> Fd;wy;> ,ay;ghjy; vd;Dk; ehd;F epiyfSs;
VNjDk; xU epiyapy; xypj; jpupG epfoyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpau; vOj;Jj; jpupG
vd;W $whky; xypj; jpupG vd;W $wpaNj ,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
9. nkhop NgWghL :
glk;> ,lk; vd;Dk; ,t;tpU nrhw;fisAk; ghu;j;jhy; ,t;tpU
nrhw;fSk; ,U NtWgl;l nghUis czu;j;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ GupAk;. g> ,
vd;Dk; ,U vOj;Nj ,q;Fg; nghUs; NtWghl;bidg; Gyg;gLj;j ty;yd.
,t;tpU vOj;JfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa gfu xypad;> ,fu xypad; vd;gu;.
,it Nghd;W Xu; vOj;J NtWgl;lhy; nghUs; NtWghl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
nrhw;fis ehk; fhzyhk;. jkpo; gapYk; khztu;fSf;F ,j;jifa
nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa ,dq; fhzTk; gpioapd;wp vOjTk; gapw;rp ngw
Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;ghf
ufu>
wfu
NtWghl;bidAk;
dfu>
zfu>
NtWghl;bidAk;>
yfu>
sfu>
ofu
NtWghl;bidAk;
njupe;J
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
(1) ufu> wfu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fs;:
muk;
xU fUtp
mup
ntl;L
miu
ghjp> khtiuj;jy;
,uq;F
fUiz fhl;L
,ue;jhd;
ahrpj;jhd;

10

mwk;
mwp
miw
,wq;F
,we;jhd;

jUkk;
njupe;Jnfhs;
tPl;bd; gFjp
fPNo th
nrj;jhd;

,iu
ciu
vup

jPdp
nrhy;
jP

,iw
ciw
vwp

(2) dfu> zfu> efu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fs;:

gzp
Vty;
gdp
jpd;
rhg;gpL
jpz;
fd;dd;
fu;zd;
fz;zd;
vd;dhs;
vd; Ms;
ve;ehs;
<e;jhs;
nfhLj;jhs;
<d;whs;
md;dhs; mts;
me;ehs;
,d;dhu;
,j;jifahu;
,e;ehs;
Cd;
khkprk;
Cz;

flTs;
jiyaiz ciw
tPR

Fspu;r;rp
typik
fpU\;zd;
ve;j ehs;
ngw;nwLj;jhs;
me;j ehs;
,e;j ehs;
czT

(3) yfu> sfu> ofu NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;fs;:

mfyk;
tpupT
mfsk;
jhop
mfy;
ePq;F
mfo;
Njhz;L
,opj;jy;
,wf;Fjy;
,spj;jy; gupfhuQ; nra;jy;
thio
thio kuk;
this
kPd;
tpsp
mio
tpop
fz;
Ntiy
njhopy;
Ntis
fhyk;
myF gwit %f;F@ msF gwitapd; ngz;ghw; ngau;@ moF tdg;G
myW cuf;ff; $g;gpL
msW rpjW
moW NrW
thy; thy;
ths; Ma;jk;
tho; thO
,U tbtk;:
nkhop NtWghL Ngr;R nkhopapYk; vOj;J tbtpYk; fhzf; $ba
xd;W. xU nrhy;iy ,uz;L tifahfTk; vOjyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy
,lq;fspy; Ez;zsthd nghUs; NtWghl;il ,r; nrhw;fspy; fhzyhk;.
Mo;thu;
RURUg;G
gtsk;

Ms;thu;
RWRWg;G
gtok;

Nfhtpy;
ahu;
ahW

11

Nfhapy;
Mu;
MW

Jis

njhis

ahid

Mid

tul;rp

twl;rp

akd;

vkd;

tpau;it

Ntu;it

coWjy;

csUjy;

ahz;L

Mz;L

xypj; jpUj;jk;:
rpyu; nrhy;ypd; mbr;nrhy; gw;wpj; njupahJ gpioAw vOJfpd;wdu;.
,j;jifa jtWfisAk; vOJk; nghOJ fisa Ntz;Lk;. ek;kpy; gyUk;
,j; jtWfisr; nra;tjhy; ,j; jtWfisj; jtwhfNt fUJtjpy;iy.
,Ug;gpDk;
,j;jifa
jtWfisj;
jpUj;jpf;nfhs;s
Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhFk;.
gpio

jpUj;jk;

gpio

jpUj;jk;

mlkhdk;

milkhdk;

Cuzp

CUzp

mlkio

milkio

vz;iz

vz;nza;

,lJ gf;fk;

,lg; gf;fk;

ve;jd;

vd;wd;

ce;jd;

cd;wd;

fj;jupf;Nfhy; fj;jupf;Nfhy;

clik

cilik

fu;g;G+uk;

fUg;G+uk;

rpj;jupf;fpwhs; rpj;jpupf;fpwhs;

Rtw;wpy;

Rtupy;

njhe;jpuT

njhe;juT

ehfuPfk;

ehfupfk;

ehop

ehopif

gjl;lk;

gjw;wk;

taW

tapW

tuT rpyT

tuT nryT

tpdhafu;

tpehafu;

nta;apy;

ntapy;

ntd;dp

nte;euP ;

NjdPu;

NjePu;

NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sit m. fp. gue;jhkhdhu; vOjpAs;s ey;y

jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh vd;w E}ypypUe;Jk; fzgjp gps;is vOjpa gapw;rpj;
jkpo; (Kjyhk; ghfk;) vd;w E}ypypUe;Jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;litahFk;. vOj;Jg;
gpiofs;
tuhkypUf;f
khztu;fs;
,e;
E}y;fspy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s

12

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisj; njupe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. vOj;Jg; gpiofs; tuhky;

,Uj;jw;Fr; rpy topfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mitahtd:
1. gpioaw;w E}y;fisg; gbj;jy;
2. nrhy;ypd; gFjp ghu;j;J vOJjy;
3. nghUs; epidNthL vOJjy;
vdNt> nghUswpe;J vOjpdhy; vOj;Jg; gpiofs; Vw;glh vd;gu; m. fp.
gue;jhkdhu;. ,itNa ey;y jkpo; vOJtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilf;
fhuzpfs; vdyhk;.
jkpo; vOj;jpay; -- tpsf;fg; glk;
jkpo; vOj;Jfs;

xyp khw;wk;

xyp NtWghL

1. ufu> wfu NtWghL

capu;
(12)

nka;
(18)

capu;nka;
(216)

Ma;jk;
(1)

1. Xupdkhjy;

2. dfu> zfu NtWghL

2. mir nfly;

3. yfu> ofu> sfu NtWghL

3. capu; Njhd;wy;

4. ,U tup tbtk;

4. capnuhl;L

5. xypj; jpUj;jk;

5. capu; nfly;
6. nka; nfly;
7. ,lk; ngauy;
8. clk;gL nka;

khztu;
1.
2.
3.
4.

fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:

nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ahit?
nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ahit?
nrhy;Yf;F <w;wpy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ahit?
gpd;tUk; ,izr; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; NtWghl;bidg; Gyg;gLj;jp
mtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; goFf.
muk;
gzp
mfy;
Ntiy

mwk;>
gdp>
mfo;>
Ntis.

,wq;F
md;dhs;
,opj;jy;

13

,uq;F>
me;ehs;>
,spj;jy;>

,iu
<e;jhs;
tpsp

,iw>
<d;whs;>
tpop>

5. gpd;tUQ; nrhw;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpioapidj; jpUj;Jf:

mlkhdk;> ce;jd;> rpj;jupf;fpd;whs;> vz;iz> tuT rpyT> ntd;dp>
NjdPu;.
6. gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fspy; tUk; l> y vOj;Jfs; jkpopy; (nrhy;Yf;F
Kjypy;) vt;thW ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;?
7. jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; fhzg;gLk; xyp khw;wk;> xypj; jpUj;jk;> xyp
NtWghL Mfpad Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit?
8. Xupdkhjy;> nkhopj; jpupG Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit?
9. jkpo; vOj;Jfspd; nghUs; NtWghL Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;f.
Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:
1. m. fp. gue;jhkhdu;

ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?

my;yp epiyak;
19 Kj;J Kjypj; njU>
Ntg;Ngup> nrd;id 600007.
Mwhk; gjpg;G 1978
gapw;rpj; jkpo; (Kjyhk; ghfk;)
njd;GNyhypA+u;> ,yq;if>
Kjw; gjpg;G 1955.
nkhopapay;>
ghup epiyak;> 59 gpuhl;Nt>
nrd;id 1
Kjw; gjpg;G 1960.

2. njd;GNyhypA+u;
K. fzgjpg; gps;is
3. uh. rPdpthrd; vk;. V.

14

ghlk; - 2

nrhy;ypay;
xU tpsf;fk;:
khztu;fSf;F vOj;Jg; gapw;rp vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdNjh mt;tsT
Kf;fpakhdJ nrhw; gapw;rpahFk;. Xu; vOj;jhdJ jdpj;J epd;Wk; my;yJ
gy vOj;JfNshL Nru;e;Jk; xU nghUis czu;j;Jkhapd; mJ nrhy;
vdg;gLk;. vOj;Nj jdpj;Jk; njhlu;e;Jk; nghUs; jupd; gjkhk; vd;W
gtze;jpahu; $WtJk; ,JNt. njhy;fhg;gpau; fhye;njhl;Nl nrhy;ypd; kuG
mwpe;J nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Nghf;F tsu;e;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.
nkhop vd;gJ gy;NtW nrhw;fspd; njhFjpNa. nkhopapd; fz;Zs;s
vy;yhr;
nrhw;fSk;
nghUs;
czu;j;jf;
$badNt.
,jidNa
njhy;fhg;gpaUk;> vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt vd;gu;> ,j;jifa
nrhw;fshdJ kf;fsJ xypg;G Kiwapd;> ,l NtWghl;bd;> jl;gntl;g
epiyapd; fhuzkhfg; gy khWjy;fSf;Fl;gLfpd;wd. rhg;gpl;lhd; vd;W
xUtd; nrhd;dTld; nrd;id khepyj;jpYs;s jkpou;fs; kl;Lky;y
cynfq;fpYk; FbNawpAs;s vy;yhj; jkpou;fSk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
,j;jifa ,ay;ghd nrhw;fis ,aw;nrhy; vdTk; ,lj;Jf;F ,lk;
khWgl;L tUk; nrhw;fisj; jpirr; nrhy; vdTk; tof;fpy; khwp
xypf;fg;gLk; nrhw;fisj; jpupnrhy; vdTk; tlnkhopapypUe;J jkpOf;F te;J
jkpopy; gof;fj;jpy; cs;s nrhw;fis tlnrhy; vdTk; $Wtu;.
ngau;r; nrhy;:
,aw;nrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> tlnrhy; vd;Dk; ehd;F tifahd
nrhw;fisAk; khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,Ue;jhYk;
nrhw;fs; vd;wTld; khztu;fspd; ftdj;Jf;F tuNtz;bad ,uz;L
tifahd nrhw;fshFk;. xd;W ngau;r; nrhy;. ,uz;L tpidr; nrhy;. ngau;r;
nrhy;yhdJ Ntw;Wik AUG nfhs;Sk;. tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ Ntw;Wik
cUG Vw;fhJ. ngau;r; nrhy;yhdJ fhyk; czu;j;jhJ. tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ
fhyk; czu;j;Jk;. ,itNa ngau;r; nrhy;Yf;Fk; tpidr; nrhy;Yf;Fk;
cs;s NtWghLfshFk;. jkpopy; cs;s ngau;r; nrhw;fis ,uz;L
tifahfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
1. nghUis czu;j;Jtd
2. khw;whf czu;j;Jtd
vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

15

nghUis czu;j;Jtd:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

fz;zd;> rhe;jh> epyk;> fhyk;> kfd;> kfs;> ek;gp>

eq;if.
khw;whf tUtd:

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

mtd;> mts;> mtu;> mJ> mit.

jkpopy;
ngau;r;
nrhw;fs;
jpizg;
ghFghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy;
miktdthFk;. ,Nj Neuj;jpy; ngau;r; nrhy;yhdJ ,LFwpahfNth> fhuzg;
ngauhfNth fhuz ,LFwpahfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
,LFwpg; ngau;: fy;> kz;.
fhuzg; ngau;: tapW> if.
fhuz ,LFwpg; ngau;: ehw;fhyp> fhw;whb.
,t;tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngau;r; nrhw;fis nghUs; mbg;gilapy;
nghUl;ngau;> ,lg; ngau;> rpidg; ngau;> gz;Gg; ngau; vdg; gFg;gu;. Xu;
mbr; nrhy;NyhL Mf;f cWGfs; Nru;e;J ngau;r; nrhy;yhtij Mf;fg;
ngau;r; nrhy; vd;gu; uh. rPdpthrd;.
Mf;fg; ngau;r; nrhy;:
ky; mu;
kyu;
,Us; J
,Ul;L
Nrhu; T
Nrhu;T
ngau;r; nrhw;fis> 1. tpidahyidAk; ngau;> 2. njhopw; ngau;> 3.
ghy;gfu; ngau;> 4. fhuzg; ngau; vdTk; gpupg;gu;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

1. tpidahyizAk; ngau;:
mtd; nra;jhd; vd;Dk; njhlupy; nra;jhd; vd;Dk; tpid Kw;whdJ
nra;jhidf; fz;Nld; vd;Dk; njhlupy; tpidahyizAk; ngau;
MfptpLfpwJ.
2. njhopw; ngau;:
tpidahyizAk; ngau;> fhyk; czu;j;Jk;> njhopw; ngau;> fhyk;
czu;j;jhJ. jy;> my;> mk;> I> if> it> F> G> rp> tp> Ts; kw;Wk;

16

,d;Ndhud;d tpFjpfSs; VNjDk; xd;wpidf; nfhz;LtUtJ njhopw; ngau;.

mtw;wpw;Fr; rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
tpidab jy; : nra;jy;
my; : Xly;
if : tUif
G
: kbg;G
F
: Nghf;F

mk; : Nehf;fk;
it : ghu;it
jp
: kwjp
I
: nfhiy

ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; Nru;e;Jk; ngau;r; nrhy;yhjy; cz;L. ,jidg;

ghy;gfu; ngau;r;nrhy; vdyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
nra;J

mtd; nra;jtd;

xU fhuzk; gw;wp tUk; ngau;r; nrhy;iyf; fhuzg; ngau; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
nghd;dd; : nghd;id cilatd;
kuNkwp
: kuk; VWgtd;
rhyp> thd;> khd;> fhud;> fhup te;ju; Kjyhd tlnkhopr; nrhw;fNshL
Nru;e;Jk; ngau;r; nrhy;yhjy; cz;L. ,jidf; fyitr; nrhy; vd;gu;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
thd;
khd;
fhud;
fhup
te;ju;

:
:
:
:
:

jdthd;> ghf;fpathd;
ePjpkhd;> Gj;jpkhd;
gzf;fhud;> Ntiyf;fhud;
gzf;fhup> Ntiyf;fhup> tk;Gf;fhup
nry;te;ju;> jd;te;ju;.

xd;wd; ngau; kw;nwhd;Wf;F Mfp tUtij MFngau; vd;gu;.

jiyf;F ,uz;ldh nfhL vd;gjpy; jiy vd;gJ Misf; Fwpg;gjhy;
MFngau; vd;whapw;W. ,JNghd;W tpdhg; ngau; vdTk;> njhFjpg; ngau;
vdTk; ghFghL nra;ayhk;. ngau;r; nrhw;fisg; gw;wp NgRk;nghOJ jpiz>
ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Ntw;Wik gw;wp tpsf;fKk; khztu;fSf;F XusthtJ
Ntz;Lk;.
jpiz:
jkpopy; ngaUk;
tpidAk; ghy;> jpiz> fhl;Ljy; ngupJk;
tw;GWj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J nkhopapd; mbg;gil ,yf;fzkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
17

Mq;fpyj;jpy; tpidr; nrhw;fspy; ghy; ghFghL ,y;iy. I cut, You cut, They
cut vd tUtijf; fhzyhk;. jpiz vd;gJ xOf;fk; my;yJ ghFghL
vdg;gLk;. cau;jpiz> m/wpiz vdj; jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;.
cau;jpiz : kf;fs;> Njtu;> eufu;
m/wpiz : kuk;> kiy> eha;
,t;tpuz;L jpizf;Fk; ciladthfTk; xU rpytw;iwr; nrhy;yyhk;.
flTs; ,Uf;fpwhu; : rhkp tUfpwhu;
flTs; ,Uf;fpwJ : rhkp ,Uf;fpwJ
ghy; :
ghy; vd;gJk; gFg;G my;yJ gpupT vdg;gLk;. Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;>
gyu; ghy;> xd;wd; ghy;> gytpd; ghy; vdg; ghy; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
cau; jpiz
Mz;ghy; : fz;zd;> mtd;
ngz;ghy; : rPij> mts;
gyu;ghy;
: kf;fs;> gyu;
xd;wd;ghy; : khL> mJ
gytpd;ghy; : khLfs;> mit
vz;:
vz; xUik gd;ik vd ,U tifg;gLk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;lijf;
Fwpg;gJ gd;ik vdg;gLk;.
,lk;:
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if vd ,lk; %tifg;gLk;.

jd;ik:
xUik
ehd;> ahd;

gd;ik
ehk;> ehq;fs;> ahk;> ahq;fs;

Kd;dpiy:
xUik
eP

gd;ik
ePu;> ePq;fs;

xUik
mtd;> mts;> mJ.

gd;ik
mtu;fs;> mit

glu;f;if:

18

xU nghUis xUfhy; tpid Kjyhf;fpAk;> xUfhy; nrag;gL

nghUshf;fpAk;> xUfhy; fUtpahf;fpAk;> xUfhy; Vw;gjhf;fpAk;> xUfhy; ePq;f
epw;gjhf;fpAk;> xUfhy; ,lkhf;fpAk; epw;gjhy; Ntw;Wik vdg; ngau;
ngw;wjha;r; nrhy;Ytu; nja;tr;rpiyahu;. RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; ngau;r;
nrhy;ypd; nghUis NtWgLj;JtNj Ntw;Wik vdyhk;. ,ay;gha; epw;Fk;
ngau;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; tUk;nghOJ mtw;wpd; nghUs; jpupe;J tUk;. ,J
Ntw;Wik. ,g;gbj; jpuptjw;F mwpFwpahfg; ngau;fspd; vOj;JfNsh
nrhw;fNsh Nru;f;fg;gL;. ,t;thW Nru;f;fg;gLk; vOj;JfisAk; nrhw;fisAk;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vd tpsf;Ftu; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;.
Ntw;Wik
Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
1. Kjyhk; Ntw;Wik : cUG ,y;iy.
2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik : I
3. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik : My;> Md;> xL> XL> cld;> nfhz;L.
4. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik : F> nghUl;L> epkpj;jk;> Mf.
5. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik : ,y;> ,d;> ,ypUe;J> epd;W.
6. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
: mJ> MJ> m> cila.
7. Vohk; Ntw;Wik
: ,y;> cs;> ,lk;> Kd;> gpd;> fz;> ghy;> fPo;.
8. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik
: cUG ,y;iy.
tpidr; nrhy;:
ngau;r; nrhy;Yf;Fk; tpidr; nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghlhdJ
kpf Ez;zpaJ. ngau;r; nrhy; fhyk; fhl;lhJ. tpidr; nrhy; fhyk;
fhl;Lk;. ngau;r; nrhy; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;. tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ
Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;fhJ. tpidr; nrhy; gw;wp m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; $Wtij
,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nkhopf;F ,d;wpaikahj cWg;G
tpidr;
nrhy;yhFk;.
tpidr;
nrhy;yhdJ
xU
nghUspd;
Gilg;
ngau;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk;. tpidr; nrhy; njupAk;gbahfthtJ Fwpg;ghfthtJ
fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. ,jdhy; tpidr; nrhy;iyg; nghJthff; fhyf; fpstp
vd;gu;. jkpopy; tpidr; nrhw;fspd; jd;ikfis ed;F mwpe;jhy;jhd;
nkhopapy; ty;ytuhjy; ,aYk;.
tpidr; nrhy;yhdJ njupepiy tpid vd;Wk; Fwpg;G tpid vd;Wk;
,U tifg;gLk;. njupepiy tpidahdJ tpidabiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
Xbdhd; - ,jpy; XL vd;gJ tpidg;gFjpahf
tpidapd; gFjpahdJ ngau;r; nrhy;yhapUf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

19

,Uf;Fk;.

Fwpg;G

nghd;dd; - ,jpy; nghd; vd;gJ ngau;r;nrhy;.

tpidahdJ Kw;W vd;Wk; vr;rk; vd;Wk;
nrhy;yhdJ Kw;Wg; ngw;wpUg;gpd; Kw;W vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fhf;if gwe;jJ.

,Utifg;gLk;.

xU

,jpy; gwe;jJ vd;gJ Kw;Wg; ngw;w epfo;r;rpahjypd; tpidKw;W

(Finitive Verb) vdg;gLk;. fhf;if fupaJ vd;gJ FwpG tpidKw;W.
vr;rk; vd;gJ xU fUj;jhdJ \ nrayhdJ Kw;Wg; ngwhky; ,Ug;gJ.
,J nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. XLfpw Fjpiu ,J
nganur;rk;. (Relative Verbal form) ,jpy; XLfpw vd;Dk; nrhy;
Kw;Wg;ngwhky; Fjpiu vd;Dk; ngau; nfhz;L Kbe;jJ. ,jdhy;> ,J
nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,JTk; njupepiyg; nganur;rk;> Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;>
vd ,U tifg;gLk;. NkYk; cld;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;
vdTk; gpupg;gu;. Mbg; ghbdhs; vd;Dk; njhlupy; Mb vd;Dk; tpidahdJ
Kw;whfg; ngwhky; ghbdhs; vd;Dk; tpidKw;W nfhz;L Kbe;jpUg;gjhy;
tpidnar;rk;
vdg;gLk;.
,t;
tpidnar;rkhdJ
gpwpnjhU
tpidnar;rj;ijAk;> nganur;rj;ijAk;> tpidKw;iwAk;> njhopw; ngaiuAk;>
tpidahyizAk; ngaiuAk; xl;b tUk;. fPNo rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd:

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
Xb te;J epw;fpwhd;

Xb te;j igad;

Xb tpisahLjy;

Xb te;jd;
tpOe;J fple;jhd;

Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; te;J

vd;Dk;
tpidnar;rj;ijj;
jOtp
epw;fpwhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;W nfhz;L
Kbe;jJ.
Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; te;j vd;Dk;
nganur;rj;ijj; jOtp epd;wJ.
Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; tpisahLjy;
vd;Dk; njhopypd; ngaiuf; nfhz;L
Kbe;jJ.
Xb vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; tpOe;jtd;
vd;Dk; tpidahyizAk; ngau; nfhz;L
Kbe;jJ.

20

,t;
tpidnar;rkhdJ
,we;jfhy
tpidnar;rk;>
tpidnar;rk;> vjpu;fhy tpidnar;rk; vd %tifg;gLk;.

epfo;fhy

1. ,we;jfhy tpidnar;rk;:
c> ,> a;> vd;gdtw;iwg; gFjpfshff; nfhz;L tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

nra;J Nghdhd;> Xb Mbdhd;> Ngha; epd;whd;

2. epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk;:
nra vd;Dk; tha;ghL nfhz;L KbAk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:

nra;ar; nrhd;dhd;> Ml tUfpwhd;

3. vjpu;fhy tpidnar;rk;:
,J> ,d;> My;> thd;> ghd; vd;Dk; tpFjpfSs; VNjDk; xd;iwg;
ngw;W tUk;.

vLj;Jf;

fhl;L:

te;jhy; jUNtd;> nra;thd;> GFNtd;> cz;ghd;>

NghNtd;. ,it Nghd;W vjpu; kiwahfTk; J> ky;> Nk vd;Dk;
tpFjpfisf; nfhz;Lk; vjpu;kiw tpidnar;rk; tUk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
fhzhJ

nrd;whd;>

cz;zhky;

Nghdhd;>

cz;zhNk

nfhLj;jhd;.
tpidnar;rq;fisg; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fk; khztu;fSf;F kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. gy thf;fpaq;fis ,izj;J XNu thf;fpakhf
vOJtjw;F tpidnar;r mikg;G cjTfpwJ.
mtd; Xbdhd;> mtd; Mbdhd;> mtd; ghbdhd; vd;Dk; %d;W
thf;fpaq;fisAk; Xb Mbg; ghbdhd; vd xNu thf;fpakhf vOjp tplyhk;.
jkpo; nkhopapy; tpidnar;rq;fs; kpfTk; mw;Gjkhdit. kpf ePz;l
,uhkhazf;
fijiaNah
ghujf;
fijiaNah
tpidnar;rq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp E}W gf;fk; tuf;$ba xNu thf;fpakhf vOjptpl KbAk;.
jd; tpidAk;> gpw tpidAk;:

21

xU nrayhdJ Neupilahfr; nra;gtidr; rhu;e;J tUtJ jd; tpid

vd;Wk;> xUtd; nra;Ak; nrayhdJ mtidr; rhu;e;J tuhky; gpwiur;
rhu;e;J tUtjw;Fg; gpwtpid vd;Wk; tpidiag; ghFghL nra;tu;.
jd;tpid

gpwtpid

jpUe;Jthd;
mikthd;
mlq;Fthd;
ngUfpdhd;
MLthd;
khWthd;
khwpdhd;

jpUj;Jthd;
mikg;ghd;
mlf;Fthd;
ngUf;fpdhd;
Ml;Lthd;
khw;Wthd;
khw;wpdhd;

tpid tiffs;:
tpidr;
nrhy;iy
mJ
czu;j;Jk;
nghUSf;F
tifg;gLj;Jtu;. ,jid Mq;fpyj;jpy; MOODS vd;gu;. xU
gw;wpr; nrhy;tjid tpid epiyAzu;j;jy; vd;gu;.
vLj;Jf; fhl;L: jkpo; cz;L@
mtd; fupad;.

Vw;gTk;
nraiyg;

xU nraiyr; nra;a xUtid VTtJ Vty; tpid vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
el> th Ngh> cz;.
xUtid tho;j;jTk; itaTk; nra;tjid tpaq;Nfhs; tpid vd;gu;.
Vty; tpidNa tpaq;NfhshfTk; tUk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
eP nra;f
eP tho;f

Vty; tpid
tpaq;Nfhs; tpid

xU epge;jidapd; mbahf tUtij fl;lis tpid vdyhk;. ,d;>

,y;> My;> fhy;> Vy;> Mapd; Kjypatw;Ws; xd;W nfhz;Ltupd;> fl;lis
tpidahFk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
tupd; jUNtd;
tUq;fhy; fpilf;Fk;
tUthNay; ey;yJ
Nfl;lhy; fpilf;Fk;.
22

tupy; jUNtd;
tUthNay; fpilf;Fk;
fpilf;Fkhapd; ey;yJ

,J nra; vd tUtij> nra; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpid vdyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
ney; tpisa kio nga;jJ.
Nfhop $tg; nghOJ tpbe;jJ.
nra; tpidAk;> nrag;ghl;L tpidAk;:
Mq;fpyj;jpy; nra;tpid nrag;ghl;L tpid vd ,Utifahd tpid
mikg;Gfs; cz;L.
ehd; ,e;j tPl;ilf; fl;bNdd;.
,e;j tPl;il ehd; fl;bNdd;
vd ,U tifahfj; jkpopy; xU tif tpidkhw;wKk; nra;ahky; nrag;gL
nghUis Kjypy; itf;f KbfpwJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrag;gL nghUis
Kjypy; itj;J mjw;Fr; rpwg;Gf; nfhLf;f ,U vd;w nghUisAila
Jiz tpidfs; Kd;du; mikf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
This house was built by me.
This house has been built by me.
This house is being built by me.
This house is built by me.
vd;W Mq;fpy thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;ghl;Lg; nghUspy; mikjy; kpFjp vd;gu;
uh. rPdpthrd;.
jkpopy; Mapw;W> My; vd;Dk; Jiz
nrag;ghl;L tpidg; nghUs; czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tpidfisf;

nfhz;L

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
Kbe;J Nghapw;W
mJ vd;dhy; cile;jJ.
,it Nghd;Nw nganur;rKk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; nrag;ghl;L tpidr;
nraiy czu;j;Jtijf; fhzyhk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
vOjpd E}y; Ntz;Lk; - nganur;rk;
nrhd;dJ NghJk;
- tpidahyizAk; ngau;.

23

jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; nrag;ghl;L tpid tbtk; ,y;iynad;gJ xU

rpy nkhop E}yhupd; fUj;jhFk;. gL vd;w Jiz tpid nfhz;L
nrag;ghl;L tpidg; nghUis czu;j;JtNj jkpo; tof;fhFk;.
xypr; nrhw;fs;:
nrhy;Yf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; njhlu;G ,Ug;gJ NghyNt xypf;Fk;
XusTf;Fj; njhlu;G ,Uf;fpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wk; cupr; nrhy;iyf;
fzk; xypr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; vdyhk;. cupr; nrhy;yhdJ gz;G>
Fwpg;G Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk; vd;gu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. ,ir
gw;wp mikAk; nrhw;fNs xypr; nrhw;fshFk;. xypr; nrhw;fs; xypf;
Fwpg;GfshfTk; KOr; nrhw;fshfTk; tUtdthFk;.

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
xy;nyd xypj;jJ - xypf; Fwpg;ghf te;jJ.
Ff;$ vd;wJ Nfhop - xypf; Fwpg;ghf te;jJ.
xypr; nrhw;fs; ,ul;bj;Jk;> vd;W> vd vd;Dk; Jiz tpFjpfs; nfhz;Lk;
,y;yhkYk; tUk;. ,tw;iw ,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;gu;.
vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
jljl vd;W jl;bdhd;
klkl vdg; Ngrpdhd;
glglj;jJ
JbJbj;jJ.
xNu nrhy;yhdJ kWKiwAk; Kd; nrhd;djw;F vjpnuhypahf
tUtij vjpnuhypr; nrhy; vdyhk;.
vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
tz;b fpz;b> NrhW fPW> jz;zp fpz;zp> tPL fPL> fe;jy;
fpe;jy;. ,q;Ff; fp> fP vdj; njhlq;Fk; nrhw;fNs vjpnuhypr;
nrhw;fshf te;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;ntjpnuhypr; nrhw;fs;
nghUs; czu;j;jh. rk;gsk; fpk;gsk; vd;Dk; vjpnuhypr;
nrhy;ypy; kl;Lk; fpk;gsk; vd;gJ yQ;rk;> Coy; Mfpatw;if;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
tk;G Jk;G> Xl;il xilry;> rhf;Fg; Nghf;F> nfhQ;r eQ;rk;>
mb jb> mf;fk; gf;fk;> kpr;rk; kPjp> fq;F fiu> jq;F jil>
Ngr;R %r;R> vf;fr; rf;fk;> fpl;lj; jl;l.

24

,q;F Kjy; nrhy;iyj; njhlu;e;J tuf;$ba nrhy;yhdJ

nghUs; czu;j;Jk; nrhy;yhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jid ,izr;
nrhy; vd;gu;.
,it jtpu rpy xypr; nrhw;fs; kpFjpg; nghUis czu;j;JtijAk;
fhzyhk;.
vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
gr;irg; gNry;> fd;dq; fNuy;> nts;is ntNsu;> rpd;dQ; rpW>
jd;de; jdp> Gj;jk; GjpJ> ntl;il ntsp> el;leL> gl;lg; gfy;>
jl;Lj; jil
,ilr; nrhy; :
ngau; tpidr; nrhw;fisr; rhu;e;J tuf;$ba nrhy;Yf;F ,ilr; nrhy;
vd;gu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. ed;D}y; $Wk; ,ilr; nrhy; vy;yhtw;iwAk;
khztu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpakpy;iy. ,Ue;jhYk;
Vfhu ,ilr; nrhy;> Xfhu ,ilr; nrhy;> ck;ik ,ilr;nrhy; Mfpatw;iwg;
gw;wp XusT njupe;J nfhs;StJ eyk;.
vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
ghz;ltUs; jUkNd ey;ytd;
gs;spf;$lj;jpw;Fj;jhNd Nghfpwha;?
fhjNy ngupJ
cau;T
fhkNk ngupJ
,opT

gpupepiy
tpdh

,ijg; NghyNt Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy;yhdJ>

vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
gpr;ir vLf;fNth te;jha;?
ehNdh nra;Ntd;?
ePNah ghbdha;?
ehNah eupNah te;jpUf;Fk;

xopapir
vjpu;kiw
tpdh
Iak;

ck;ikr; nrhy;yhdJ>
vLj;Jf; fhl;L:
%tUk; te;jdu;
ehAk; ,r;Nrhw;iwj; jpd;dhJ

25

Kw;Wk;ik
,opT

Fuq;Fk; VwKbahj kuk;

mz;zDk; jk;gpAk; te;jhu;fs;
ePAk; Ngh> ehDk; tUfpNwd;
jOtpaJ Kjyhd nghUspy; tUk;.

26

cau;T
vz;Zk;ik
,we;jJ

nrhy;ypay; tpsf;fg; glk; - 1

jpid (2)

ghy; (5)

tO (7)

Ntw;Wik (8)

njhif (6)

,lk; (3)

fhyk; (3)

nghJ nkhop

cau; jpiz>

Mz;ghy;

jpiztO

1-Mk; Ntw;Wik

Ntw;Wikj;

jd;ik

,we;j fhyk;

tof;F

m/wpiz

ngz;ghy;

ghy;tO

2-Mk; Ntw;Wik

njhif

Kd;dpiy

epfo; fhyk;

nra;As;

gyu;ghy;

,ltO

3-Mk; Ntw;Wik

ctikj; njhif

glu;if

vjpu; fhyk;

xd;wd;ghy;

fhytO

4-Mk; Ntw;Wik

tpidj; njhif

gytpd;ghy;

kuGtO

5-Mk; Ntw;Wik

gz;Gj; njhif

nrg;GtO

6-Mk; Ntw;Wik

ck;ikj njhif

tpztO

7-Mk; Ntw;Wik

md;nkhopj; njhif

8-Mk; Ntw;Wik

ciuahrpupau;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sgngw;w nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapd; tiuglk; ,J. ,jd; Kyk; nrhy;

gw;wpa

Muha;r;rpapid

vz;

tifahf

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;fs;

vd;gJ

tpsq;Fk;.

gl;lg;

gbg;G

gapYk;

khztu;fs; ,t;ntz; tifahd nrhy;yhuha;r;rptopj; jkpo;r; nrhw;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;thu;fshdhy;

mtu;fs; nkhopj;jpwd; kpf;ftuhf tpsq;Fjy; jpz;zk;.

27

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

nrhy;ypay; tpsf;fg; glk; - 2

jdp nkhop

ngau;>
tpid>
(rhj;jhd;) (cz;lhd;)

njhlu; nkhop

,il>
(kw;W)

cup
(edp)

,Unkhop
(rhj;jhd; czlhd;)

gd; nkhop
(mwk; Ntz;b
murd; cyF
Gupe;jhd;)

khztu; kdjpy; nfhs;sNtz;bad:

1. gpd;tUk; jd;tpidfisg; gpwtpidfshf;fp thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jj;
jUf:
mfy;> mlq;F> mUe;J> ,U> cij> csw;W> XL> nry;> jL> gapy;>
kiw> it.
2. gpd;tUk; gpwtpidg; gFjpfSf;Fupa jd;tpidg; gFjpfis vOjp
mtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jj; jUf:
mwptp> Ml;L> ,zf;F> cUf;F> fhl;L> Njw;W> czu;j;J> Nghf;F>
khw;W> %l;L> tUj;J> tPoj
; ;J.
3. ngauhf;fr; nrhw;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; vOjpg; goF.
4. thd;> khd;> fhud;> fhup> te;ju; - vd;Dk; ,r; nrhw;fspd; mbahfj;
Njhd;Wk; ngau;r; nrhw;fis vOJf:
5. nrag;gL tpidf;Fk; nrag;ghl;L tpidf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; je;J tpsf;F.
6. gpd;tUk; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fis (xypr; nrhw;fis) thf;fpaq;fspy;
mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

28

klkl> jljl> rlrl> ryry> FGFG> rsrs> flfl> glgl>

jsjs> ksks> fyfy> gsgs> NrhNrh> fzfz> lklk>
tltl.
tz;bfpz;b> NrhWfPW> tPLfPL> rk;gsk; fpk;gsk;> ghid fPid>
rl;bfpl;b> NkhU fPU> jz;zp fpz;zp.
7. gpd;tUk; ,dr; nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; nghUs;
Gyg;gLj;Jf:
fq;F fiu> jq;F jil> mf;fk; gf;fk;> kpr;rk; kPjp> Ngr;R %r;R>
vf;fr; rf;fk;> fpl;lj; jl;l> Nfhl;il nfhj;jsk;> gl;lk; gjtp> rl;l
jpl;lk;> mUik ngUik> eiu jpiu> Fg;igf; $sk;> ,d;g Jd;gk;>
jg;gpj; jtwp> cUz;L jpuz;L> fz;l Jz;lkhf> rhf;Fg; Nghf;F.
Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:
1. uh. rPdpthrd;

2. m.fp. gue;jhkdhu;

: nkhop ,ay;>
ghup epiyak;> 59> gpuhl;Nt> nrd;id - 1.
Kjw;gjpg;G 1960.
: ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?
my;yp epiyak;>
19> Kj;JKjyp njU> Ntg;Ngup>
nrd;id 600007.
Mwhk; gjpg;G> 1978.

29

ghlk; - 3

njhlupay;
Xu; mwpKfk;:
vOj;J> jdpj;Njh my;yJ ,ize;Njh nrhy;yhfpwJ. ,r; nrhy;yhdJ
nghUis czu;e;J jdp epiyahf nkhopapy; nray;gl;lhYk; xU
fUj;jpid>
Xu;
vz;zj;ij/mDgtj;ij
ntspaplg;
NghJkhdjhf
,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ. vdNt> xU fhyj;jpy; kdk; gy nrhw;fis
,izj;Jg; ghu;f;fj; njhlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k; Kaw;rpapd; tpisNt
kdpjd; jd; mDgtj;ijr; nrhw;fshy; njhlu; nkhopahf> thf;fpaq;fshf
ntspaplj;
njhlq;fpdhd;.
njhy;fhg;gpak;
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpd;
Kjy;
mjpfhukhfpa
fpstpahf;fk;
vd;Dk;
jiyg;Gf;F
tpsf;fk;
$wpa
nja;tr;rpiyahu;
fpstpahf;fk;
vd;why;
fpstpajhf;fk;
vdTk;>
fpstpajhf;fk;
vd;gjw;Fg;
nghUs;
nrhy;ypdJ
njhlu;r;rp
vdTk;
$wpapUg;gJ ,q;F epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
nkhopg; gapw;rp vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; vOj;jpay;> nrhy;ypay; vd;Dk; ,U
ghlq;fisg; gbj;j khztu;fSf;Fj; njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?> njhlu; nkhop
vd;why; vd;d? vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;fp mtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
njhlupay; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; vOjg; ngw;wNj ,g; ghlkhFk;. jkpopy;
njhluikg;Ggw;wp> njhlupay;gw;wpg; gy nkhop E}y; ty;ytu;fs; gy
E}y;fis vOjpapUe;jhYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gpioaw vOjTk;> GJg;GJ
thf;fpaq;fis
cUthf;fTk;>
gy
thf;fpaq;fspd;
mikg;gpidg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;sTk;
cjtf;$ba
tifapy;
khztu;fSf;nfd
tOjg;
ngw;Ws;s E}y; xd;W$l fpilahJ vdyhk;.
,Ue;jhYk; Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu; vOjpa cau;juf; fl;Liu
,yf;fzk; (Kjyhk; ghfk;) vd;Dk; E}iyAk; njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpg;
gps;is vOjpa gapw;rpj; jkpo; (,uz;lhk; ghfk;) vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,q;F
Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpU E}y;fSk; khztu;fSf;F thf;fpa mikg;Gg;
gw;wpAk;>
thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;Fk;
tifiag;
gw;wpAk;
tpupthfr;
nrhy;Ytijf; fhzyhk;. khztu;fs; ,t;tpU E}y;fisAk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,it jtpu m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; vOjpa ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?
vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s thf;fpa KiwfisAk;> mikf;Fk; tiffisAk;
thf;fpa mikg;gpy; mwpa Ntz;bad> Njb itj;j nry;tk; Kjyhd

30

mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;lhak; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw gbg;gpd; khztu;fs;

nkhopj; jpwNdhL vOj;Jj; jpwd; kpf;ftuhfTk; tpsq;Ftu; vd;gJ cWjp.
thf;fpak; vd;gJ tlnrhy; vd;W Nfl;Fk;NghJ tpag;gilayhk;.
thf;fpaj;jpw;Fj; jkpo;r; nrhy; ,y;iyah? vd;W xUtu; Nfl;fyhk;.
thf;fpaj;ij Kw;Wr; nrhw;nwhlu; vdyhk;. thf;fpak; vd;gNj ngupJk;
toq;fpte;jpUg;gjhy; ehk; mr; nrhy;iy Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhy; jtwpy;iy.
Kw;Wr; nrhw;nwhlu; vd;why; ,d;W mJ gyUf;Fg; Gupahj Gjpuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
thf;fpak; ciueilapy; kpfkpf ,d;wpaikahj gFjpahFk; vd;W m.fp.
gue;jhkdhu; $WtJ nghUj;jNk. thf;fpaq;fspd; mikg;GKiw gw;wpg;
NgRtij nkhop E}y; ty;Yeu; njhlupay; vd;gu;. ciuahrpupau;fSk;
,Unkhopj; njhlu;. gd;nkhopj; njhlu; vdg; NgRtjhy; thf;fpa mikg;Gg;
gw;wp ,dp NgRk;nghOJ nghJthfj; njhlu; vdg; Ngryhk;.
njhlupaiy %d;W tifahfg; gpupg;gu; nkhop E}yhu;.
gpd;tUkhW: 1. njhlu; mikg;G 2. njhlu; Kiw 3. njhlu; ,iaG

mit

1. njhlu; mikg;G:
thf;fpaq;fspy; gytifr; nrhw;fs; rpy xOq;fhd Kiwfspy;
njhlu;e;J epw;fpd;wd. rhj;jhd; cz;lhd; vd;Wk; njhlupy; cs;s ,uz;L
nrhw;fSk; jk;kpy; njhlu;GiladNt. ,ijg; Nghd;Nw ePz;L tsu;e;j
kuj;jpd; Nky; Vwpdhd; vd;Dk; njhlupy; xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; mLj;jpUf;Fk;
nrhy;NyhL njhlu;GilaJ vdf;nfhs;shky; ePz;L tsu;e;j kuj;jpd; Nky;
Vwpdhd; vd;gJ xU njhFjpahfTk;> Fs;s cUtKs;s igad; vd;gJ
xU
njhFjpahfTk;
nfhz;L
nghUs;
czu;fpwhu;fs;.
,j;
njhFjpfSf;fpilNa cs;s cwT vj;jijfaJ vd;gJ xt;nthUtUf;Fk;
njupahtpbDk; gof;fj;jhy; nrhy; njhFjpfspd; mikg;Gf;fs; mtu;fs;
kdj;jpy;
gjpe;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,t;tikg;Gfis
khztu;fSf;F
tpsf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
ngupa ebfd; tpiue;J te;jhd; vd;Dk; njhlupy; ngupa ebfd;
vd;gJ xU njhlu;. tpiue;J te;jhd; vd;gJ ,d;ndhU njhlu;. ,j;
njhliu>
1. ebfd; te;jhd; 2. ngupa ebfd; 3. tpiue;J te;jhd; 4. ngupa
ebfd; tpiue;J te;jhd;.

31

vd tpupj;Jiuf;fyhk;. ,jidf; fPo;f; fhZk; tpsf;fg; glj;jpd; %yk;

mwpayhk;.
ngupa

ebfd;

tpiue;J

te;jhd;

ngupa

ebfd;

tpiue;J

te;jhd;

ngupa
ebfd;
tpiue;J
te;jhd;
xU njhlupy; nrhw;fs; NkNy nrhd;d Kiwapy; xd;iwnahd;W
mLj;jpUf;Fk; epiyapidj; njhluikg;G vd;gu;. ngupa vd;Dk; nrhy;
ebfd; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy mLj;J tUtij mz;ik epiyAWg;G vd;gu;.
rpy Ntisfspy; nrhw;fs; mz;ik epiyapy; njhlu;e;J tUk;nghOJ
nghUs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLtJz;L. Vio murhq;f Copad; vd;Dk; njhlupy;
cs;s nrhw;fisf; fPNo je;Js;s epiyapy; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; khWgLk;.

Vio

murhq;f

Copad;

1. Vio murhq;f Copad;

2. murhq;f Vio Copad;
ciuahrpupau;fshy; Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;lg;gLk; Gyp nfhy; ahid
vd;Dk; njhlUk; ,j;jifaNjahk;. Gypahy; nfhy;yg;gl;l ahid vdTk;
Gypiaf; nfhy;Yk; ahid vdTk; ,UNtW nghUs;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
,g;nghUs;
kaf;fj;ij
ePf;Ftjpy;
khztu;fs;
kpff;
ftdkhf
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. vdNt khztu;fs; njhluikg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;.

32

,t;thW
nrhw;fshdJ
mz;ik
epiyiag;
ngw;W
tUk;
njhluikg;ig mfepiyj; njhlu; vdTk;> Gw epiyj; njhlu; vdTk; gpupg;gu;.
,tw;iwj; njhif epiyj; njhlu; vdf; $Wtu; nja;tr;rpiyahu;.
ahidf; NfhL
nghd; Nkdp
nfhy; ahid
fUq;Fjpiu
vd;gd njhif epiyj; njhlu; vdTk;> rhj;jhd; cz;lhd;> rhj;jid
ntl;bdhd;> cz;L te;jhd; vd;gd njhfh epiyj; njhlu; vdTk;
tpsf;Ftu;.
gbj;j Gytu; Ngrpdhu; vd;Dk; njhlupYs;s gbj;j Gytu; vd;gij
ngau;j;njhlu;
vdyhk;.
ngupa
ebfd;
tpiue;J
te;jhd; vd;Dk;
njhlupYs;s tpiue;J te;jhd; vd;gjid tpidj; njhlu; vdyhk;. Mq;fpy
nkhopaikg;igg; Nghd;W ngauil vd;Nwh tpidail vd;Nwh jdpaikg;G>
jkpopYk; ,y;iy. ngaiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; milfs; gy;Ntwhfj; jkpopy;
cs;sd. mNj Nghy tpidiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; milfSk; rpy cs. ,t;thW
njhlUk; njhluikg;ig milj; njhluikg;G vd;gu;. gz;G mbr;nrhw;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; ngauilfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thW njhlUk; mikg;igg;
gz;Gj; njhif vd;gu; vd;W $wptpl;L> ey;yigad;> mofhd ngz; vd;W
ngauilf;F Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lthu; uh. rPdpthrd;.
,Nj Nghd;W tpidailfshf tUtdtw;Wf;F> Ntfkhf Xbdhd;>
md;ghfg; Ngrpdhd; vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltu;. ,t;tikg;gpid
ngauilj; njhlu; vdTk;> tpidailj; njhlu; vdTk; nrhy;yyhk;.
nkhj;jj;jpy; xU njhlu; \ thf;fpak; vd;gJ ngau;j; njhlUk; tpidj;
njhlUk; ,ize;Nj tuf;$ba xd;W vdyhk;. ,jid nkhop E}yhu; S
NP + VP vd;gu;.
gytifahd thf;fpa mikg;Gfisg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F
Kd;dhy; xU thf;fpaj;jpy; vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhs;StJ mtrpak;.
vOtha; vd;gJ jiyikahd fUj;J vOtjw;F ,lkhf ,Ug;gJ.
gadpiy vd;gJ vOthapd; gaidj; jd;dplj;Nj epiyj;jpUf;fr;
nra;tJ.

33

nraw;gLtjw;F cupajhf cs;s nghUSf;F nrag;gLnghUs; vd;W

ngau;.
gwit $L fl;LfpwJ vd;Dk; thf;fpaj;jpy; gwit vd;gJ
vOthahFk;. Kjypy; gadpiyiaf; fz;L gpbj;J> ahu; vd;W Nfl;lhy;
m/wpiz vOthiaf; fz;L gpbf;fyhk;. gwit vd;d nra;jJ vd;W
Nfl;gjd;%yk; $L vd;gJ nrag;gLnghUs; vdf; fz;Lgpbj;Jtplyhk;. rpy
thf;fpaq;fspy; nrag;gLnghUs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
,uhkd; ele;jhd;.
m. fp. gue;jhkdhupd; vOtha; Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
khztu;fSf;Fj;
NjitahdJ.
vOtha;>
gadpiy>
nrag;gLnghUs;
(,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikapNy ,Uf;Fk; vOtha; njhf;F ,Uf;Fk;) Kjypad
thf;fpa cWg;GfshFk; vd;W $Wtu; Qh. NjtNeag;ghthzu;.
ngau;j; njhluikg;G tifapid vOtha;> gadpiyj; njhluikg;G
vdyhk;. ,JNt ngUk;ghYk; jkpopy; ,Ug;gJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. fz;zd; ey;ytd;
2. fz;zd; ele;jhd;
3. fz;zd; ey;ytdh?
4. fz;zd; tho;f.
vOtha;
gadpiyj;
njhlu;fSk; jkpopy; cs;sd.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Vty;
:
tpaq;Nfhs;
:
tpsp
:
jdpr; nrhw;fs;:
gonkhop
:

njhlu;fspd;

nghUSila

miuFiwj;

th> thUq;fs;> thUk;> tuhNj> thuhjPu;> thuhjPu;fs;.

tho;f> tsu;f.
fz;Nz
ed;wp> tzf;fk;> eyk;.
ghYf;Fk; fhty;> G+idf;Fk; Njhod;.

vOtha; gadpiyj; njhlu;fspy; nghUk;ghYk; vOtha; Kd;dhYk;

gadpiyAk;
mijr;
rhu;e;jdTk;
gpd;dhYk;
miktNj
Kiw>

34

nraw;gLnghUs; mJ eLtpy; epw;Fk;. fPNo cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;L ,ij ed;F

tpsf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. fz;zd; goj;ijf; fbj;Jj; jpd;whd;
1

2. goj;ijf; fbj;Jj; jpd;whd; fz;zd;

1

3. fz;zd; gbj;Jj; jpd;whd; goj;ij

1

4. goj;ijf; fz;zd; fbj;Jj; jpd;whd;

2

vdNt nrhw;fspy; vOtha; gadpiy mikAk; Kiw gw;wp khztu;fs;

njupe;J nfhs;Sj; mtrpak;.
thf;fpaj;jpy; vOthahf epw;Fk; ngaupd; jpiz> ghy;> vz;>
,lq;fSk; gadpiyahf epw;Fk; tpidKw;wpd; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lq;fSk;
xj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ijj;jhd; nkhop E}yhu; ,iaG vd;gu;. cau; jpiz
vOthahf ,Ue;jhy; cau;jpizg; gadpiyAk;> m/wpiz vOthahf
,Ue;jhy; m/wpizg; gadpiyAk; tuNtz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
rhj;jd; cz;lhd;
fkyh Xbdhs;
ez;gu;fs; $bg; NgRfpwhu;fs;
Fjpiu XLfpwJ
tz;bfs; Xlh
rpy rkaq;fspy; nrhw;fspy; jpiz tputp tUtJk; cz;L. mg;gb
tUk; nghOJ mr;nrhw;fspy; kpFjpahf te;Js;s jpizg; nghUSf;F Vw;g
gadpiy KbT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
ehDk; vd; ehAk; nrd;Nwhk;.

35

ehDk; ePAk; mtDk; nrd;Nwhk;.

nghJthf nrhw;nwhlu;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; Kbit xl;b fpstp>
thf;fpak; vdg; gpupg;gu;. xU njhlupy; vOthAk; gadpiyAk; ,ize;J
,Ue;Jk; nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;J KbT ngwhky; ,Ue;jhy; mj;njhlupidf;
fpstp vdyhk;. ,jidf; fpstpak; vd;gu;. Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu;.
fpstpaj;ijg; ngau;f; fpstpak;> nganur;rf; fpstpak;> tpidnar;rf;
fpstpak; vdTk; gpupg;gu;. vd;gJ> my;yJ> vd;W> vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ
vOthiag; gadpiyNahL ,izg;gijg; ngau;f; fpstpak; vd;gu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
Fapy; fhfj;jpd;
vd;gJ
ahUf;Fj; njupahJ
$l;by; Kl;ilapLk;

vOtha;
,izg;Gr; nrhy;
ngau;f; fpstpak;
nganur;rf; fpstpak;:
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
jr;rd; nra;j (ngl;b)
ts;Stu; tFj;j (top)

gadpiy

tpidnar;rf; fpstpak;:
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kio nra;J (gapu; tpisfpwJ)
khztd; gbj;Jj; (NjWfpd;whd;)
Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; gpstpak; gw;wpa ,t;
tpsf;fkhdJ khztu;fSf;F thf;fpaq;fspd; tiffisg; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;s cjTk;.
thf;fpaKk; mjd; tiffSk;:
thf;fpaj;jpid %d;W tiffshfg; gpupg;gu;. mitahtd:
1. jdp thf;fpak;
2. njhlu; thf;fpak;
3. fyit thf;fpak;

36

fjk;g thf;fpak; (Mixed sentence) vd xd;wpidAk; Nru;j;J

thf;fpakhdJ ehd;F tifg;gLk; vd;gu;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
rpytw;iwg; ghlrhiyfSf;nfd tFj;jikj;j ne];/tPy;L KjyhNdhu;
thf;fpa tiffs; fjk;g thf;fpak; vdTk; xd;W tFg;gu;. jkpo; nkhop
gapYk; khztu;fSf;F mk;Kiw rpwpJ Fog;gk; jUtjhFk; vdf;
fUjpaikapd; ,q;Nf Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd K. fzgjpg;gps;is
$WtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fNj.
1. jdp thf;fpak;:
xU vOthAk; gadpiyAk; ,ize;J tuf;$ba thf;fpaj;jpidj; jdp
thf;fpak; vdyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. kapy; MLfpwJ.
2. rhj;jd; te;jhd;.
,j;jdp
thf;fpaq;fisg;
ngauilj;
njhlu;fisAk;>
tpidailj;
njhlu;fisAk; ,izj;Jg; ngupJ gLj;jyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
kay; MLfpwJ.
Xu; mofhd kapy; MLfpwJ.
mofhd kapy; MLfpwJ.
Xu; mofhd Mz; kapy; MLfpwJ.
,k;Kiwapy; xU jdp thf;fpaj;jpid xd;wpf;F Nkw;gl;l epiyapy; tpupj;Jk;
vOjyhk;.
2. njhlu; thf;fpak;:
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jdp thf;fpaq;fs; ,ize;J my;yJ gy
vOtha;fs; xU gadpiyNahL Nru;e;J my;yJ xU vOtha; gy
gadpiyfisf; nfhz;L tUtJ njhlu; thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
ehd; nrd;idf;Fg; NghNdd;. NghdJk; vdf;Ff; fLikahd
fha;r;ry; fz;ljhy; clNd jpy;ypf;F; jpUk;gp tpl;Nld;.
xu; vOthapd; gy tpidfs; njhlu;e;J tupd; mitnay;yhk; Mq;fpyf;
$l;L thf;fpaj;jpy; Kw;WtpidahfNt ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; jkpopNyh mtw;Ws;
,Wjp
tpid
jtpu
Vidanty;yhk;
vr;r
tpidahf
,Uf;fyhk;.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; $l;L thf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJ jkpopYk; $l;L thf;fpakhf ,Uf;f

37

Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epajp ,y;iy

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mtu; $WtJ:

vd;gu;

NjtNeag;

ghthzu;.

,jw;F

Nambi went to School and learnt his lessions.

- Compound Sentence.
ek;gp gs;spf;$lk; nrd;W jd; ghlq;fisg; gbj;jhd;.
- jdp thf;fpak;.
3. fyit thf;fpak;:
fyit thf;fpak; vd;gJ gy thf;fpaq;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J xU
thf;fpakhf miktJ. ,jpy; xd;W Kjd;ik thf;fpakhf / fpstpahf
,Uf;Fk;. kw;wJ rhu;Gf; fpstpahf ,Uf;Fk;. rpy rkak; fyit
thf;fpaj;jpy; xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l rhu;Gf; fpstpfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
$w;Wtd; tUk;

Ntis ahUf;Fk; njupahJ.

rhu;Gf; fpstp

Kjd;ikf; fpstp

,k; %d;W tifahd thf;fpaq;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; Kjiy Nehf;fp

ehd;F tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit gpd;tUkhW:
1. nra;jp thf;fpak;
2. Vty; thf;fpak;
3. tpdh thf;fpak;
4. czu;r;rp thf;fpak;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. kio nga;jhy; ney; tpisAk;
2. ,J ahUila tPL?
3. ehisf;Fg; ghlk; gbj;J th
4. me;Njh> ahd; xU ghtKk; mwpNad;.

nra;jp thf;fpak;
tpdh thf;fpak;
Vty; thf;fpak;
czu;r;rp thf;fpak;

thf;fpaKk; mjd; tiffisAk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;l khztu;fs; xU

thf;fpaj;jpid ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sTk; njupa Ntz;Lk;. jpiz> ghy;> vz;>
,lk;>
fhyk;>
tpdh>
nrg;G
Kjyhd
VO
epiyfspy;
jtwpd;wp
thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;fj; njupa Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;fis mjd; nghUSf;F
Vw;g gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU kdpjdplj;Jk; vz;zKbahj msTf;F
thf;fpaq;fis xUthf;Fk; jpwd; ,Uf;fpwJ. mtw;iwr; nraw;gLj;jg;
gad;gLtNj ,yf;fzkhFk;. vdNt ,g; ghlkhdJ gy tifahd
nrhw;fis cUthf;f cjTk; tifapy; vOjg;gl;lNj jtpu ,g;gbj;jhd;

38

khztu;fs; thf;fpaq;fis xUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjp Kiwg;gLj;jp

vOjg;gltpy;iy. thf;fpaq;fis ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp vOjpdhy; kl;Lk;
NghjhJ. mtw;wpd; nghUz;ik epiyapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; epiyapYk; vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
Kay; ghlk; tbf;fpwJ vd;Dk; njhluhdJ ,yf;fz tOtw;w
nrhy;.
Mdhy;
jkpo;
gbf;fpd;wtu;fs;
,jid
thf;fpak;
vdr;
nrhy;ykhl;lhu;fs;. xU Ntis ,J fijapy;> Gid fijapy; rhj;jpakhf
,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt> nghUz;ik epiyapYk;> thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;f
khztu;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
thf;fpak; - tpsf;fg; glk;

ngauil

nrag;gLnghUs;

mil

ngau;

ngauil

me;jg;

igad;

mil

tpidail

Ntw;WikAUG

ngau;

mbj;jhd;

,e;jg;
igad;
I
(me;jg; igad; ,e;jg; igaid mbj;jhd;)
ghlk; - 4

eilapay; - Xu; mwpKfk;

kuG epiy:
nkhopahdJ Ngr;R nkhop> vOj;J nkhop vd ,U tifg;gLk;. vOj;J
nkhopf;nfd xU kuG cz;L. ,e;j kugpid epidT+l;LtJ ,yf;fzj;jpd;
gzpahFk;. Ngr;R tof;fpy; ehk; kuigg; Gwf;fzpj;Jf;$lg; Ngryhk;. Mdhy;>
,yf;fpaj;jpy; kuig kPwp vOJtJ vd;gJ $lhJ. ,J njhy;fhg;gpau;
tw;GWj;Jk; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. kuG epiy jpupapd; gpwpJ gpwpjhFk;

39

vdTk;> kuG epiy jpupjy; nra;Al;fpy;iy vdTk; kugpaypy; mtu;

$wpaijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. nra;Al;F ,y;iy vd mtu; $WtJ
,yf;fpaj;jpidf; Fwpj;j xd;whFk;. mk; kugpid ,ay;G tof;F vdTk;
jFjp tof;F vdTk; ,U tifahfg; gpupg;gu;.
,ay;G tof;F:
,ay;G tof;fpid> ,yf;fzKilaJ> ,yf;fzg; Nghyp> kUT+ vdTk;
gpupg;gu;.
,yf;fzKilaJ
vd;gJ
nrhw;fs;
,yf;fz
Kiwapy;
gd;gLj;Jjy; vd;gjhFk;. ngau;> tpid vd;Dk; mbg;gilapy; nrhw;fis
mtw;wpd; nghUs; mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gjhFk;. ,yf;fzg; Nghyp
vd;gjid (Grammatical ambiquity) vdyhk;. jP RLk; vd;gjid %d;W
fhyj;Jf;Fr; Nru;j;Jr; nrhy;tJk;> md;gpd; kpFjp fhuzkhf cau;
jpizia m/wpizahfTk;> m/wpizia cau;jpizahff; $WtijAk;
nfhs;syhk;. (rhkp tUfpwJ my;yJ rhkp tUfpwhu;) NghypahdJ xU
nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gpwpnjhU nrhy; tUtjhFk;. xU nrhy;yhdJ kUtp
tUtJ kUc vd;gu;.
,yf;fpa cyfpy;:
,t;thW ,ay;G tof;Fgw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;nghOJ ,yf;fpa
cyfpd; epiyj;Jtpl;l rpy kuGr; nrhw;fisg;gw;wpAk; njupe;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. Fuq;F vd;gjid> fLtd;> ke;jp vd;fpNwhk;. ,Nj tpyq;Ffspd;
,sikg; gUtj;jpd; ngau;fisAk; mtw;wpw;Fupa kuGr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L
Fwpg;gpl;L tUjiyAk; fhzyhk;.
capupdg; ngau;
gwit
mzpy;
gd;wp> Gyp> Kay;> eup
ML> Fjpiu> khd;
ahid
rpq;fk;

:
:
:
:
:
:

,sikg; ngau;
ghu;g;G> gps;is.
gps;is
FUis> Fl;b> gwo.> gps;is.
kwp> Fl;b.
fd;W> Fotp.
FUis

,it Nghd;W kuk; nrbfspd; ngau;fisAk; ehk; ghu;f;fyhk;.

nrhw;nghUs; khw;wk;:
xU nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy nghUl;fSk; gy nrhy;Yf;F xU nghUSk;
,Ug;gd ,yf;fpa cyfpy; kl;Lkpd;wp Ngr;R tof;fpYk; fhzyhk;.

40

xd;wpidr; nrhy;Yjy; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyf; Fwpg;gjw;Fj; jkpopy; 30 f;F

Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltu; Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzu;.
,yf;fpa
cyfpy;
tof;fj;jpy;
cs;s
nrhw;fs;
fhyg;
Nghf;fpy;
tof;fw;wjhfptpLtijAk;
fhzyhk;.
my;yJ
mjw;fhd
nghUis
,oe;JtpLtijAk; fhzyhk;. ,jidr; nrhw;nghUs; khw;wk; vd;gu;. ,J
ehd;F epiyfspy; eilngWk;.
1. cau;T (Elevation)

2. ,opT (Degradation)

3. nghJ (Common)

4. tiuaiw

murd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lkhfpa Nfhapy;

,g;nghOJ
,iwtd;
,Uf;Fk;
,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
jk;gpuhd;> gz;lhuk; Kjypa
nrhw;fspd; ,d;iwa epiy.
gs;sp vd;gJ gLf;ifaiwiaAk;
fy;tp
gapYk;
,lj;ijAk;
Fwpg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
gps;is vd;Dk; nrhy; ,g;nghOJ
xU
tFg;ghiuf;
Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;yhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

jFjp tof;F:
jFjp tof;F vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ngr;R tof;fpy; epiyj;J tpl;l
tof;fhFk;.
,lf;fulf;fy;: nrhy;y Ntz;lhjtw;iw kWj;Jr; nrhy;YjyhFk;.
ff;$]; nrd;W te;Njd; vd;gjidf; fhy; fOtp te;Njd; vdr;
nrhy;YjyhFk;.
,ijNa kq;fyr; nrhy; tof;F vd;gu;. FOcf;Fwp vd;gJ
tpahghupfSf;fpilNa gy tiffspy; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.
Fl;b vd;gijg; ngz; vd;W Fwpf;Fk; gupghi\iaf; fy;Y}up
khztu;fspilNa fhzyhk;.
nkhop eil:
,ay;G tof;Fk; jFjp tof;Fk; ,ize;j kuG topg;gl;l nkhopNa
,yf;fpaj;jpd; rhjdkhfpwJ. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ jdp kdpjdpd; mDgt
ntspg;ghL. jdp kdpjdpd; mDgt ntspg;ghlhdJ fiy tbtk; ngWtjw;F
mtd; gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdNk nkhop. ,e;j nkhop nghJ nkhopapypUe;J

41

khWgl;ljd;W. nghJ nkhopia cs;thq;fpa xd;W. Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy;

gjpthfpapUf;Fk; nkhopNa ,yf;fpa Mrpupaupd; nkhopahFk;. ,jid nkhopg;
gjpg;G vd;gu;.
xU nghUis czu;j;j Xu; Mrpupad; nkhopiaf; ifahSk; jpwNd
mtdJ eilahFk;. xUtdpd; nkhopj; jpwDf;Fk; nkhop eilfFk; cs;s
njhlu;G gpupf;f KbahjJ. nkhopNa eil@ eilNa Mrpupad; vd;gu;. xU
gilg;igg; gbj;jTld; ,J ,sq;Nfhtpd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J fk;gd; eil
vd;Wk;> ,J ghujpapd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J GJikg;gpj;jd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J
jp. [hdfpuhkdpd; eil vd;Wk;> ,J yh. rh. uhkhkpu;jj;jpd; eil vd;Wk;
ek;khy; vg;gbr; nrhy;y KbfpwJ?
eilapay;:
,J xt;nthU MrpupaDf;Fk; xU nkhop eil cz;L vd;gJ
Gupaitg;gjhFk;. ,k;nkhop eil vd;gJ ,ilawhf gapw;;rpapd; nghUl;L
Mo;e;j mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ce;Jjypy;
miktjhFk;. Xu; ,yf;fpa Mrpupadpd; nkhopeilia Muha Nkw;nfhz;l
newpKiwNa eilapay; vdg;gLk;. Stylisti vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ Die
Stylistik vd;Dk; n[u;khdpar; nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ vd;gu;. eilapay;
gw;wpa Muha;r;rpahdJ ,d;W tsu; epiyapNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ. xUtdpd;
eilgw;wpaJ Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;igj; jpwdhAk; Jiwapid tsg;gLj;j
cjTk;.
eilapay; Ma;T:
eilapay; Muha;r;rpapid %d;W epiyfspy; Nkw;nfhs;Stijf;
fhzyhk;.
1. gilg;gpd; rhu;G
2. cUtikg;Gr; rhu;G
3. gilg;Gf;F ntspepyTk; #oy; rhu;G
Kjy; gFjp Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ig xl;baJ.
,uz;lhtJ gFjp gilg;gpd; mikg;G> nkhop gw;wpaJ.
%d;whtJ gFjp gilg;G Njhd;wpa fhyj;Jr; #oy; gw;wpaJ.
,Ue;jhYk; nkhopg; gjpT vdg;gLk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; nkhopiag;
nghUl;Gyg;ghL> tbtk; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. ,jid ntspaPl;L epiyapy;
gilj;jy;> Rl;Ljy; vdTk; nrhy;yyhk;. nkhop eilgw;wpr; nrhy;Ytjw;F
Kd;dhy; eilapay;gw;wp XupU thu;j;ijfs; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

42

jkpopy;:
jkpopy; eilapay; gw;wp E}y;fs; xd;Wk; ntsptutpy;iy vd;W
nrhy;yyhk;. ,Jtiu ,uz;L E}y;fs; kl;LNk te;Js;sd. NrhkNy vd;gtu;
vOjpa tsUk; jkpo; XusT ciueiliag;gw;wpr; nrhy;YtjhFk;. lhf;lu;
kh.
,uhkypq;fk;
vOjpa
Gjpa
ciueil
vd;Dk;
E}y;
ciueiliag;gw;wpaJ. ,it jtpu lhf;lu; n[. ePjpthzd; vd;gtUk;
jpUkiy vd;gtUk; eilapay;gw;wp nkhopE}y; mbg;gilapy; E}y;fs;
vOjpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. eilapay; vd;gJ ftpij> Gid fij> ciueil
gw;wpaJ vd;whYk; gl;lg; gbg;Gg; gapYk; khztu;fSf;F ciueil gw;wpa
Muha;r;rp mwpT ,Ue;jhYk; NghJkhdJ vdyhk;.
nray; Kiwj; jkpo;:
nray; Kiwj; jkpopd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; khztupd; nkhop
eilapid tsk; ngwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. eilapay; gw;wpr;
nrhy;Ytjw;F Kd;dhy; jkpopy; ,Jtiu cUthfpAs;s ciueilg;
Nghf;Ffisg;
gw;wpAk;
khztu;fs;
njupe;J
nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
ciuahrpupau;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;j ciueil xd;W. ,J ,d;W ngUk;ghYk;
jkpo;g; gz;bjj;jpd; ghw;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. kiwkiyabfshy;
Njhw;Wtpj;jj; jdpj; jkpo; eil kw;nwhd;W. ,J XusT nkhopg;gw;W
nfhz;l eil vdyhk;.
nrhy; vd;gjid ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr; nrhy;> tlnrhy; vdj;
njhy;fhg;gpau; ehd;fhfg; gpupg;gu;. xU nkhopapy; Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs;
fyg;gJ ,aw;if. mg;gbf; fyf;Fk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fis nkhop kuGf;Nfw;g
jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhy;fhg;gpaUf;Fk; cld;ghlhd
xd;whFk;. Mdhy;> jdpj; jkpo; thjpfNsh tlnrhw;fis ,g;NghNj ehk
;jil nra;ahtpbd;> jkpo; jd;dpiy nfl;L NtW nkhop Nghy Mfptplf;$Lk;
vd;W $Wtu;.
jkpopy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisr; Nru;g;gjhy; jkpo; jd; ,dpikia
,oe;J tpLtNjhL gy jkpo;r; nrhw;fSk; tof;fpy; ,y;yhky; ,we;J
Ngha;tpLk;. ,jw;F khwhf> cyfpy; capu;g; nghUs; vJTk; gpwtw;wpd;
fyg;gpd;wpj; jdpj;J tho ,ayhJ@ gpwtw;wpdpd;Wk; jhd; ngw;W tsu;jYk;>
jd;Dilatw;iwg; gpwtw;wpw;Fj; je;J tho itj;jYk; cyf ,ay;ghFk;.
capupy;yhjJjhd; jdpj;J epw;Fk;. ,j;jd;ik vy;yh nkhopfSf;Fk; xf;Fk;.
jkpo; nkhop capUld; $baJ. tsUk; ,ay;GilaJ. Mjypd; jd;

43

nrhw;fis cld; thOk; gpwtw;wpw;Fj; jUk; jhDk; gpw nkhopr; nrhw;fisf;

iff; nfhs;Sk; vd;w nfhs;ifis ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
kWkyu;r;rp eil vd;gJ gpwpnjhd;whFk;. ,Jjhd; vy;NyhUk; tpUk;gf; $ba
eilahFk;. ,J fUj;ij czu;j;Jtij Kf;fpakhff; nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.
ciu eil:
jkpopy; trd eil vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;? ,f; Nfs;tpf;Fg; NgRfpw
rhaypNyNa kf;fs; NgRk; vspa Neuhd nkhopapNyNa trdk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jpU b.Nf. rpjk;guehj Kjypahu; Nghd;wtu;fSk;
$Wfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; trdk; vd;gJ epjhdpj;J vOjg;gLtJ@ mtfhrj;Jld;
vOjg;gLtJ MFk;. Ngr;Rf;fspy; NgRk;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; trjpfSk;> gpwTk;
trdk; vOJk;NghJ ,Ug;gjpy;iy vdyhk;. Mjyhy; NgRfpw rhay; vd;gjd;
nghUs; KOikAk; ek; kdj;jpy; nfhs;SNthNkahdhy;> NgRfpw rhaypy;
trdk; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;. NgRfpw rhaypy; ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ vd;w KbTf;Fj;jhd; tUNthk; vd;gu; Nguhrpupau; itahGupg; gps;is.
eilapd; nghUl; Gyg;ghL:
eilapd; nghUl; Gyg;ghl;bid ,U tifffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit
ntspg;gil> Fwpg;G vd;gdthFk;. ntspg;gil vd;gJ nkhop eilapd; Gwj;
Njhw;wk vdyhk;. ,J nrhy;Yf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; Neubj; njhlu;G nfhz;lJ
vspikahdJ. Fwpg;G vd;gJ jkpopy; cs;Siw ctkk; Nghd;wJ.
,yf;fz mikg;Gf;F kPwpa epiyapy;> nghUSf;F Xu; cs;shu;e;j mu;j;jk;
nfhLg;gJ vdyhk;. ,J Mrpupaupd; Mj;khu;j;jg; gz;G nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.
Mrpupaupd; nkhop eilapy; ntspg;gilahfj; Njhd;Wtijj; njupepiy
vdTk;> mzp epiy vdTk; tFf;fyhk;. njupepiy xd;Wk; xd;Wk; ,uz;L
vdr; nrhy;YtjhFk;. mzp epiy vd;gJ <UapUk; XUapuhapd; vdr;
nrhy;YtjhFk;.
eil moF:
trd eilf; fiyapd; ,ay;ig ,uz;L epiyfspdpd;W Nehf;fp ehk;
fw;fyhk;. xUepiy nkhopiag; Gwj;Nj epd;W toq;Ftijg; gw;wpaJ. ,jd;
Nehf;fk; gpioaw;w jpUe;jpa eil vd;W nfhs;syhk;. kw;nwhU epiy
nkhopia mfj;Nj epd;W toq;FtjhFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk; gpwiu trPfupj;jy;
Nghd;w mofhFk;. ,jid mofpa eil vd;Wk; $Wtu;. nrhy;yikg;ig
khj;jpuk; Ma;e;jhy;> xU jpUe;jpa eilNa ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. ,J rhjhuz
kf;fSila Ngr;rpy; ,Uf;Fk; FiwghLfis vq;Fk; Kiwg;gl ePf;Fjyhy;
tpistjhFk;.
Mdhy;>
,t;thW
jpUj;jKw;w
eilapYk;
Nkk;gl;L>
moFilj;jhf trdk; mika Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mg;nghOJ Kd;Nd Fwpj;j

44

Fw;wq;fis ePf;FtJld; MrpupaDf;Fupa Mj;k Fzq;fs; rpyTk; nghUe;jp

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f; Fzq;fs; eil mofpw;F cjTtdthFk; vdgu;
n`u;gu;l;.
eil mofpw;F Ntz;Ltd:
eil mofpw;F Ntz;Ltd:
1. gpioaw;w eil
2. mzp eil.
mzp eil vd;wTld; eilf;Fj; Njitahd myq;fhuk; nra;jy; vd;W
epidj;Jf; nfhz;L ctikfisAk; rpNyilfisAk;> Ntz;lhj myq;fhur;
nrhw;fisAk; tof;fpoe;j nrhw;fisAk;> gad;gLj;JtJ $lhJ. jkpopy;
kuGj; njhlu;fSk;> tsikj; njhlu;fSk;> ctikj; njhlu;fSk; Vuhsk;.
mtw;iw ,lkwpe;J gad;gLj;jpdhy;jhd; eil moF ngWk;. ,J NghyNt
nghUs; njupe;J gonkhopfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,JTk; msT
fle;Jtpl;lhy; nghUl; rpwg;ig ,oe;J tpLk; vdyhk;.
ciueilf;F cupa myq;fhuq;fshfr; rpytw;iwf; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltu;:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

ctik
cUtfk;
vJifAk; NkhidAk;
cau;T etpw;rp
MFngau;
tf;fiz
Kuz;
nka;ik Kuz;
nrhy;Kuz;
rpNyil> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
xypf;Fwpg;G
Nkw;Nfhs;

(Similie)
(Metaphor)
(Hyperbole)
(Metonymy)
(Pun)
(Irony)
(Paradox)
(Oxymoran)
(Pathelic Falley)
(Onametopocia)
(Quotation)

,tw;iw
eilaoFf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Mdhy;
,it
eilapy;
,aw;ifahfg; nghUe;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ifahf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
Vnddpy; gofpa ,aw;if eil NtW. nraw;if eil NtW. ,uz;bw;Fk;
cupa NtWghl;il `h];ypl; ed;whf tpsf;fp ,Uf;fpwhu;.

45

,aw;if eil:
ebg;gpd;wp ,aw;ifahf vOJtJ vd;why; kdjpy; Njhd;wpagb
vOJtJ vd;W epidf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; nrhy;ypd; jpl;gKk;> ciuapd;
J}a;ikAk; ,aw;if eilapy; Ntz;Lk; msT Ntnwhd;wpw;Fk; Ntz;bad
my;y. nghUsw;w Mlk;gur; nrhw;fis ,aw;if eil mwNt xopj;JtpLk;.
,jw;Fk; Nkyhf fPo;ikahd ,ay;Gs;s njhlu;fisAk; nghUj;jkw;W
nefpo;e;J nry;Yk; thrfq;fisAk; FOcf;Fwpfs; vd;W nrhy;yj;jFk;
nrhw;fisAk; Kw;Wk; ,e;eil ePf;fptpLk;. iff;F vl;ba Kjy; thu;j;ijia
,J vLj;Jf; nfhs;Stjpy;iy. nghJ [d tof;fpy; cs;stw;wpy; kdk;
Nghd Nghf;Fg;gb thf;fpaj;jpy;
njhlu;e;J nry;Yk;gb ,J tpLtjpy;iy.
nkhopapd; cz;ikahd kugpidj; njupe;J ,k;kuNghL xj;J> nrhw;fis
thf;fpaj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpAwr; nra;Ak;. cz;ikahd ,aw;if eil vd;gJ
rhjhuzkhd rk;gh\izapy; nrhy; td;ikAila xUtd; thu;j;ijfisj;
njupe;J vLj;J yhtfj;JlDk; Mw;wYlDk; njspTlDk; NgRjy;Nghy
vOJtjhFk;.
,td;
ghz;bj;a
glhNlhgq;fisAk;
gpurq;fg;
ngUtPr;RfisAk; mwNt ePf;fp tpLthd;.
(Nguhrpupau; itahGupg; gps;isapd; nkhop ngau;g;G).

eil tpsf;fg; glk;

nkhopg; gjpT

nghUl; Gyg;ghL

ntspg;gil

tbtk;

Fwpg;G

njupepiy

mzpepiy

46

khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:

1. ,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;Fgw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. nkhop eil vd;gJ ahJ> nkhop eil rpwg;ghf mika
Ntz;Lkhapd; ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j Ntz;ba fUj;Jfs; ahit?
3. nkhop
eil
moFf;F
nkU$l;Lk;
rhjdq;fs;
ahit?
cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
4. eilapd; nghUl; Gyg;ghl;bd; tiffs; ahit? mit ve;j
mstpw;F nkhop eilfF gad;gLfpd;wd?
Jiz Gupe;j E}y;fs;:
1. G. W. Turner: Stylistics, Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondworth, England
1973
2. v];. itahGupg; gps;is: jkpopd; kWkyu;r;rp vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s
jkpopy; trd eil vd;Dk; fl;Liu. etghujp gpuRuhyak;
ypkpnll; jpUney;Ntyp [q;\d; - 1947.
3. NrhkNy : tsUk; jkpo;> ghup epiyak;> 59> gpuhl;Nt> nrd;id-1.

47

ghlk; - 5

eilahf;fk;
re;jpg; gpioapd;wp vOJjy;:
ey;y jkpo; vOJtJ vd;why; vd;d nghUs;? mofhd nrhw;fis
mzp mzpahf mLf;fpg; gpioahf vOJtJ vd;W nghUs;gLkh? ,y;iy.
gpioaw;w jkpopy; ,yf;fz kuG Fd;whJ vOJtJjhd; ey;y jkpopy;
vOJtJ MFk;. typ kpFjy; vd;gJ ey;y jkpo; vOj tpUk;GNthu; mwpe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Ltdtw;Ws; xd;W. ty;nyOj;J kpFe;J tUjiyNa
,yf;fzj;jpy; RUf;fkhf typ kpFjy; vd;gu;.
typ kpFjy;:
,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,izAk;nghOJ ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa r>
r> j> g vd;Dk; ehd;F ty;nyOj;Jfs; kl;LNk kpFk;. ,uz;L nrhw;fspy;
Kjw; nrhy;iy epiy nkhop vdTk; ,uz;lhtJ nrhy;iy tUnkhop vdTk;
nrhy;Ytu;. ,uz;L nrhw;fs; NrUk;nghOJ tUnkhop Kjypy; f> r> j> g
,Ue;jhy; epiy nkhopr; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; Kd; nrhd;d ehd;F capu;
nka; vOj;Jfspd; nka;naOj;jhdJ kpFe;J tUk;. ,jidNa nghJthf
typ kpFjy; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.
me;j igad; me;jg; igad;
epiynkhop tUnkhop
ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ Vd; Ntz;Lk;? vd;W tpdtyhk;. nghUisj;
njspthfTk;
rupahfTk;
czu;tjw;Fk;
jkpo;
nkhopf;Nf
cupa
,d;Ndhiria ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,ijj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. typ
kpFjy; jkpo; nkhopapYk; kiyahs nkhopapYk; fhzg;gLtjd;wp NtW
nkhopfspy; ,y;iy vd;W nkhop E}ywpQu;fs; $Wtu; vd ty;nyOj;J
kpFtjpd; ,d;wpaikahikiar; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltu;. m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;.
,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,ize;jhy; njhluhfpwJ. ,t;thW cUthd
njhluhdJ njhfh epiyj; njhlu; vd;Wk; njhif epiyj; njhlu; vd;Wk;
,Utifg;gLk;.

48

,U nrhw;fs; ,ize;jpUe;J ,t;tpW nrhw;fSf;F eLtpy; vr;

nrhy;Yk; nghUs; nfhs;Sk;nghOJ kiwahJ ,Ue;jhy; mr; nrhw;nwhliuj;
njhfhepiyj; njhlu; vd;gu;. Nfhop $tpw;W vd;gJ njhfhepiyj; njhlu;.
kiwe;J tUtJ njhif epiyj; njhluhFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
CWfha; - tpidj; njhif.
,J CWk; fha;> CWfpd;w fha;> Cwpa fha; vd %d;W fhyj;Jf;Fk;
nghJtha; fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhdJ kiwe;jpUg;gjhy; ,J njif
epiyj; njhluhFk;.
(1) njhfh epiyj; njhlu;:
1. fz;zd; ghbdhd;
2. fz;zh th
3. ghbdhd; fz;zd;
4. gbj;j igad;
5. kw;nwhd;W
6. rhy cz;lhd;
7. Ngh Ngh

2. njhif epiyj; njhlu;:

1. nrbnfhb
2. kiyj; Njhs;
3. nfhy; ahid
4. fUq;Fjpiu
gyh kuk;

5. ahidg; ghfd;
6. ige;njhb te;jhs;

---------------

vOtha;j; njhlu; (fz;zd; - vOtha;)

tpspj; njhlu; (fz;zh tpsp)
tpid Kw;Wj; njhlu; (ghbdhd; - Kw;W)
nganur;rj; njhlu; (gbj;j nganur;rk;)
,ilr;nrhy; njhlu; (kw;W-,ilr; nrhy;)
cupr;nrhy; njhlu; (rhy cupr; nrhy;)
mLf;Fj; njhlu; (Ngh vd;gJ mLf;fp
tUtjhy;)

--- ck;ikj; njhif (nrbAk; nfhbAk;)

--- ctikj; njhif (kiy Nghdw Njhs;)
--- tpidj; njhif (nfhy; vd;gJ %d;W
fhyj;Jf;Fk;)
--- gz;Gj; njhif (fUik gz;G)
--- ,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhif (gyhTk;
kuKk; vdr; rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; nghJg;
ngaUk; ,ize;J tUtjhFk;.)
--- Ntw;Wikj; njhif (ahidia Xl;Lk;
ghfd;)
--- md;nkhop njhif.

NkNyAs;s mWtifahd njhif epiyj; njhlu;fSs; Ntw;Wikj;

njhlu; ePq;fyhfTs;s Ie;J njhlu;fSk; Ntw;Wikay;yhj njhlu;fs; vdg;
nghUs;gLk; my;topj; njhlu; vdTk; miof;fg; ngWk. vdNt> njhif
49

epiyj; njhlu; vd;gJ Ntw;Wikj; njhlu;> my;topj; njhlu; vd ,U

tifg;gLk;. Ntw;Wikj; njhlupYk; Ntw;Wik cUG tUk; njhlu;>
Ntw;Wikj; njhlu; vd;Wk;> Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J tUtij Ntw;Wik
cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhif vdTk; miof;fg;ngWk;. vdNt>
Ntw;Wikj; njhifahdJ gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk;. njhlUk; njhifAk;
gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;Stjhy; re;jpg; gpioapd;wp vOjyhk;.
Vd; kpf Ntz;Lk;?
nrhw;fspd; eLNt ty;nyOj;J ,l;L Vd; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Fr;
rpy mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs; cz;L. nrhw;fs; ,ize;J tUk;nghOJ ,U
nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis cUnghypad; khw;wq;fs; vd;gu;.
,k; khw;wq;fs; xU nkhopf;Fj; Njitjhdh? my;yJ ,k; khw;wq;fs; Vd;
xU nkhopapy; eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nfs;tpfs; vOtJ ,aw;ifNa.
,tw;wpw;F ,uz;L fhuzq;fisr; nrhy;yyhk;. 1. nghUs; NtWghl;bidg;
Gyg;glj;Jtjw;Fk; 2. xypg;G Kiwapid vspikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,k;
khw;wq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
Xlh Fjpiufs;
Xlhf; Fjpiufs;
vd;Dk; ,t;tpU njhlu;fs; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; NtWgl;bUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;. Xlh Fjpiu> ,dp Xlh vdg; nghUs; jUtijAk;> Xlhf;
Fjpiufs; vd;gJ Xlhj Fjpiufs; vdg; nghUs; jUtijAk; fhzyhk;.
xypg;G epiyapYk; Xlh Fjpiufs; vd ,U nrhw;fisAk; gpupj;J
cr;rupg;gjw;Fk; Xlhf;Fjpiufs; vdr; Nru;j;J cr;rupg;gjw;Fk; cs;s
epiyapidg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Kd;dij xypf;Fk; nghOJ Vw;gLk;
ehtirg;ghdJ gpd;dij xypf;Fk; nghOJ Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ehthdJ kpfTk;
vspjhfr; nrhw;fis cr;rupg;gJ fhzyhk;.
kzp moF vd ,uz;L nrhw;fs; ,izAk; nghOJ Kjy;
nrhy;ypYs;s
,fuj;ijAk;
,uz;lhtJ
nrhy;ypYs;s
mfuj;ijAk;
ehthdJ xNu rkaj;jpy; xypf;f Kbtjpy;iy. Vnddpy; ,fuKk; mfuKk;
gpwf;Fkplq;fs; NtWNtW. ,fuk; Edp ehit xl;bg; gpwf;Fk; capnuOj;J@
mfuk; gpd; mz;zj;ij xl;bg; gpwf;Fk; capnuOj;J. vdNt> ehtpw;F
vspjhf ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;L ,t;tplj;jpy; afu clk;gLnka; ,l;L vOJtu;.
kzpaoF vd cr;rupg;gJ ehtpw;F vspjhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt>
Njitahd ,lq;fspy; ty;nyOj;J kpFj;J vOJtJ NjitahFk;.
ty;nyOj;J kpFk; ,lq;fs;:

50

1. m> ,> c> vd;Dk; Rl;L vOj;Jfspd; gpd;Dk;> v vd;Dk;

tpdhntOj;jpd; gpd;Dk; tuf;$ba nrhw;fhsdJ f> r> j> g> vd;Dk;
nka;naOj;jpid Kjypy; nfhz;bUe;jhy; me;j ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.
m igad; mg; igad;
, ngz; ,g; ngz;
v rpwtd; vr; rpWtd;?
2. me;j> ,e;j ve;j vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.
me;j igad; me;jg; igad;
ve;j ngz; ve;jg; ngz;?
3. mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; kpFk;.
mg;gb ghu;j;jhd; mg;gbg; ghu;j;jhd;
,g;gb Nghdhd; ,g;gbg; Nghdhd;
vg;gb nrhd;dhd; vg;gbr; nrhd;dhd;
4. mq;F ,q;F> vq;F vd;Dk; nrhw;fspy; kpFk;.
mq;F nrd;whs; mq;Fr; nrd;whs;
,q;F fpilf;Fk; ,q;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
vq;F Nghtha; vq;Fg; Nghtha;
5. ,dp> jdp> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; kpFk;.
,dp
Nghfyhk;
,dpg; Nghfyhk;
jdp
fl;blk;

jdpf; fl;blk;
6. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik AUG I tpupe;J tUk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; tUk; f> r>
j> g vd;Dk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.
(mtd; I) mtid re;jpj;Njd; mtidr; re;jpj;Njd;
fz;zid ghu;j;Njd; fz;zidg; ghu;j;Njd;
7. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cWG kpf;F tUk;NghJ ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.
(mtd; F) mtDf;F nfhL mtDf;Ff; nfhL
vdf;F jh vdf;Fj; jh

51

8.
Mwhk;
Ntw;Wikj;
njhifapy;
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.
Gyp (mJ) jiy Gypj;jiy
FUtp $L FUtpf; $L

m/wpizg;

ngau;fspd;

gpd;

9. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; kpFtijf; fhzyhk;.

kid (fz;) gpwe;jhu; kidf;fz; gpwe;jhu;
Fb gpwe;jhu; Fbg;gpwe;jhu;
10. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.
japu; (japiuAila) Flk; japu;f;Flk;
fha;fwp fil fha;fwpf;fil
11. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.
gl;L (gl;bdhy; Mfpa) Nriy gl;Lr; Nriy
Nkhu; Fok;G Nkhu;f; Fok;G
12. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.
Foe;ij (Foe;ijf;F) ghy;
Foe;ijg; ghy;
Nfhop jPdp
Nfhopj; jPdp
13. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapy; kpFk;.
tha; (thapd;) ghl;L
tha;g; ghl;L
tpop Gdy;
tpopg; Gdy;
14. XnuOj;J xU nkhopf;Fg; gpd; tUk;
G+

gwpj;jhd;

jP

gpbj;jJ

if
Foe;ij

ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.
G+g; gwpj;jhd;
jPg; gpbj;jJ
iff; Foe;ij

15. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd;

mwpah (j) gps;is

fhzh (j) fhl;rp

Xlh (j)
Fjpiu

gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

mwpahg; gps;is
fhzhf; fhl;rp
Xlhf; Fjpiu

52

16. mfu> ,fu <w;W tpidnar;rj;jpd; gpd; typ kpFk;.

tu

nrhd;dhd;
tur; nrhd;dhd;
nky;y

Ngrpdhu;

nky;yg; Ngrpdhu;
Xb

Nghdhd;

Xbg; Nghdhd;
17. Ma;> Ngha;> Mf> vd vd;Dk;
ghu;g;gjha; nrhd;dhd;
Ngha;
ghu;j;jhd;
,Ug;gjhf nrhd;dhd;
vd
$wpdhd;

tpidnar;rq;fspd; gpd;Dk; typ kpFk;.

ghu;g;gjha;r; nrhd;dhd;

Ngha;g; ghu;j;jhd;

,Ug;gjhfr; nrhd;dhd;

vdf; $wpdhd;

18. td;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.

vl;L

njhif

vl;Lj; njhif
gj;J

ghl;L

gj;Jg; ghl;L
fw;W

nfhLj;jhd;
fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhd;
tpl;L

nrd;whd;
tpl;Lr; nrd;whd;
itj;J

Nghdhd;

itj;Jg;Nghdhd;
ghf;F

jpd;whd;

ghf;Fj;jpd;whd;
19. jpU> eL> KO> tpO> nghJ> mZ Nghd;Ws;s Kw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fis
mLj;J tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.
jpU

njhz;L

jpUj; njhz;L
eL

njU

eLj; njU
KO

Ngr;R

KOg; Ngr;R
tpO

nghUs;

tpOg; nghUs;
nghJ

gzp

nghJg; gzp
mZ

Fz;L

mZf; Fz;L
20. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhifapy; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.
ij

jpq;fs;

ijj; jpq;fs;
rhiu

ghk;G

rhiug; ghk;G
21. ctikj; njhifia mLj;J typ kpFk;.
jhkiu

fz;

53

jhkiuf;fz;

kiy

Njhs;

kiyj;Njhs;

22. l> w vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; ,ul;bj;J neby; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;Jf;Fg;

gpd;Dk; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.
khL >
khl;L

rhzk;

khl;r; rhzk;
tPL >
tPl;L

NrhW

tPl;Lr; NrhW
MW >
Mw;W

jz;zPu;

Mw;Wj; jz;zPu;
fpzW>
fpzw;W

jtis

fpzw;Wj; jtis
23. a> u> o Mfpa vOj;Jfs; <w;whfr;
kpFk;.
ngha;

fhjy;

Cu;

Ngr;R

fPo;

jpir

nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; f> r> j> g

ngha;f; fhjy;
Cu;g; Ngr;R
fPo;j; jpir

24. kfu <w;Wg; ngau;fspYs;s kfu vOj;jhdJ NrUk; ,lj;Jk; f> r> j> g
kpFk;.
ku (k;)

fpis

kuf; fpis
tl;l (k;)
fpzW

tl;lf; fpzW
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfh ,lq;fs;:
ty;nyOj;J kpfhky; tUkplj;ij typ kpfhik vd miog;gu;.
ty;nyOj;ij kpFtpj;J vOjg; gofpa xUtu; fz;l ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk;
ty;nyOj;J ,l;L vOjj; njhlq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;. ty;nyOj;J kpfh
,lq;fspy; ty;nyOj;J kpFtpj;J vOJtJ jtW.
nra;j igad; nra;j igad;
,q;Nf
ty;nyOj;J
kpfhik
Ntz;Lk;.
nra;jy;
vd;Dk;
nganur;rkhdJ igad; vd;Dk; ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbfpwJ. ,jw;Fg;
gjpyhf nra;jg; igad; vd ty;nyOj;J kpFtpj;J vOjpdhy; nghUs; khwp
tpLtij fhzyhk;. vdNt ty;nyOj;J kpfhj ,lq;fisg; gw;wpa
tpsf;fKk; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd xd;whFk;.
1. mJ> ,J> vJ> mit> ,it> vit> md;W> ,d;W> vd;W>
mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid> mt;tsT> ,t;tsT> vt;tsT>

54

mt;thW>
,t;thW>
vt;thW>
gb>
MW
Nru;e;J
tUk;
tpidnar;rq;fs; xU> ,U> mW> vO vd;gJ Mfpa ,r;
nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; tUnkhop Kjypy; f> r> j> g vd;Dk;
vOj;Jfspd; tUf;f vOj;J ,Ue;jhy; kpfhJ.
mJ

vit

vj;jid

vt;tsT

fz;lgb

nrhd;dthW
xU

ngupJ
$tpd
G+f;fs;
nfhLj;jhu;
nra;jhd;
nra;jhd;
nghUs;

mJ ngupJ
vit $tpd?
vj;jid G+f;fs;?
vt;tsT nfhLj;jhu;
fz;lgb nra;jhd;
nrhd;dthW nra;jhd;
xU nghUs;

mj;jid>
vj;jid>
,j;jid
vd;Dk;
nrhw;fspd;
gpd;tUk;
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk;.
mj;Jiz ngupJ mj;Jizg; ngupJ vd kpFtJ fhzyhk;.
Mdhy; mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; tUk;
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfhJ.
2.
gy>
rpy
vd;Dk;
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFtJ ,y;iy.

gd;ik

m/wpizg;

ngau;fspd;

gpd;

gy Ngu;

gyNgu;
rpy ngau;fs;
rpyngau;fs;
Mdhy; ,itNa jk;Kd; jhk; tUfpd;w nghOJ ty;nyOj;J kpFe;Jk;
kpfhkYk; tUjy; cz;L.
gy
rpy

gy
rpy

gygy> gw;gy my;yJ gyg;gy

rpyrpy rpw;rpy my;yJ rpyr;rpy

3. nra;j> nra;fpw vd;Dk; tha;g;ghLfisf;

nganur;rq;fspd; gpd;tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfh.
nra;j
nra;fpw

igad;
njhopy;

55

nfhz;L

nra;j igad;
nra;fpw njhopy;

KbAk;

4. ,ilr; nrhw;fshfpa V> X ,tw;wpd; gpd;Dk; tpdh ,ilr;

nrhy;yhfpa M fhuj;jpd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ ,y;iy.
(mtd; V) mtNd

ghu;j;jhd;
mtNd ghu;j;jhd;
(mts; X) mtNsh

nfhLj;jhs;
mtNsh nfhLj;jhs;
(mtd; M) mtdh

Nfl;lhd;

mtdh Nfl;lhd;
5. tpspg; ngau;fspd; gpd; ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ ,y;iy.
mz;zh

ghu;
mz;zh ghu;
jk;gp

Ngh
jk;gp Ngh
6. xL> XL vd;Dk; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspy; tUk; ty;nyOj;J
kpfhJ.
jk;gpNahL

nrd;whd;
jk;gpNahL nrd;whd;
nghd;dNdhL

Ngrpdhd;
nghd;dNdhL Ngrpdhd;
7. ,Ue;J> epd;W vd;Dk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspd; gpd;Dk;
kpfhJ.
tPl;bypUe;J

nfhLj;jhd;
tPl;bypUe;J nfhLj;jhd;
kiyapdpd;W

fope;j

kiyapdpd;W fope;j
8. mJ vd;Dk; Mwhk; Ntw;WikAUgpd; gpd;Dk; kpfhJ.
fe;jdJ

rl;il

fe;jdJ rl;il
9. tpidj;njhif gpd; kpfhJ.
RL
fhL
RLfhL
CW
fha;
CWfha;
10. <Wnfl;l nganur;rj;ijj; jtpu
ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ fpilahJ.
ngupa

ngl;b

rpwpa

Fjpiu

ey;y

ghk;G

gbj;j

igad;

gbahj

ngz;

56

gpw

nganur;rq;fspd;

ngupa ngl;b
rpwpa Fjpiu
ey;y ghk;G
gbj;j igad;
gbahj ngz;

gpd;

11. nkd;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;J

kpfhJ.
vd;W

$wpdhu;

vd;W $wpdhu;
ed;W

Ngrpdhu;

ed;W Ngrpdhu;
fz;L

nrhd;dhu;
fz;L nrhd;dhu;
te;J

nfhLj;jhd;
te;J nfhLj;jhd;
12. ,ilj; njhlu;> Ma;jj; njhlu;> capu;j; njhlu;> nebw;nwhlu;f;
Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ ,y;iy.
nra;J
v/F
tuF
ehL

nfhz;lhd;
Njhs;

rpwpaJ

ngupaJ

nra;J nfhz;lhd; -v/F Njhs;

-tuF rpwpaJ
-ehL ngupaJ
--

,ilj; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

Ma;jj; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;
capu;j; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;
nebw; nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;

13. mfu <w;Wf; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; kpfhJ.

ngupa
igad;

ngupa igad;
mupa
gzp

mupa gzp
14. my;topf; fz; vOtha;j; njhlupd; gpd; tUk; ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfh.
gy
nfhbaJ
gy nfhbaJ
muh (ghk;G) fbj;jJ
muh fbj;jJ.
15. ,U tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs;
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfhJ.
Rg;gpukzpa
ghujp
Mjp

gftd;
Njr

gf;jp

Nru;e;J

tUe;

njhlu;fspy;

tUk;

Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
Mjpgftd;
Njrgf;jp

16. ck;ikj; njhiff;Fg; gpd; typ kpfhJ.

ahid

Fjpiu

ahid Fjpiu
,uhg; gfy;> Vw;wj; jho;T> Kjypa ck;ikj; njhifr; nrhw;fs; ,jw;F tpjp
tpyf;fhdit.
17. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njif gpd;tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ.
gq;F
gpupj;jhd;
gq;F gpupj;jhd; (gq;ifg; gpupj;jhd;

57

gwit
fdp
jkpo;
ePu;

gpbj;jhd;
jpd;whd;
gbj;jhs;
Fbj;jJ

vd tpupAk;)

gwit gpbj;jhd;

fdp jpd;whd;

jkpo; gbj;jhs;

ePu; Fbj;jJ.

18. td;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fspd; gpd; fs;> jy; vd;Dk;

tpFjpfs; NrUk;NghJ tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjy; rpwg;gd;W. Mdhy;
gpioad;W.
thf;F
fs;
thf;Ffs;
vOj;J
fs;
vOj;Jfs;
$g;G

jy;
$g;Gjy;
fUj;Jfs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> thf;Ffs; thf;Ff;fs;> ghl;Lfs; ghl;Lf;fs;
vd ,U NtW tbtq;fSk; ,d;W tof;fhw;wpy; cs;sd.
m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; vOjpa ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh? vd;Dk;
E}ypYs;s typ kpFk; tpjpfspd; njhFg;G> typ kpfhikf;Fupa tpjpfs;
Kjyhd
mjpfhuq;fspy;
nfhLf;fg;
ngw;Ws;s
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg; ngw;wJ ,g; ghlk;. re;jpg; gpioapd;wp
vOJtJ vd;gJ nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. typ kpFjY;Fk;
typ kpfhikf;Fk; ,q;Ff; nfhLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sij khztu;fs; gbj;Jg;
ghu;j;J mjd; topr; nrhw;fis cUthf;f Kaw;rp nra;thu;fNsahdhy;
nkhopj; jpwd; kpf;ftu;fshf tpsq;Fthu;fs; vd;gJ cWjp.
epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
epWj;jf; Fwpfs;:
fhw; Gs;sp> miug; Gs;sp vd toq;Fk; epWj;jf; Fwpfs; vy;yhk; jkpo;
nkhopf;Fg; GJikahditahFk;. ,tw;wpd; Njhw;wk; kpfTk; rkPgj;Nj>
Nkdhl;bdupd; tUifia xl;bNa epWj;jf; Fwpapidg; gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk;
jkpopy; GFe;jJ. Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;F Kd;du; jkpopy; Vfhu Xfhu
ck;ikfs; epWj;jf; Fwpfspd; gq;fpidr; nra;J te;jd vdyhk;. Mdhy;>
Nkdhl;by; epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F
Kd;Ng gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. mup];NlhNghd]; vd;ghu;. fp. K.
%d;whk; E}w;whz;bdstpy; VNjh xUtifahd epWj;jf; Fwpaikg;G

58

Kiwiaf; ifahz;lhu; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ ehk; ifahSfpd;w

epWj;jf; Fwpfs; 15 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; my;ijd; mr;rfj;jpid
mikj;j my;j]; kDrpa;]; vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;ldthk;. mf;FwpaPl;L
Kiwapid Kjd; Kjyhfj; jkpopy; GFj;jpf; ifahz;l ngUik> ey;Y}u;
MWKf ehtyu; mth;fisr; rhu;e;jjhFk; vd;gu; K. fzgjpg; gps;is.
>
@
:
.
?
!

..

*
.
( )
[ ]

fhw; Gs;sp (Comma)

miug; Gs;sp (Semicolon)
Kf;fhw; Gs;sp (Colon)
Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (Full Stop)
tpdhf; Fwp (Question Mark)
czu;r;rpf; Fwp (Interjection Mark)
,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Double Quotation)
xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Single Quotation)
njhlu; tpLghl;Lf; Fwp
tpLFwp (Dash)
cLf;Fwp (Star Mark)
jdpepiyj; njhlu;f;Fwp (Parenthesis)
gpiwf;Fwp (Brackets)
gfu mikg;Gf; Fwp (Brackets)

fhw;Gs;sp: (>)
1. nrhw;fis tupirg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;Yk;nghOJk; xt;nthU
nrhw;fisg; gpupj;J vOJk;nghOJk;.
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;git cWjpg; nghUs;fshk;.
2. ,izahf tUtdtw;iw Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ.
,d;gKk; Jd;gKk;> tpUg;Gk; ntWg;Gk; ,y;yhjtNd cz;ikj;
Jwtpahthd;.
3. thf;fpaj;jpy; xU vOthAk; gy gadpiyAk; Nru;e;J tUk;nghOJ
jd; fztd; nfhiyAz;L ,we;jhd; vd;W Nfl;l fz;zfp
nghq;fpnaOe;jhs;> tpk;kpdhs;> fyq;fpdhs;.
4. Mdhy;> Mifahy;> mjdhy;> MfNt> ,dp> NkYk; Kjyhd
,izr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;Dk;.

59

nra;As; gbg;gjw;Fr; rpwpJ fbdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. vdpDk;> mJ

ekf;Fj; jdpikapy; ,dpik jUfpwJ.
5. tpspg; ngau; tUk; nghOJ.
jk;gP> ehk; tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghfyhk;.
6. Kftupapy; ngaUf;F mLj;Jk;> gl;lj;Jf; ,WjpapYk;.
m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;> vk;. V.>
7. Mq;fpyj; Njjp KiwapYk;.
Vg;uy; 1> 1979.
8. Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpf;F Kd;.
fz;zd; jdJ ez;gidf; fz;lJk;> ,d;W khiyapy;
tUfpwhah? vd;W Nfl;lhd;.
miug;Gs;sp: (;)
1. thf;fpaj;jpy; xNu vOthahdJ gy gadpiyfisf; nfhs;Sk;
nghOJ ,ilapYs;s gadpiyfSf;F miug; Gs;sp ,Ljy;
Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj tho;f;if> Xu; MW@ Fsk; md;W.
2. Vnddpy;> Vndd;why; Kjyhd fhuzf; fpstpfSf;F Kd;.
ehd; ,d;W Ngrkhl;Nld;@ Vndd;why; vdf;Fj; njhz;il rupapy;iy.
3. xU thf;fpaj;jpy; gy rpW thf;fpaq;fs; ,Ue;J KOf; fUj;ijr;
nrhy;Yk; nghOJ.
kzk; mwpe;jij kiwj;Jg; ngha; nrhy;yhNj@ nrhd;dhy; kdNk
tUe;Jk;.
4. xd;Wf;F khwhd fUj;ijf; nfhz;l rpW thf;fpaq;fs; ,ize;J
xU fUj;jpid tpsf;Fk; nghOJ>
fw;wty;y mwpQu;fs; mlf;fkhapUg;gu;@ fy;yh %lu;fs; Muthuk;
nra;tu;.

60

Kf;fhw; Gs;sp: (:)

1. thf;fpaj;jpy; $wpa xd;wid tpupj;Jf; $Wk; nghOJ>
vOj;J ,U tifg;gLk;: xd;W capnuOj;J> kw;nwhd;W
nka;naOj;J.
2. Kf;fhw; Gs;spAld; Nfhbl;L vOJtu;.
gpio jpUj;Jf: 3. Nkw;NfhSf;F ,ilNa
jpUf;Fws; mjpfhuk; 8 : 6
4. xU fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; nghOJ.
xd;iwf; $u;e;J rpe;jpf;f> E}y;fisg; gbj;Jg; goF: mJNt
fy;tpf;F kpfTk; Ntz;LtJ.
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp: ( . )
1. thf;fpa Kbtpy;.
eP ntspNa Ngh.
2. nrhw; FWf;fj;jpd; NghJ.
fp. K.> fp. gp. (fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;> fpwpj;J gpwe;jjw;Fg;
gpd;)
tpdhf; Fwp: (?)
ghLgl;lhy; gyd; ,y;yhky; NghFNkh?
cdf;Fg; nghWg;G VJ?
czu;r;rpf; Fwp: (!)
jk;gp cd; ehit mlf;fpg; NgR!
Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpfs;: (. ..)
xUtu; $Wtij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nghOJ ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;
FwpapLtJk;> xU Nkw;NfhSf;Fs; tUk; gpwpnjhU Nkw;Nfhisr; nrhy;Yk;
nghOJ xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpapid ,LtJk; tof;fk;.
ehd; Ngha; tUNtd; vd;whd;.
cyf tho;f;if Jd;gNk epiwe;jJ vd;Dk; nfhs;if cz;ikf;Fk;
cj;jpf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjd;W vd;gij mf; fl;Liuapy; jpU. kzptz;zdhu;
ep&gpj;Js;shu;.

61

njhlu; tpLghl;Lf; Fwp: ( ..)

xU njhlu; tpLgl;bUe;jhy;.
md;gu;fNs. NfSq;fs;
mtd; ngau; ahd; $wkhl;Nld;.
jdpepiyj; njhlu;f; Fwp: (..)
xU thf;fpaj;jpy; mjNdhL njhlu;gpy;yhj jdp
njhlu;gpy;yhj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ.
ez;gh ck;ikf; fz;lJk; --- xspahkw; nry;YfpNwd;.
vdf;F ntl;fk; te;J tpl;lJ.

thf;fpaq;fs;

milg;Gf; Fwpfs;: ( [ ] { })
1. xU nghUis tpsf;Fk; nghOJ.
FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; Fd;W (kiy) fhzg;gLk;.
2. Mq;fpyj; njhlu;fis vOJk; nghOJ.
milg;Gf; Fwpfs;. (Brackets)
cLf;Fwp: (*)
mbf;Fwpg;Gf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,f;Fwpiag; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
gl;lg;gbg;gpy; gapYk; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd epWj;jf; Fwpfisg;
gw;wpAk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; ghq;fpidAk; XusT RUf;fpa Kiwapy;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;fpy; vOjg;gl;lJ ,g; ghlk;. ,J
nghUk;ghYk; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; vOjpa ey;y jkpo; vOj Ntz;Lkh?
vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s epWj;jf; FwpfSk; jtWfSk; vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
njd;GNyhypA+u;
K. fzgjpg; gps;is vOjpa gapw;rpj; jkpo; (,uz;lhk;
gjpg;G) vd;Dk; E}ypYs;s epWj;jf; Fwpfs; vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpidAk;
Jizahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ ,J. epWj;jf; Fwpfisj; jtwhfg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; nghUNs khwptpLtij m. fp. gue;jhkdhu; gytplq;fspy;
Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. eP gok;> ghf;F> ntw;wpiy thq;fp th.
2. eP gok; ghf;F> ntw;wpiy thq;fp th.
vd;Dk; njhlu;fisf; ftdpj;jhy; nghUs; NtWgl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
vdNt> epWj;jf;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ jtwpd;wpg; gad;gLj;j

62

Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ mit nkhopf;F Xu; moifj; ju

Ntz;Lk;.
jd; $w;wpidAk; gpwu; $w;wpidAk; gad;gLj;Jk; ghq;F
jd;$w;Wk; gpwu; $w;Wk;:
kf;fs; ciuahLk;nghOJ NgRk; Ngr;rpid ----- ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
xd;W> xUtu; Ngr;rpid ----- mtu; NgrpagbNa ----- jd;ik ,lj;jpw;F Vw;g --- mDgtpj;Jf; $WtJ. mq;qdk; $Wtij Neu;f; $w;W> jd; nkhop jd;
$w;W> vd;gJz;L. kw;iwaJ> xUtu; Ngr;rpid nghUs; khWglhjgb ---glu;f;if ,lj;jpw;F Vw;g ---- khw;wpaikj;Jf; $WtJ. ,q;qdk; $Wtij>
maw; $w;W> may; nkhop> gpwu; $w;W vd;gJz;L vd> jd; $w;Wk;
gpwu; $w;Wk; gw;wp K. fzgjpg; gps;is tpsf;Ftij ehk; kdjpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; nkhopapy; jd; $w;Nw kpFjpahf tof;fpYs;sJ. jd; $w;Wk;
gpwu; $w;Wk; rpy Ntisfspy; ---- Vd; ngUk;ghYk; ---- NtWghbd;wpNa
jkpou;fs; vOjp tUfpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; khztu;fs; ,j; jtwpidf; fisa
Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
1. fe;jh ghlk; gb vd;whu; Mrpupau; ---- jd; $w;W.
fe;jidg; ghlk; gbf;fr; nrhd;dhu; Mrpupau; ---- gpwu; $w;W
2. mtd;> ehd; gbg;Ngd; vd;whd; ---- jd; $w;W.
mtd; jhd; gbg;gjhff; $wpdhd; ---- gpwu; $w;W.
jd;$w;W> gpwu;$w;W thf;fpaq;fspy; nrhw;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fisg;
gw;wpa njspT khztu;fSf;F Ntz;Lk;. $w;Wfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisf;
fPo;f; fhZkhW tupirg; gLj;jyhk;.
jd; $w;W \ gpwu; $w;W:
ehd; ---- jhd; \ vd; vd;Dila ---- jd; jd;Dila \ eP ---- ehd;>
mtd;> ,td; \ cd; ---- vd; jd; \ mtd; ---- eP> mtd;> ,td; \ eP> mtd;>
,td; \ ,J> ,it ---- mJ mit \ ,q;Nf ---- mq;Nf ,d;W ---- md;W \
ehis ---- mLj;j ehs;> kW ehs; \ New;W ---- Kjy; ehs;.

63

,k; khw;wq;fis
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

khztu;fs;

cupia

Kiwapy;

vOJk;nghOJ

fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bad:

re;jpg; gpiofs; vd;why; vd;d?
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpFk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
ty;nyOj;Jfs; kpfh ,lq;fis tpsf;Ff.
epWj;jf; Fwpfis Vd; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;? tpsf;Ff.
njhifepiyj; njhlu;> njhfhepiyj; njhlu;: Fwpg;G tiuf.
ey;y jkpo; vOJjy; vd;why; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.
jd;$w;iwg; gpwu; $w;whf khw;wp vOJk; nghOJ ftdj;jpy; ,Uj;j
Ntz;bad ahit?

64

ghlk; - 6

gpio jpUj;jk;
nkhop eilg; gapw;rp ---- 1
RUf;fk;:
xypKiwf; Fog;gk; jtpu;j;jy; ---- nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; ,ilapYk;
,WjpapYk; tUk; vOj;Jfs; ---- nrhw;fspilNa Vw;gLk; Fog;gk; jtpu;j;jy; --- nrhw;fspd; Xir ,irtha; tUk; Fog;gk; ---- rpy nrhy; ,izfs; ---ntz;zPuh nte;euP h? ---- Kbg;Giu ---- tpdhf;fs;.
ey;y jkpo; vOJtjw;F nkhop eilg; gapw;rpAk; Jiw nkhopg;
gapw;rpAk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;Ndhk;. nkhopiag; gpioapy;yhky; vOjTk;>
kaf;fk; ,y;yhky; vOjTk;> ,dpik Nru;j;J vOjTk; fw;gNj nkhop
eilg;gapw;rp. ,e;jg; gapw;rpiag; ngWk;NghJ> ekJ nkhop eil mdpik
cilajhf miktNjhL> nrwpTk; njspTk; cilajhfTk; mikfpwJ.
vOj;Jg; gpioAk;> nrhw; gpioAk;> nrhw;nwhlu;g; gpioAk; ,y;yhky;
mikAk; NghJjhd; nkhopeil rPuhdjhf mikfpwJ. vdNt> ekJ
thf;fpaq;fspy; Vw;glf; $ba vOj;Jg; gpiofis ePf;fp> nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
mwpe;J gad;gLj;jp> kaf;fkpy;yhjjhf thf;fpaq;fs; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xypf; Fog;gk; ePq;f:
vOj;Jg; gpio Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> xU nrhy;ypy;
vOj;Jfs; mike;J epw;Fk; Kiwikiag; gw;wpa (,yf;fz) kuG
njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ekJ nkhopapy; ,Uf;fpd;w rpy vOj;Jfshy;
mikAk; nrhw;fis> mtw;wpd; nghUs; NtWghl;Lld; czu;eJ
; nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> muk;> mwk; vd;W ,uz;L nrhw;fs;@ kdk;> kzk;
vd;W ,uz;L nrhw;fs;@ miy> mio> mis vd;W %d;W nrhw;fs;.
,tw;iwg;Nghy; rw;Nwwf;Fiwa xNu xypAk; tbtKk; cila nrhw;fisf;
ifahSk;NghJ gpio Vw;gl tha;gG
; s;sJ. ,J ekJ Ngr;Rg; Gof;fj;jhy;
Vw;glf;$ba gpio. NgRk;NghJ rw;Nw jLkhw;wk; ,Ue;jhy; Nfl;gtu;fs;

65

mt;tsthf ,ijg; nghWl;gLj;j khl;lhu;fs;. kio vd;gij kis vd;Wk;>

gok; vd;gij gsk; vd;Wk;> tPuk; vd;gij tPwk; vd;Wk; cr;rupg;gtu;fs;
cz;L. jkpo; ehl;bd; rpy ,lq;fspy; jpUtpoh vd;gijj; jpUtp\h vd;Wk;
nrhy;Ythu;fs;. thiog; gok; vd;gij thag; gok; vd;W nrh;YNthUk;
csu;.
Ngr;R nkhopapYk; ,it gpioNaahk;. vd;whYk;> mq;Nf NgRfpd;wtu;
vij; Fwpf;fpwhu; vd;gJ vspjhfg; Gyg;gl;LtpLtjhy;> fUj;ij czu;e;J
nfhs;tjpy; ngupa Fog;gk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy;> vOj;J nkhopapy;
,j;jifa Fog;gq;fs; Vw;glhjgbg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mwk; nra
tpUk;G vd;gij muk; nra tpUk;G vd;W vOjpdhy; nghUNs Ntwhfp
tpLfpwJ my;yth? (mwk; vd;why; jUkk; my;yJ ey;y fhupak; vd;W
nghUs;. muk; vd;whNyh ,Uk;G Kjypa cNyhfq;fis cuhtpj;
Nja;g;gjw;F cupa fUtp vd;W nghUs;.)
,j;jifa vOj;J (xyp)f; Fog;gj;ij ePf;Ftjw;Fr; rpy topfs;
cs;sd. ciueil my;yJ ftpijg; Gj;jfq;fisg; gbg;gjhy; nrhw;fSf;F
cupa rupahd nghUs; ek; neQ;rpy; epiyf;fpwJ. ekf;Fj; njupe;j my;yJ
ehk; mt;tg;NghJ Nfl;fpw nrhw;fspy; ,g;gbg;gl;l xyp xw;Wik cila
nrhw;fis xUq;F itj;J epidj;Jg; ghu;j;jhYk; ekf;Fj; njspT
Vw;gLfpwJ.
gapw;rp:
gpd;tUk; ,izr; nrhw;fspd; NtWghL
jdpj;jdp thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; goFf:
mupjy;
cup
vup
fiu
jpiz
ghzk;

mwpjy;
cwp
vwp
fiw
jpid
ghdk;

,uq;fy;
Cuy;
Vup
fup
Giz
thdk;

Gyg;gLk;gb

mtw;iwj;

,wq;fy;
Cwy;
Vwp
fwp
Gid
thzk;

gpd;tUk; Kk;ikr; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; NtWghL njupAk;gb mit

xt;nthd;iwAk; jdpj;jdp thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jg; goFf:-

66

,iy
cyT
fpyp
typ

,is
csT
fpsp
tsp

,io
coT
fpop
top

ciy
xyp
jiy
tiy

cis
xsp
jis
tis

cio
xop
jio
tio

,tw;wpy; ve;jr; nrhy;Yf;fhtJ nghUs; njupahtpl;lhy;> jkpo;

mfuhjp my;yJ jkpo; - jkpo; - Mq;fpy mfuhjpapd; Jiz nfhz;L
njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfs;:
ekJ nkhop gy fhykhfg; Ngrg;gl;Lk; vOjg;gl;Lk; tUfpw nkhop.
,jdhy; ,e;j nkhopf;F vd;W rpy eilKiw kuGfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
,yf;fzf;fhuu;fs; kf;fspd; Ngr;rpypUe;Jk; vOj;jpypUe;Jk; ,e;j kuGfisf;
fz;lwpe;J njhFj;Jj; je;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
xU nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfs; vit> nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W NrUk; vOj;Jfs; vit> nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk;
vOj;Jfs; vit vd;Dk; tptuk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,ijj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy;
ekJ nkhop MSikapy; Vw;glf;$ba gy gpiofisj; jtpu;j;Jtplyhk;.
goq;fhyj;jhu;> ek;kplk; cs;s (capUk; nka;Akhfpa) Kg;gJ
vOj;Jfspy;
21
vOj;Jfs;jhd;
nrhw;fspy;
Kjypy;
tUk;
vd;W
fzf;fpl;lhu;fs;. 12 capu; vOj;JfSk;> f> r> Q> j> e> g> k> a> t
vd;Dk; 9 nka; vOj;JfSNk nrhw;fsp;d Kjypy; tUk; vd;gJ mtu;fspd;
fzf;F. mjhtJ> jkpopy; ve;j xU nrhy;Yk; ,e;j ,Ugj;jpNahU (21)
vOj;Jfspy; xd;iwj;jhd; njhlf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J ekJ
gioa ,yf;fz E}yhfpa njhy;fhgg;gpak; jUfpd;w fzf;F.
,ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,itfNshL q vd;Dk; vOj;ijAk; Nru;j;J
nrhw;fSf;F
Kjypy;
tUk;
vOj;Jfs;
,Ugj;jpuz;L
(22)
vd;W
nrhy;Ythu;fs;. mq;qdk;> ,q;qdk; Kjyhd nrhw;fspy; cs;s qdk;
vd;gjpy; ,g;gb tUtjhff; fUjpdhu;fs;. ed;D}y; vd;Dk; ,ilf;fhy
,yf;fzk; ,e;jf; fUj;ijr; nrhy;YfpwJ.
,f;fhyj;jhu;> NkYk; rpy vOj;Jfs; nkhopf;F (nrhy;Yf;F) Kjypy;
tUtjhff; fz;lwpe;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. njhyfhg;gpak;> ed;D}y; Mfpaitfspy;

67

cs;s tpjpg;gb k> z> u> y> s> o> w> d vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; ve;jr;
nrhy;ypYk; Kjypy; tuf;$lhJ. ,g;NghJ ekJ kf;fspd; Ngr;rpYk;
vOj;jpYk; ,e;j tpjp khwptpl;lJ. lau;> lkhuk;> yl;L> ug;gu; Kjyhd
nrhw;fs; ekJ kf;fspilNa kpFjpahf toq;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;ld. vdNt>
,g;NghJ nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;jfspd; njhif ,Ugj;jp ehd;fhf
(24) cau;e;Jtpl;lJ. (capu; vOj;Jfs; 12> nka; vOj;Jfspy; f> r> Q> l>
j> e> g> k> a> u> y> t vd;Dk; 12).
Kd;ngy;yhk;> jkpopy; rpy vOj;Jfis Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs;
,y;iy> mg;gbg;gl;l xypfis Kjyhf cila Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs;
tUk;NghJ> mtw;wpd; Kd;dhy; m my;yJ , vd;Dk; capu; vOj;ijr;
Nru;j;J vOJtJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. uhkrhkp vd;gij ,uhkrhkp vd;W
vOJthu;fs;. yl;Rkzd; vd;gij ,yl;Rkzd; vd;W vOJthu;fs;. uq;fk;
vd;gij muq;fk; vd;W vOJthu;fs;.
,g;NghJ> ,g;gb vOJtjw;F tha;g;G ,y;yhky;> kpFjpahd nrhw;fs;
jkpopy; te;J toq;fj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. mtw;Wf;F m> , nfhLj;J
vOjpdhy; nghUl; Fog;gk; Vw;gLfpwJ. rhd;whf lau; vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr;
nrhy;iy ,lau; vd;W vOjpdhy; nghUNs khwpg; NghfpwJ. ug;gu; - ,ug;gu;>
yl;L - ,yl;L> yhup - ,yhup> uhl;bdk; - ,uhl;bdk; Kjyhd nrhw;fSk;
,t;thNw.
,e;jf; Fog;gq;fisf; ftdpj;j Nguhrpupau; m. fp. gue;jhkdhu;
mtu;fs; ,dpNky; l> u> y vd;Dk; vOj;JfisAk; nrhw;fSf;F Kjypy;
tUk; vOj;Jfshff; nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhu;. mtu; vOjpa ey;y jkpo; vOj
Ntz;Lkh? vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpy; ,e;j tptuk; cs;sJ.
nrhw;fSf;F Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jfisg; gw;wpa tpjpapd; kpf
Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jfs; cz;L. capu; vOj;Jfs; jhkhf nrhy;ypd; Kjypy;
tUk;. mzpy;> MW> ,iy> <if> czT> Cl;lk;> vopy;> Vw;wk;> Iak;>
xOq;F> Xu;ik> xsit vd;gd Nghy nka;naOj;Jfs; jhkhf nrhy;ypd;
njhlf;fkhf tukhl;lh. mit VjhtJ Xu; capu; vOj;NjhL Nru;e;J (capu;
nka; vOj;J) jhd; nrhw;fSf;F Kjypy; tu Ntz;Lk;.
nka;naOj;Jfs; capNuhL Nru;e;Nj nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk;NghJ>
ve;nje;j nka;naOj;Jfs; ve;nje;j capu; vOj;JfNshL Nru;e;J Kjypy;

68

tUk; (ve;jnje;j capu;fNshL Nru;e;J Kjypy;

,yf;fzq;fs; njspthf tpsf;fp tptupf;fpd;wd.

tuhJ)

vd;gij

ekJ

f> r> j> g> k vd;Dk; nka;naOj;Jfs; vy;yh capu; vOj;JfNshLk;

Nru;e;J nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;. fdp> fhjyp> fpis> fPw;W> FWk;G> $l;lk;>
nfl;b> Nfs;tp> ifg;G> nfhil> NfhL> ft;T Kjypad Nghy. Mdhy; Q>
a> t Kjypa rpy nka; vOj;Jfs; nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUnkd;whYk;
vy;yh capu;fNshLk; mit Nru;e;J (nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy;) tUtjpy;iy. Q
tupirapy; Qkyp> QhapW> QpkpW> nQz;L vd;Dk; rpy capu;nka;fNs
nrhy;ypd; njhlf;f vOj;jhf tUfpd;wd. kw;wit tUtjpy;iy. a
tupirapYk; ap> aP> na> Na> ia> nah> Nah Kjypa vOj;Jfs; nkhopf;F
Kjypy; tukhl;lh.
,e;j tptuq;fisj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy; ehk; gpiofs; nra;a
khl;Nlhk;. New;W vd;gij NQw;W vd;Wk;> NehQ;rhd; vd;gij NQhQ;rhd;
vd;Wk; vOj khl;Nlhk;. ,iy vd;gij aiy vd;W vOj khl;Nlhk;. xd;W
vd;gij nahd;W vd;W vOj khl;Nlhk;. tPL vd;gij T+L vd;W vOj
khl;Nlhk;. vOj;jpNy kl;Lky;y ekJ Ngr;rpNy$l ,j;jifa nfhr;ir
vOj;Jfs; Clhlkhl;lh. vOj;jhYk; Ngr;rhYk; ekJ vz;zq;fis
kw;wtu;fSf;Fr; nrg;gkhfj; njuptpg;gjw;F cupa xU fUtpjhNd nkhop?
,ilapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs;:
nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa tUk; vOj;Jfisg; gw;wpAk; jpl;ltl;lkhd
tpjpKiw cz;L. ve;j vOj;ij mL;J ve;j vOj;J tUk;@ ve;j vOj;Jf;Fg;
gpwF ve;j tOj;J tuhJ vd;gij vy;yhk; me;j (,yf;fz) tpjp ekf;Fj;
njspthfr; nrhy;YfpwJ.
jkpopy; cs;s gjpndl;L (18) nka; vOj;Jfspy; u;> o; vd;Dk;
,uz;Lk; xNu nrhy;ypy; ,ul;bj;J tukhl;lh. mjhtJ u; te;jgpd;> mNj
nrhy;ypy; NkYk; xU u; mij mLj;J tuhJ. o Tk; mg;gbNa. xU
ofuj;ij mLj;J kw;nwhU ofuk; tuhJ. mg;gbr; nrhw;fNs jkpopy;
fpilahJ.
,e;j vOj;Jfisj; njhlu;e;J (mLj;J) NtW vOj;Jfs;
tUk;. mjhtJ Nru;jy;> Xu;ik> tho;jy; vd;gd Nghy tUk;.

kl;LNk

Vida gjpdhW (16) nka; vOj;JfSk; jj;jk; vOj;NjhL ,ul;bj;J

tUk;. gf;fk;> mq;qdk;> cr;rk;> kQ;iQ gl;lk;> tz;zk;> gj;J> nre;epwk;>

69

mg;gh> mk;kh> nka;ad;> ney;yp> mt;it> cs;sk;> Kw;wk;> rpd;dk; vd;gd

vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,tw;wpy; ,uz;lhtJ tUgit f> q> r> iQ> ep Kjypa
capu;nka; vOj;JfNsahdhYk;> mit tUk;NghJ mNj nka; vOj;J
tUtjhfNt nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. capu;nka; vOj;jpNy Kjypy; nka; vOj;J
(f; m f@ k; m k) jhNd ,Uf;fpwJ?
nka; vOj;Jfis ty;ypdk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) nky;ypdk; (q;> Q;>
z;> e;> k;> d;)> ,ilapdk; (a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;) vd;W gpupj;J ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
ty;ypd
nka;
vOj;ij
mLj;J
kw;nwhU
nka;
vOj;J
tuhJ.
(capu;nka;jhd; tUk;) tf;g;> kpf;r;ru;> Kg;j; vd;gd Nghy nka;fs; ,ize;J
jkpopy; nrhw;fs; tUtjpy;iy.
,e;j tpjpKiwfisj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy;
vd;nwy;yhk; gpioahf vOj khl;Nlhk; my;yth?

Kaw;r;rp>

mjw;f;F

,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs;:

jkpopy; xU nrhy; ve;nje;j vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L KbAk;> ve;nje;j
vOj;Jfs; nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tukhl;lh vd;gJk; Kf;fpakhf epidtpy;
nfhs;sj; jf;fJ. gd;dpuz;L capu; vOj;JfSk;> Q;> z;> j;> k;> d;> a;> u;>
y;> t;> o;> s; vd;Dk; gjpNdhU (11) nka; vOj;JfSk; Fw;wpay; cfuKk;
nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk; vOj;Jfs;.
,tw;wpy; capu; vOj;J vd;gJ jdp capnuOj;jhfTk; tuyhk;@
nka;NahL Nru;e;j capu;nka; vOj;jhfTk; tuyhk;. (capu;nka; vOj;jpy;> f;
, fp vd;gJ Nghy; capu; vOj;J xypjhNd filrpapy; epw;fpwJ?) M>
X Kjyhd tpag;Gr; nrhw;fspYk; msngilapYNk capu; vOj;J nrhy;ypd;
filrpapy; tUk;. kw;nwy;yh ,lq;fspYk; nka;naOj;NjhL Nru;e;Nj capu;
vOj;J nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk;.
nka; vOj;Jfspy;> NkNy Fwpj;j gjpndhd;Wk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy;
tUk; vd;gJ $lg; gioa Kiwjhd;. ,g;nghOJ mtw;wpy; rpy vOj;Jfs;
nrhy;ypd; filrp vOj;jhf tUtjpy;iy.
cupQ;> nghUe;> njt; vd;gd Nghd;w nrhw;fs; Kd;G gof;fj;jpy;
,Ue;jd. ,g;NghJ ,e;j vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L KbAk; nrhw;fs; mjpfk;
toq;Ftjpy;iy. vdNt> jdp nka;fshf nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; ,Ug;git d;>

70

k;> a;> u;> y;> o;> s;> d;> vd;Dk; vl;L vOj;JfNs. (fz;> mwk;> nka;> Cu;>
fhy;> Kd;> kPd;).
F> R> L> J> G> W vd;Dk; MW vOj;JfSk; gy ,lq;fspy; KO
cr;rupg;G ngwhky; xyp Fiwe;Nj tUk;. mtw;iwNa ehk; Fw;wpay; cfuk;
vd;fpNwhk;. ,itAk; nrhy;ypd; filrpapy; tUk; vd;gJ jkpopd; kuG.
nrhw; Fog;gk; ePf;fy;:
vOj;Jfisf; ifahs;tJ NghyNt> nrhw;fisf; ifahs;tjpYk;
ekf;Fj; njspT Ntz;Lk;. z> d vOj;Jfspy; Fog;gk; Vw;gl tha;g;G
,Ug;gJ NghyNt> rpy nrhw;fspYk; Fog;gk; Vw;gLtJz;L. gbe;jhd;
vd;gjw;Fk; gbj;jhd; vd;gjw;Fk; nghUspy; njhlu;Ng ,y;iy. fbe;jhd;
vd;gjw;Fk; fbj;jhd; vd;gjw;Fk; njhlu;Ng ,y;iy.
xU vOj;J khWjy;$lr; nrhy;ypd; nghUspy; ngupa khWjy;fis
Vw;gLj;jptpLfpwJ vd;gij ehk; kdj;jpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mope;jJ>
mopj;jJ vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; xNu nghUs; cilait Nghyj;
Njhd;wpdhYk; ,tw;why; Fwpf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpapy; El;gkhd NtWghL
cs;sJ. mope;jJ vd;why;> jhNd rpije;jJ vd;W nghUs;. mopj;jJ
vd;why;> VNjh xd;W (kw;nwhd;iwr;) rpijj;jJ vd;W nghUs;. ,tw;wpy;
mope;jJ vd;gijj; jd;tpid vd;Wk; mopj;jJ vd;gijg; gpwtpid
vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpNwhk;.
rpyNghJ> fpl;ljl;l xNu Xir cila nrhw;fspy; Fog;gk; Vw;gLtJk;
cz;L. Jfpy; vd;gJk; Japy; vd;gJk; xypapy; neUf;fkhf ,Ue;jhYk;
nghUspy; NtW Ntwhdit. Jfpy; vd;gJ Jzp> Japy; vd;gJ cwf;fk;.
Nta;jy; vd;gijAk; Nka;jy; vd;gijAk; rpyu; khw;wpf; ifahz;L tpLtu;.
$iu Nta;e;jhd; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhff; $iu Nka;e;jhd; vd;W nrhd;dhy;
vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;? ML khLfs; Gy;iy NkAk;> kdpjd; $iu Nta;tjw;Fg;
gjpyhf mij Nkayhkh?
iky; vd;gJ xU ePl;ly; msT> kapy; vd;gJ xU gwit. ngl;biaj;
jpwe;jhd; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhfg; ngl;biaj; Jwe;jhd; vd;W vOjptplf;$lhJ.
Jwe;jhd; vd;why; tpl;Ltpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhd; vd;W nghUs;. cw;whu;
cwtpdiu tpl;Ltpl;Lr; rhkpahuhfg; Ngha; tpLfpwtidj; Jwtp vd;W
nrhy;YfpNwhk; my;yth? Jwe;jtd; Jwtp.

71

nrhy; ,izfs;:
,uz;L nrhw;fis ,izj;J xU Gjpa nrhy;iy cz;lhf;Fk;NghJ
rpy gpiofs; Vw;gLtJ cz;L. ekJ filg; gyiffspYk; nra;jpj;
jhs;fspy; tUk; tpsk;guq;fspYk; eak; Cj;Jf;Fsp ntz;iz mry;
Njq;fha; vz;nza; vd;gd Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ,jpNy
cs;s ntz;iz> vz;iz vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; gpioahf vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
ntz;ik> nea; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J ntz;nza; vd;W
MfpwJ. mij ntz;iz vd;W vOjf;$lhJ. vs;> nea; vd;Dk; ,uz;L
nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J vz;nza; vd;W MfpwJ. mij vz;iz vd;W vOjf;
$lhJ.
ntz;iz vd;gJ ntz;ik iz vd;W gpupAk;> mjw;Fg; nghUs;
fpilahJ. mNj Nghy vz;iz vd;gJ vs; iz vd;W gpupAk;. ,jw;Fk;
nghUs; vJTk; fpilahJ. vdNt Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fis KiwNa
ntz;nza;> vz;nza; vd;Nw vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;.

nte;epj; jz;zPuh?
,tw;iwg; Nghd;w NtW rpy $l;Lr; nrhw;fSk; cz;L. ntd;dPu;>
nrd;dPyk; vd;nwy;yhk; rpyu; vOJthu;fs;. ,it nte;ePu;> nre;ePyk; vd;Nw
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ntk;ik> ePu; vd;W ,uz;L nrhw;fshy; MdNj nte;ePu;
vd;Dk; $l;Lr; nrhy;. ,e;jr; nrhw;fs; ,izAk;NghJ ntk;ik vd;gjpy;
cs;s filrp vOj;J ePq;fpg; NghFk;. ntk;> ePu; vd;w nrhw;fNs epw;Fk;.
mJ ntk; ePu; vd;W Mfp> cr;rupg;G vspikf;fhf nte;euP ; vd;W MfpwJ.
nre;ePyk; vd;w nrhy;Yk; nrk;ik> ePyk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fshy; MdJ.
mit ,izAk;NghJ nrk; ePyk; vd;W Mfpr; nre;ePyk; vd;Nw mika
Ntz;Lk;.
nte;euP ; vd;gijr; RL jz;zPu; vd;Nw rpyu; vOJthu;fs;. jz;zPu;
vd;why; Fspu;e;j ePu; vd;W nghUs;. vdNt RL jz;zPu; vd;why; ntg;gkhd
Fspu;e;j ePu; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. mg;gb ePu; fpilahJ. jtpuTk; ,q;Nf ehk;

72

Fwpg;gpl tpUk;GtJ RL ePu; vd;Dk; nte;ei

P uNa. #lhf ,Uf;fpd;w ePiu
ntg;gkhd Fspu;r;rpahd ePu; vd;W nrhy;yf; $lhjy;yth?
,d;Dk; gy Ngu;> xU gb NkNy nrd;W nte;epj;jz;zp vd;ghu;fs;.
mjhtJ nte;ePu; jz;zPu; vd;fpwhu;fs;. mg;gb vd;why; Rlitj;J Mw
itj;j ePu; vd;W nghUs; (#lhf ,Uf;fpw) nte;ePiu ,g;gbf; Fog;gkhd
nrhw;fshy; Fwpf;ff; $lhJ my;yth?
epidtpNy nfhs;Sq;fs;:
vz;iz my;y> vz;nza;@
ntz;iz my;y> ntz;nza;@
ntd;dPu; my;y> RL jz;zPu; my;y> nte;epj; jz;zPUk; my;y> mJ
nte;euP .;
Kbg;Giu:
fpl;lj;jl;l xNu tpjkhd xyp cila vOj;Jfisj; njspthfg;
gapd;W mtw;why; Vw;gLk; nghUs; NtWghl;il czu Ntz;Lk;. fpl;ljl;l
xNu tpjkhd Xir cila nrhw;fis Ms;tjpYk; ftdk; Ntz;Lk;.
nrhy;ypd; KjypYk; eLtpYk; tuf;$ba vOj;Jfs; vitnait vd;gij
mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jtwhd nrhy;yhl;rpfisf; nfhQ;rk; Cd;wpf;
ftdpj;J mtw;wpd; mikg;igj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ekJ
nkhopeilg; gapw;rp tsk; ngWfpwJ. ehk; ifahSk; Ngr;R nkhopapYk;
vOj;J nkhopapYk; rpwe;j nrg;gk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:

1. gpd;tUk; nrhy; ,izfspd; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;gb jdpj;jdpNa
thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J vOJ.
(m) Ntiy> Ntis (M) Fiu> Fiw (,) ,iy> ,io (<) xyp>
xsp (c) vz;iz> vz;nza;>
2. nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk; ,ilapYk; tUk; vOj;Jfisg; gw;wpa
njspT nkhopeilg; gapw;rpapy; ve;j msT cjTfpwJ?
3. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fspd; gpwtpid tbtj;ij vOJf:
vOe;jhd;> tpOe;jhd;> Xbdhd;> tzq;fpdhd;> fw;whd;;.
4. nte;epj; jz;zPu; vd;gJ gw;wp xU Fwpg;G tiuf.

73

ghlk; - 7

Fog;gk; ePf;Fjy;
nkhop eilg; gapw;rp 2
RUf;fk;:
kuig ,og;gjh? ---- capupdq;fspd; Fuy; ---- nray; mbg;gilapy;
nrhw;fs; ---- cUtKk; gUtKk; ---- ,iy> Xiy> kly; ---- nrhy;
gQ;rkpy;iy ---- MZk; ngz;Zk; ---- Fl;bfs; FQ;Rfs; ---- njhLf;fth
fl;lth? ---- tpdhf;fs;.
kuig ,og;gjh?
jkpo; nkhop nrhy; tsKila nkhop. gy E}w;whz;Lfshfg; gapd;W
tUfpd;w nkhop. vdNt> El;gkhd fUj;Jfis tpsf;Fk; Mw;wy; jkpOf;F
cz;L. MapDk;> ek; kf;fspNy gyUf;F nkhopapy; Nghjpa gapw;rp ,y;iy.
mb kdj;jpd; tpisthd xU ke;jeilg; Nghf;Fk; ekJ tho;tpd;
midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; glu;e;J fplf;fpwJ. ekJ Ngr;R nkhopapYk;> ,e;j
ke;jeil
xUtpjkhd
kaf;fj;ij
cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
vdNt>
gyupd;
nkhopeil Nghjpa jpl;g El;gj; njspT ,y;yhky;> typTk; ngypTk; ,oe;J
fplf;fpwJ.
eype;j
clYf;F
Cl;lk;
Nru;gg
; jw;F
clw;gapw;rp
Njitg;gLfpwJ. mJ NghyNt nkhop eilf;F Cl;lk; Nru;f;fTk; rpy
gapw;rpfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ve;jr; nrhy;iy vq;Nf vg;gb Ms;tJ vd;fpw
njspit ehk; gapy Ntz;bAs;sJ.
mjpfk;> mNefk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fs; kpFjp vd;Dk; xNu
nghUisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. Mdhy;> ,tw;wpy; mjpfk; vd;w nrhy;iy mstpd;
kpFjpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk; mNefk; vd;w nrhy;iy vz;zpf;ifapd;
kpFjpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNghyNt
vj;jid> vt;tsT Nghd;w nrhw;fis> cdf;F vj;jidg; Gj;jfq;fs;
Ntz;Lk;? vd;W vz;izf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk;> vt;tsT ney;
Ntz;Lk;? vd;W msitf; Fwpf;fpd;w ,lj;jpYk; gad;gLj;JtJ nkhop
eilf;Fj; njspitAk; mOj;jj;ijAk; nfhLf;Fk;.

74

rpy nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhykhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUspy; gad;gl;L

te;Js;sd. mtw;wpd; kuG mwpahky;> mtw;iwj; jhWkhwhfg; gad;gLj;jj;
njhlq;fp tpl;lhy; nkhop kuG rpijtNjhL ekJ Ngr;rpYk; vOj;jpYk;
,Uf;f Ntz;ba El;gKk; rpije;J NghFk;. gl;bdk; vd;w nrhy; flw;fiu
efuj;ijAk; gl;lzk; vd;w nrhy; ehl;bd; cl;gFjpapy; cs;s
efuj;ijAk; Fwpj;J te;Js;sd. ,d;W gyu; ,e;j NtWghL njupahky;
ifahStjhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; nrhw;fs; jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;J tpLk;epiy
cUthfp tpLfpwJ.
Kd;ngy;yhk; gl;bdj;jhu; vd;W nrhd;dhNy mtu; xU flw;fiu
Ciur; Nru;e;jtu; vd;W tpsq;fptpLk;. ,g;NghJ me;jr; nrhy;yhl;rpapy;
Vw;gl;l kaf;fj;jhy;> me;jf; Fwpg;Ng mope;J Ngha; tpl;lJ. kuG topahf
ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; gy nrhw;fisg; Ngzpf; fhg;gjd; thapyhf>
mtw;iw kW gapw;rp nra;J nkhopeilNahL ,ioa tpLtjd; thapyhf>
nkhopeil nrg;gKk; EZf;fKk; ngw;Wj; jpfOk; vd;gJ ntspg;gil.
capupdq;fspd; Fuy;:
ek;ikr; Rw;wp thOk; capupdq;fis tpyq;F> gwit> Cu;td>
ePe;Jtd vdg; gythwhfg; gpupj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. fhiy Kjy; khiy tiu ---rpyNghJ ,utpNy $l mtw;wpd; Fuy;fisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl tho;fpNwhk;.
,e;jf; Fuy;fspd; NtWghl;ilf; fUjpAk;> mtw;iw vOg;Gfpw gpuhzpfspd;
moF> Mw;wy;> Kjypa gz;GfSf;F Vw;gTk;> mtw;wpd; Fuy;fis
ntt;NtW nrhw;fshy; (ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs;) Fwpg;gpl;L te;jhu;fs;.
ahid gpspWk;@
eha; Fiuf;Fk;@
fOij fidf;Fk;@
eup CisapLk;@
Me;ij myWk;@
kapy; mfTk;.
vd;gd Nghy xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; ntt;NtW nrhw;fis Ms;tNj jkpo; kuG.
,jw;F khwhf> ahid fj;JfpwJ@ eup fj;JfpwJ@ fOij fj;JfpwJ@
Me;ij fj;JfpwJ vd;W nrhd;dhYk; ekf;Fk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;. Mdhy;
mjpNy Xu; moNfh njspNth ,y;iy. xypfisf; nfhz;Nl xt;Nthu; capu;g;
gpuhzpiaAk; NtW gpupj;J czuf;$ba El;gKk; ,y;iy.

75

nkhop vd;gJ ntWk; nrhw;fspd; Nfhu;it my;y@ rupahd nrhy;iy

cupa ,lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp> ekJ fUj;ijg; nghUj;jkhf> tpsf;fkhf
tpsf;FtNj nkhop. vdNt> nkd;ikahd kapypd; FuiyAk; fLikahd
Me;ijapd; FuiyAk; fj;JfpwJ vd;w xNu nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;ff;$lhJ.
mg;gbf; Fwpj;J tpl;lhy; nkhop eilapd; capNuhl;lNk Fd;wptpLfpd;wJ.
nray; mbg;gil:
mUtp> MW> Vup Mfpa vy;yhtw;wpYk; cs;sJ jz;zPu;jhd;. Mdhy;>
mUtpapy; jz;zPu; topfpwJ (my;yJ tpLfpwJ) vd;fpNwhk;. Mw;wpy; jz;zPu;
XLfpwJ vd;fpNwhk;. Vupapy; jz;zPu; Njq;FfpwJ vd;fpNwhk;. ,tw;iw
khw;wpr; nrhd;dhy; nghUNs Fok;gp tpLfpwJ. mUtpapy; jz;zPu; Njq;fp
epd;why;> ahUk; Fspf;f KbahJ my;yth?
xNu ,lj;jpy; kpFjpahfr; NrUk; capu;g; gpuhzpfis my;yJ capu;
,y;yhj nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;fTk; ntt;NtW nrhw;fs; toq;fptUfpd;wd. gy
MLfs; Nru;e;jhy; Ml;Lf; $l;lk; vd;gjpy;iy@ Ml;L ke;ij vd;fpNwhk;.
kf;fs; gyu; Nru;e;jhy; kf;fl; $l;lk; vd;fpNwhk;. fw;fs; Nru;e;jhy; fw;
Ftpay;> kiyfs; Nru;e;jhy; kiyj; njhlu;> kuq;fs; Nru;e;jhy; kur; Nrhiy>
ahidfs; Nru;e;jhy; ahidg; ge;jp vd;fpNwhk;. xNu fhk;gpy; jpuz;bUf;Fk;
nghUl;fisf;$l mtw;wpd; NtWghL Gyg;gLk; tpjkhf> G+q;nfhj;J vd;Wk;
gof; Fiy vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpNwhk;. tpwF Nrfupj;J xd;whfr; Nru;ejhy;
tpwFf; fl;L vd;fpNwhk;. ehw;iwg; gpLq;fp xd;whfr; Nru;j;jhy; ehw;WKb
vd;fpNwhk;.
,g;gb vz;zpnaz;zp ntt;NtW nrhw;fis MsNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy;
me;jr; nrhw;fspNyNa mq;F elf;Fk; nraypd; jd;ik mofhfTk;
RUf;fkhfTk; tpsf;fg;gl;L tpLfpwJ. RUf;fKk; njspTk;jhNd nkhopf;F
moF?
fw;fis Xu; ,lj;jpy; jpul;Lk;NghJ gug;gpg;Nghl khl;lhu;fs;@ Ftpj;Nj
NghLthu;fs;@ vdNt fw; Ftpay;. ahidfs; xd;W NrUk;NghJ tupir
tupirahfNt NrUk;. vdNt> ahidg; ge;jp. tpwifj; jpul;b cWjpahd
fapw;why; (nfhbahy;) ,Wf;fpf; fl;LfpNwhk;@ vdNt> tpwFf; fl;L. ehw;iw
mg;gb ,Wf;fpf; fl;bdhy; rpije;J NghFk;. vdNt nkJthf> mitfspy;
rpy ehw;Wfisf; nfhz;Nl nkd;ikahf Kbe;J itf;fpwhu;fs;. MfNt mJ
ehw;W Kb.

76

cUtKk; gUtKk;:
nray;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lky;yhJ tbtk; gUtk; vd;Dk;
mbg;gilapYk; nrhy;yhl;rp mika Ntz;Lk;. Xu; ,iyapd; gy;NtW
gUtq;fisj; jspu;> ,iy> gOg;G> rUF> vd;Dk; NtW NtW nrhw;fshy;
Fwpf;fpNwhk;. ,e;jr; nrhw;fisr; nrhd;dTlNdNa ekf;F mjd; Njhw;wKk;
tpsq;fptpLfpwJ.
mUk;G> Kif> nkhl;L> kyu;> myu;> tP> nrk;ky; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;
ekf;Fg; GJikahfj; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy;> ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fs;> kyupd; gy;NtW
gUtq;fis ,e;jj; jdpj;jdpr; nrhw;fshNyNa Fwpj;J te;jhu;fs;. kyUk;
gUtj;jpy; cs;s G+itNa kyu; vd;whu;fs;. ed;whf tpupe;jJ myu;. myu;e;J
thba Njhw;wj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ tP@ thbr; RUz;L fPNo tpOe;jgpd;> mJ
nrk;ky; vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gl;lJ> ,d;W ,j;jidAk; Mshtpl;lhYk;> mUk;G>
kyu;> myu;> tP vd;Dk; mj;jidAk; G+ vd;Dk; xNu nrhy;yhy;
Fwpg;gijahtJ jtpu;f;fyhk; my;yth?
,iy> Xiy> kly;:
gUtj;jhy; kl;Lky;y> Njhw;wj;jpdhYk; ,ay;gpdhYk;$l> xNu ,dg;
nghUis NtW NtW nrhw;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. G+ Ve;jj; njhlq;FKd;
kuk;> nrb> nfhb vy;yhtw;wpYk; tsUk; cWg;Gf;F ,iy vd;w nghJg;
ngau; cs;sJ. Mdhy;> vy;yhtw;iwAk; ehk; ,iy vd;Nw nrhy;tjpy;iy.
Gy;ypd; ,iyiaj; jhs; vd;fpNwhk;. ney;Yk; xU tifg; Gy;Ny.
Mjyhy;> ney;ypd; ,iyiaAk; jhs; vd;Nw nrhy;YfpNwhk;. mupjhs; tu
kWehs; gapuhFk; vd;w ehl;Lg; ghly; cs;sJ my;yth?
ek;Kila Kd;Ndhu;fs; gid> njd;id> fKF> Kjypa kuq;fisAk;
Gy; vd;Nw nrhd;dhu;fs;. gidf;Fj; jhyg; Gy; vd;w xU ngaUk; cz;L.
vjd; mbkuj;jpd; cl;ghfk; cWjpahf (tapuk;) ,Uf;fpwNjh mJ kuk;
vd;Wk;> vjpNy ntspg; ghfk; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwNjh mJ Gy; vd;Wk;
fUjg;gl;ld. Gwf; fhodNt Gy;nyd nkhopg mff; fhodNt kuk; vd
nkhopg vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. (fho; vd;why; cWjp my;yJ tapuk; vd;gJ
nghUs;).
,e;jg; Gw;fs; kw;w Gw;fisg; Nghy; jiuapNy fplf;ftpy;iy. thDw
Xq;fp epw;fpd;wd. vdNt> ,tw;wpd; ,iyfisj; jhs; vd;W nrhy;y
Kbatpy;iy. (ekJ cwTf;fhu tPl;Lg; igad; rpWtdhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Nl
vd;W miof;fyhk;> mtd; tsu;e;j gpwF mg;gb miof;f KbAkh?

77

ngaiuj; njupe;J nfhz;L mijr; nrhy;yp miof;fpNwhk; my;yth?) MfNt

Xq;fp tsu;e;Jtpl;l njd;id> gid> fKF Kjypa Gw;fspd; ,iyfis
Xiy vd;W nrhd;dhu;fs;.
njd;id> gid Nghd;w kw;nwhd;W jhio. ,JTk; mtw;iwg;Nghy;
Gy;ypd tifiar; Nru;e;jJjhd;. MdhYk;> mtw;iwg;Nghy klu; (fhk;G)
vLj;J ,iy vLf;fhky;> klYk; ,iyAk; Nru;e;Nj ,Ug;gjhy; jhioapd;
,iy kly; vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. fKfpd; ,iy fhk;gpy; ,Ue;Jk;
,y;yhjJ Nghd;w Xu; mikg;GilaJ. vdNt> fKfpd; ,iyiaAk;
rpyNghJ kly; vd;W nrhy;tJz;L.
nrhy; gQ;rkh?
,g;NghJ gy Gjpa mwptpay; Jiwfs; cs;sd. coTj; njhopy;>
ifj;
njhopy;
Mfpa
gioa
njhopy;fSk;
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L
tpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jj; Jiwfisg; gw;wpnay;yhk;> jkpopy; Gjpa
Gj;jfq;fs; tuNtz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLfpNwhk;. Mdhy;> clNdNa>
mtw;wpw;Fupa Jiwr; nrhw;fs; ,y;iyNa vd;w mtyf; Fuy; vOfpwJ.
(nlf;dpf;fy; nlu;k;];) ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; jkpopd; nrhy; gQrk; my;y> jkpopy;
cs;s nrhw;fisNa ehk; gad;gLj;jhky; tpl;L tpl;Nlhk;. mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp tuhjjhy; mg;gbr; nrhw;fNs ,y;iy vd;W fUjp tpl;Nlhk;.
kuk;> nrb> nfhb> Gy; Mfpatw;wpd; ,iyfSf;F kl;Lky;y mtw;wpd;
tpijfSf;Ff;$lj; jkpopy; ntt;NtW ngau;fs; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. kpsfha;>
fj;jpup Mfpatw;wpd; tpijfis tpj;J vd;fpNwhk;. kh> gyh> gid
Mfpat;wwpd; tpijfisf; nfhl;il vd;fpNwhk;. Nrhsk;> ney; Kjypatw;wpd;
tpijfis kzp vd;fpNwhk;. Mkzf;F> Ntk;G Mfpatw;wpd; tpijfis
Kj;J vd;fpNwhk;.
mJ kl;Lkh? fyg;ig vd;Dk; xNu nghUspd; ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;
gy;NtW nrhw;fs; cs;sd. Nkop> Vw;fhy;> Fw;wp> nfhO> Efk; Kjyhd gy
gFjpfs; ,ize;Nj xU fyg;ig cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
,e;jr; nrhw;fis vy;yhk; ,lj;jpw;F Vw;wgb> nghUs; nghUj;jj;NjhL
ifahz;lhy; ekJ nkhopNa Gjpa tsk; ngWk;. new; fjpupy; kzpfs; mzp
mzpahf cs;sd vd;gjw;Fk; new;fjpu; ed;whf cs;sJ vd;gjw;Fk;
NtWghL cz;L my;yth? MZk; ngz;Zk;: capu; tiffspd; (Mz;>
ngz;) ghy; Ntw;Wikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; jkpo; nkhopf;Nf jdp moF

78

Nru;f;fpd;wd. Mz;> ngz; vd;Dk; nrhw;fis Kd;Nd Nru;j;J (Mz; Nfhop

ngz; Nfhop vd;gJ Nghy) vOjpdhYk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk;. vd;whYk;> Nrty;>
ngl;il vd;Dk; jdpj;jdpr; nrhw;fshy; mtw;iwf; Fwpj;jhy; RUf;fkhfTk;
mofhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; my;yth?
fhjy; klg;gpbNahL fspW tUtijf; fz;Nld; vd;W ghLfpwhu;
mg;gu;> ,ijNa ngz; ahidNahL Mz; ahidfs; tUtd fz;Nld;
vd;why; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;? nghUs; tpsq;fp tpLfpwJ. Mdhy; nkhop moF
Fd;wp tpLfpwJ my;yth?
,NjNghy;> fhis khL> gR khL vd;W nrhy;yhky; fhis> gR vd;W
nrhy;YfpNwhk;. Mz; Fuq;F> ngz; Fuq;F vd;W nrhy;yhky;> fLtd;> ke;jp
vd;W nrhy;YfpNwhk;.
,g;gb vy;yhk; Vd; nrhy;tJ? Mz;> ngz; vd;W Nru;j;jhy; vd;d?
vd;W vz;zj; Njhd;Wk;. fUj;J tpsq;Fk; vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy;>
mjpNy xU fdpT ,Uf;fhJ. khdk; kiwg;gjw;F cs;s Milia vg;gb
vg;gbnay;yhk; moFgLj;JfpNwhk;. grpiaj; jzpg;gjw;F cs;s cztpNy
vj;jid tiffs;. nkhop eilapYk; kf;fs; moif tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;.
Fl;bfs; - FQ;Rfs;:
ghy; ghFghl;bNy kl;Lkpd;wp ,sikg; ngau;fspYk; jkpo; nkhop
tifikg;ghL (ntiul;b) fhl;LfpwJ. fpspapd; gps;isiaf; FQ;R vd;Wk;
vUikapd; gps;isiaf; fd;W vd;Wk; nrhy;tNj jkpo; tof;fk;.
capu;fis>
mwptpd;
mbg;gilapy;
MW
tifahfg;
gpupj;Jg;
ghu;f;fpNwhk;. MW mwpT cila kdpjNd capu; tiffspNy cau;e;jtd;
vd;W nrhy;YfpNwhk;. mg;gbahdhy; XuwpT capu;> MW mwpT capu; vd;Wk;
xt;nthd;wpd;
gps;isiaAk;>
me;j
NtWghL
tpsq;Fk;
tifapy;
Fwpg;gpLtJjhNd Kiw?
Nfhopf; FQ;R> fpspf; FQ;R> kPd; FQ;R> vd;nwy;yhk; nrhy;yp tUfpw
ehk;> ehapd; gps;isia eha;f; FQ;R vd;W nrhy;tjpy;iy. me;jg;
gpuhzpfis Neupy; ghu;j;jpUg;gjhy;> rpwpaijAk;> ngupajhf ,Ug;gijAk;
xNu nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;ff; $lhJ vd;gJ ekf;Nf Gupe;J tpLfpwJ.

79

ek;Kila gps;isiaf; Foe;ij vd;fpNwhk;. ek; tPl;L vypapd;

gps;isiaf; FQ;R vd;fpNwhk;. fhf;iff;Fk; jd; FQ;R nghd; FQ;R
vd;gJ cz;ikNa. mJTk; jd; nkhopapy; jd; gps;isiaf; Foe;jha;
vd;W miof;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy;> fhf;ifapd; gps;is fWg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;gJ kWf;f Kbahj cz;ik my;yth? ,Nj Nghyj;jhd;> me;je;jg;
gps;isapd; Njhw;wk;> ,ay;G MfpaitfSf;F Vw;gNt mjw;Fj; jFe;j
nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
,uhkDf;Fr; #l;l Ntz;ba Kbiag; gujDf;Fr; #l;Ltjw;Fj;
jpl;lkpl;lhs; ifNfap. ,ij mwpe;J rPw;wk; nfhz;l ,yf;Ftd;> rpq;ff;
FUisf;F ,L jPQ;Rit Cid ehapd; ntq;fd; rpW Fl;bid Cl;l
tpUk;gpdhs; vd;W nfhjpf;fpwhd;. ,q;Nf rpq;ff; Fl;bDf;F Cl;Lk; Cid
ehapd; Fl;bDf;F Cl;l tpUk;gpdhs; vd;W nrhd;dhy; mjpNy njhdpf;Fk;
,sf;fhuk; tUkh?
njhLf;fth? fl;lth?:
epd;whs;> Xbdhs;> gLj;jhs; vd;nwy;yhk; nrhy;Yk;NghJ me;jr;
nrhw;fspd; nghUs; ekf;Fj; njspthf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,JNghy; xt;nthU
nraiyAk; ,jw;F cupa nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gNj nghUj;jk;. MdhYk;>
nray;fspd; El;gkhd NtWghL njupahjtu;fs; xU nrhy;iyNa gy
nray;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fog;gk; tpistpf;fpwhu;fs;. ekJ nkhop eil
jpUe;j Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,e;j kaf;fr; nrhy;yhl;rp jtpu;f;fg; glNtz;Lk;.
Vw;nfdNt fl;Ljy;> Kbjy; vd;Dk; nrhw;fisg; ghu;j;Njhk;.
mNjNghy> cupa nrhw;fisj; Nju;en
; jLj;J Msg; gof Ntz;Lk;. kuj;ij
ntl;lyhk;. jf;fhspg; goj;ij ntl;lf;$lhJ. mij eWf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jf;fhspg; goj;ij kuk; ntl;Ltijg; Nghy ntl;bdhy; mjd; rhW njupj;J
ek; Mil tPzhfptpLk;.
tpwF cyu;e;J typik ngw;wJ. tpwFf; fl;ilfis xd;whfr; Nru;j;J
,Wf;fpf;
fl;lyhk;.
Mdhy;
G+it
mg;gbf;
fl;btplf;$lhJ.
G+
nkd;ikahdJ. mij nky;ypa thio ehupy; njhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. moF
vd;gts;> ehnuLj;J eWk; kyiuj; njhLg;ghspd; tpuy; tistpy;
ehlfj;ijr; nra;fpd;whs; vd;w ghLfpwhu; my;yth ftpQu;?

80

tpwif vupf;fNtz;Lk;. Ntz;lhj rUF> Fg;ig Kjypatw;iwf;

nfhSj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> tpsf;if vupf;fNth nfhSj;jNth $lhJ.
tpsf;if Vw;wNtz;Lk;. Eq;F> ,sePu; Nghd;witfisr; rPt Ntz;Lk;.
ngd;rpiyAk; rPtyhk;> Mdhy; jiyiar; rPtp tplf; $lhJ. jiyia
thuNtz;Lk;. jiy thupg; G+r; #l;b cd;idg; ghl rhiyf;Fg; Ngh vd;W
nrhd;dhs; cd; md;id vd;WjhNd ftpQu; ghLfpwhu;. (jiy rPTjy;
vd;why; jyia ntl;Ljy; vd;W nghUs;.)
epfo;r;rpfspd; td;ik nkd;ikfSf;F Vw;gTk;> mtw;iw elj;jp
itg;gtu;fspd; ,ay;GfSf;F Vw;gTk; nrhw;fisj; Nju;en
; jLj;J Ms
Ntz;Lk;. Nghl;Nld; vd;gjw;Fk; itj;Njd; vd;gjw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L
my;yth? khL kpjpj;jJ vd;gjw;Fk; FUtp cl;fhu;e;jJ vd;gjw;Fk; NtWghL
cz;L my;yth?

Kbg;Giu:
rpy ,lq;fspy;> ehk; epfo;r;rpia mwpahjjhy; jtwhd nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;jp tpLfpNwhk;@ FQ;R> Fl;b> fd;W Kjypaitfisf; fz;L>
mitfspd;
jd;ikia
czuhjjhYk;>
jtwhd
nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. MapDk; gy ,lq;fspy;> mg;gb ,y;iy. epyikAk;
epfo;r;rpAk; ekf;Fj; njupAk;. MdhYk;> Nghjpa mf;fiw ,y;yhjjhNyNa
jtwhd nrhy; te;J tpLfpwJ. rpwpJ ftdkhf nkhopia Msg; gofpdhy;>
jtwhd nrhw;fshy; nghUs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLtjw;Nf ,lk; ,uhJ.
vg;nghUs; vr;nrh(y;)ypd; vt;thW cau;e;Njhu; nrg;gpdu;. ---- mg;gbr;
nrg;Gjy; kuNg vd;fpwJ ekJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. kuG epiy jpupapd; gpwpJ
gpwpJ MFk; vd;Wk; mJ ek;ik vr;rupf;fpwJ.
khztu; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;bad:
1. capupdq;fs; Fuy; vOg;Gtij NtW NtW nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gJ
Vd;?
2. Fk;gy; my;yJ gy nghUs;fs; NrUjy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fj; jkpopy;
cs;s ntt;NtW nrhw;fisj; je;J tpsf;Ff.
3. fl;Ljy;> Kbjy;> njhLj;jy;> vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; ve;j ve;j
,lq;fspy; Msg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;? Vd;?

81

4. ehk; nrhy;Yk; fUj;J kaf;fk; ,yyhky; (njspthfTk; mofhfTk;)

ntspg;gLtjw;F ehk; vt;nttw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;?
5. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fspd; rpwg;Gg; nghUs; NtWghl;il czu;j;Jk;
tz;zk; njhlu;fspy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
1. ,iy> Xiy> kly;
2. Vup> Fsk;> Fl;il
3. $l;lk;> Ftpay;> ke;ij
4. fLtd;> ke;jp> fspW> gpb> Nrty;> Nfhop
5. mUk;G> nkhl;L> Kif> kyu;> mtu;> tP
6. Fl;b> FQ;R> gps;is> fd;W> Fotp
7. fl;Ljy;> Kbj;jy;> njhLj;jy;> ntl;Ljy;> eWf;Fjy;
8. vupj;jy;> nfhSj;jy;> RLjy;> fUf;fy;
9. rPTjy;> thUjy;> Vw;Wjy;> ,wf;Fjy;
10. nkhopapy;
nrhw;fspd;
rpwg;Gg;
nghUs;
czu;eJ
;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
11. kuG epiyiag; Nghw;w Ntz;bajd; fhuzj;ij tpsf;Ff.

82

khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - I
B.A. (PROGRAMME) I (NS)
TAMIL LANGUAGE-Paper I (B)
(New Course)
(Admission of 2005 and onwards)

(Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper)
1. VNjDk; xU jiyg;gpy; gj;jp xd;W (Paragraph) 150 nrhw;fspy; vOJf:
(m) ehd; tpUk;Gk; E}y;
(M) nkl;Nuh uapy;
(,) kuk; eLNthk; kdk; epiwNthk;.
2. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjpiag; gbj;J gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil vOJf:
kjk; vd;gJ nfhs;if vd;Dk; nghUs; jUtJ. kdj;ij> mwpit> mUSzu;it
tsu;j;jw;Fupa rpygy nfhs;iffNs kjk; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; toq;fpd. rkak; vd;gJ
ed;F mike;jJ. jpUj;jkhf mike;jJ vd;w nghUSilaJ. mUsw;w kdpj tho;it
mUs; epuk;gpajhf mikg;gJ. jhd; tho;e;jhy; rup vd;Dk; jd;dy tho;it vy;yhUk;
,d;Gw;wpUf;f epidg;gJNt my;yhy; Ntnwhd;wwpNad; vDk; nghJ ey tho;thfr;
rikg;gJ. jdf;Fk; kl;Lk; Ntz;baitfisNa nra;a epidf;Fk; kdij md;gu;
gzpnra;a Mshf;fp mikg;gJ. vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj vd;Dk; nghJg;gzp
kd;wkhf kdijj; jpUj;jpr; rikg;gJ --- rkak; - vd;Wk; ey;y nghUspNyNa
nghJikg; nghUspNyNa rhd;Nwhu; toq;fpdu;.
1. rkak; vd;why; vd;d?
2. rkak; vd;ndd;d nra;a ty;yJ?
3. rkak; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ?
3. gpio jpUj;jp vOJf:
(m) thndhypapy; ghl;ilf; Nfl;L kfpy;e;Njd;.
(M) mLg;ngupf;ff; fwp Njit.
(,) jpUkdk; Kbe;jTld; fzgd; tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghdhs;.
(<) G+f;fl;bj; jisapy; #bdhs;.
(c) nrb tpijj;jhy; tsu;e;J epoy; jUk;.

83

4. xU nghUs; gy nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

rhd;Wfs; je;J tpsf;Ff.
my;yJ
xU nrhy; gy nghUs; nkhopf;F Mw;Wk; ed;ikapid tpsf;Ff.
5. vitNaDk; ,uz;bDf;F tpil vOJf:
m. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspilNaAk; rhjp Vw;wj;jho;T epyTk; mty epiyiag;
gs;sj;njU rpWfij glk; gpbj;Jf; fl;Lkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
M. ,iyfs; rpupj;jd rpWfijapd; cs;slf;fj;ij tptupf;f.
,. tPL rpWfijia kjpg;gpLf.

84

khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - II
B.A. (PROGRAMME)/I(NS)

TAMIL LANGUAGEPaper I (B)

(New Course)

(Admission of 2005 and onwards)

(Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper.)

1. VNjDk; xU jiyg;gpy; (150 nrhw;fspy;)

gj;jp vOJf:
(m) ePupd; ,d;wpaikahik.
(M) Rw;Wg;Gwj; J}a;ik.
(,) ePtpu; Neupy; fz;l tu;j;jff;
fz;fhl;rp.
2. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gj;jpiag; gbj;Jg;
gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil vOJf:
vy;yhTapupYk; ,Uj;jy; ,iwaUs; epiy.
,t;tpiwaUs; epiyiag; ngw;W vy;yh
P.T.O.

capupYk;

,Ue;jtu;

mjdhNyNa

5195

,uhkypq;f

vt;TapuhapDk;

mbfs;.

mJgLk;

Jd;g

epiyiaj; jhOk; va;jp thbdhu;> tUe;jpdhu;>

gijj;jhu;>
gapdhf;

Jbj;jhu;>
fz;L

,isj;jhu;.

thbdhu;.

thba

tPLNjhwpue;Jk;

grpawhJ

mau;j

Ntw;wdhf;

gijj;jhu;.

gpdpahy;

tUe;JNthiuf;

Jbj;jhu;.

khdpfisf;

kd;DapNu

jd;Dapuhf

mt;Tapu;fspd;

thl;lKk;>

fz;L

fz;Lsk;
fz;L

,isj;jhu;.

nfhilikahy;
gijg;Gk;

Jbg;Gk;

,isg;Gk; ts;syhUk; nfhz;lhu;. ,t;tUepaw;

nghJik

cyfpw;

guthtpbd;

nghUspay;

nghJik cyfpw; guthJ.

(1) ,uhkypq;f mbfs; vg;gbg;gl;ltu;?
(2) ,uhkypq;f mbfspd; mUspay; nghJik
vg;gbg;gl;lJ?

(3) mUspay; nghJik guthtpbd; vd;dhFk;.

3. gpiojpUj;jp vOJf :
(m) Ntg;gq; Fr;rpahy; gy;jPj;JtJ ey;yJ.
(M) Fapy; $g;gpLtJ Nfl;gjw;F ed;whf
,Uf;Fk;.
(,) gy;ypf;Flk; Nghdh ghlk; gbf;fyhk;.
(<) Ml;Lf;F CU thrg;gb.
(c) Ie;jpy; tioahjJ Ik;gjpy;
tisAkh?
4. gy nghUs; xU nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?
rhd;Wfs; je;J tpsf;Ff :
my;yJ
gynrhy; xU nghUs; nkhopapy; ngWk;
,lj;jpid tpsf;Ff.

5. vitNaDk; ,uz;bDf;F tpil

vOJf :
P.T.O.

5195

(m) je;ij-kfd; cwT epiyia ,iyfs;

rpupj;jd rpWfij vt;thW rpj;jpupf;fpwJ?
tpsf;Ff.
(M) Ntl;if rpWfijia kjpg;gpLf.
(,) tPL rpWfijapy; ePtpu; mwpaf; fplf;Fk;
mbf; fUj;jpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.

5195

200