Ekadhikena Purvena or "By one more than the previous one"

1. Square of numbers ending in 5

65 x 65 = (6 x (6+1) ) 25 = (6x7) 25 = 4225
45 x 45 = (4 x (4+1) ) 25 = (4x5) 25 = 2025
105 x 105 = (10 x (10+1) 25 = (10 x 11) 25 = 11025
2. When sum of the last digits is the base(10) and previous parts are the same
44 x 46 = (4 x (4+1)) (4 x 6) = (4 x 5) (4 x 6) = 2024
37 x 33 = (3 x (3+1)) (7 x 3) = (3 x 4) (7 x 3) = 1221
11 x 19 = (1 x (1+1)) (1 x 9) = (1 x 2) (1 x 9) = 209
3. 1 divided by 19, 29, 39,..............
Consider 1/19 since 19 is not divisible by 2 or 5 it is a purely a recurring decimal
take last digit 1
multiply this with 1+1 (one more) i.e 2 (this is the key digit) ==>21
multiply 2 by 2 ==> 421 multiplying 4 by 2 ==> 8421
multiply 8 by 2 ==> 68421 carry 1
multiply 6 by 2 =12 + carry 1= 13 ==> 368421 carry 1
continuing (till 18 digits =denominator-numerator)
the result is 0.052631578947368421
4. 1/19 using divisions
divide 1 by 2, answer is 0 with remainder 1 ==> .0
next 10 divided by 2 is 5 ==> .05
next 5 divided by 2 is 2 remainder 1 ==> 0.052
next 12 (remainder 2) divided by 2 is 6 ==> 0.0526
next 6 divided by 2 is 3 ==> 0.05263
next 3 divided by 2 is 1 remainder 1 ==> 0.052631
next 11 divided by 2 is 5 remainder 1 ==> 0.0526315
and so on...
5. 1/7 = 7/49 previous digit is 4 so multiply by 4+1 i.e. by 5
7-> 57 -> 857 -> 42857 -> 0.142857 (stop after 7-1= 6 digits)

Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah or "All from nine and the last from ten"
1. 1000-457
(9-4)(9-5)(10-7) = 543
2. 1000-54 = 1000-054 = (9-0)(9-5)(10-4) = 946
Corollary: Yavdunam Jaavdunikritya Varga Yojayet or "Whatever the extent
of its deficiency, lessen it still further to that very extend; and also setup the
square of thet deficiency."
3. computing square of 8
power of 10 nearest to 8 is 10, so take 10 as base
8 is 2 less than 10 so 8-2 or 6 is the left side of the answer
right hand side of the answer is square of 2(deficiency) i.e., 4
so the answer is 64
similarly square of 7 is (7-3) (3x3) = 49
** if the number is greater than 10 take the surplus
square of 12 is (12+2) (2x2) = 144
square of 13 is (13+3) (3x3) = 169

Urdhva-tiryagbhyam or "vertically and cross-wise"

1. 31 X 12
Multiply vertically on the left: 3 x 1 = 3 (first figure)
Multiply cross-wise and add: (3 x 2) + (1 x 1) = 7 (middle figure)
Multiply vertically on the right 2 x 1 = 2 (last figure)
So the answer is 372
2. 275 x 513
Multiply vertically 5 x 3 =15 write 5 and carry 1 ==> 5
Multiply and add crosswise last two digits (3x7)+(1x5) = 26+ carry 1 =27
write 7 and carry 2 ==> 75
Multiply and add vertically and cross wise all digits
(2x3) + (5x5) + (7x1)=38+ carry 2 = 40 write 0 and carry 4 ==>075
Multiply and add crosswise first two digits (1x2)+(5x7)=37+ carry 4=41
write 1 and carry 4 ==> 1075
Multiply vertically 2x5=10 + carry 4 ==> 14
write 141075
So 275x513 = 141075
3. Divide (12X2 8X-32) by (X-2) using Urdhva-Tiryak
The quotient can be written as (12X+k)
We also know that 8x = kx - 24x Hence k = 16 cross-check 2k = -32 third term
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Some rules of thumb
1. Multiplying a number by 11
To multiply any two digit number by 11 we just put the total of the two figures
between the 2 digits.
36 x 11 = 3 (3+6) 6 = 396
74 x 11 = 7 (7+4) 4 = 7+carry 1 (1) 4 = 814
234 x 11 = 2 (2+3) (3+4) 4 = 2574
2. Diving by 9.

23 / 9 = 2 remainder 5
The first digit of 23 i.e, 2 is the answer and remainder is sum of 2 and 3!
134 / 9 = 14 remainder 8
Answer is (1st digit of 134)(1+3) remainder (1+3+4)

Paraavartya Yojayet or "Transpose and apply"

Divide (12x2 8x 32) by (x - 2), factor is +2
(X 2)/2 12x2 - 8x -32
+24x + 32
-------------------------12x + 16 R = 0
Divide 7x2 + 5x + 3 by x 1 Q = 7x + 12 R = 15
Divide 7x2 + 5x + 3 by x + 1 Q = 7x 2 R = 5
Divide x3 + 7x2 + 6x + 5 by x 2 Q = x2 + 9x + 24 R = 53
Divide x4 x3 + x2 + 3x +5 by x2 x 1 Factors are x + 1
Q = x2 + 0x + 2 R = 5x + 7
Divide 6x4 + 13 x3 + 39 x2 + 37x + 45 by X2 2x 9
Factors 2x + 9 Q = 6x2 + 25x + 143 R = 548x + 1332
Divide x4 + x2 + 1 by x2 x +1 (add 0x3 & 0x)
X4 + 0x3 + x2 + 0x + 1 Factors are: x - 1
Q = x2 + x + 1 R = 0
Divide 1 2 3 4 by 1 1 2 Factors -1 2 Q = 11 R = 2
Divide 1 3 4 5 6 by 1 1 2 3 Q = 12 R = - 20
The Reminder cannot be negative. Hence Q = 11 R = 1 1 0 3
Divide 1 3 9 0 5 by 1 1 3 Q = 1 24 R = -107
Q = 123 R = 6
The following examples will help you to understand how to apply the
above sutra to get partial equations in a simple and short manner.
1.

x2 + 5x + 3
(x + 2)(x - 7)(x - 4)

....................Eq(1)

This can be written in the form

A + B + C
............. Eq(2)
(x + 2) (x - 7) (x - 4)
here A , B , C are constants to be determined.

Now equate each term of the denominator to zero to get three different
values of x. Now leaving out the term containing the particular value of x,
substitute for x in all the other terms of the given equation to obtain
respective constant for the term in the second equation.
i.e.

Equating (x + 2) to zero we obtain x + 2 = 0

==>

x = -2

Now substituting for x in the first equation by (-2) we obtain the constant
A.
Therefore A = (-2)2 + 5(-2) + 3 = -11
(-2 - 7)(-2 - 4)
54
2
Similarly B = (7) + 5(7) + 3 = 52
(7 + 2)(7 - 4)
27
Similarly C = (4)2 + 5(4) + 3 = 31
(4 - 7)(4 + 2)
-18
The above steps can be put in the form of a few simple formulae as follows :

If the equation is of the form :

Lx2 + Mx + N
(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)

Then the partial fractions can be written as

A + B + C
(x - a) (x - b) (x - c)
where the constants A, B, C are given as
A = La2 + Ma + N B = Lb2 + Mb + N
(a - b)(a - c)
(b - a)(b - c)

2.

C = Lc2 + Mc + N
(c - a)(c - b)

8x2 + 9x + 11
(x - 12)(x + 13)(x + 14)

This can be written in the form

A + B + C
(x - 12) (x + 13) (x + 14)
Using the above explained formulas we get
A = 1271/650 B = -1246/25

C = 1453/26

Shunyam Saamyasamuccaye or "When the samuccaya is the

same, that samuccaya is zero"

This sutra is useful in solution of several special types of equations that can be
solved visually. The word samuccaya has various meanings in different applicatins.
1: It is a term which occurs as a common factor in all the terms concerned
Thus 12x + 3x = 4x + 5x x is common, hence x = 0
Or 9 (x+1) = 7 (x+1) here (x+1) is common; hence x +1= 0
2: Here Samuccaya means "the product of the independent terms"
Thus, (x +7) (x +9) = (x +3) (x +21)
Here 7 x9 = 3 x 21. Therefore x = 0
3: Samuccaya thirdly means the sum of the Denominators of two fractions
having the same numerical numerator
Thus, 1/(2x 1) + 1/(3x 1) = 0 Hence 5x 2 =0 or x = 2/5
4: Here Samuccaya means combination (or TOTAL).
If the sum of the Numerators and the sum of the Denominators be the same, then
that sum = 0
(2x +9)/ (2x +7) = (2x +7)/ (2x +9)
N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 2x + 9 + 2x + 7 = 0
Hence 4x + 16 = 0 hence x = -4
Note: If there is a numerical factor in the algebraic sum, that factor should be
removed.
(3x +4)/ (6x +7) = (x +1)/ (2x +3)
Here N1 +N2 = 4x +5; D1 +D2 = 8x + 10; 4x +5 =0 x= -5/4
5: Here Samuccaya means TOTAL ie Addition & subtraction
Thus, (3x +4)/ (6x +7) = (5x +6)/ (2x +3)
Here N1+N2 = D1 + D2 = 8x + 10 =0 hence x = - 5/4

D1 D2 = N2 N1 = 2x + 2 = 0 x = -1
6: Here Samuccaya means TOTAL; used in Harder equations
Thus, 1/ (x-7) + 1/(x-9) = 1/(x-6) + 1/(x-10)
Vedic Sutra says, (other elements being equal), the sum-total of the denominators
on LHS and the total on the RHS are the same, then the total is zero.
Here, D1 + D2 = D3 + D4 = 2x-16 =0 hence x = 8
Examples 1/(x+7) + 1/(x+9) = 1/(x+6) + 1/(x+10) x = - 8
1/(x-7) + 1(x+9) = 1/(x+11) + 1/(x-9) x = - 1
1/(x-8) + 1/(x-9) = 1/(x-5) + 1/(x-12) x = 8-1/2
1/(x-b) - 1/(x-b-d) = 1/(x-c+d) - 1/(x-c) x = 1/2(b+c)
Special Types of seeming Cubics (x- 3)3 + (x 9)3 = 2(x 6)3
current method is very lengthy, but Vedic method says, (x-3) + (x-9) = 2x 12
Hence x = 6
(x-149)3 + (x-51)3 = 2(x-100)3 Hence 2x-200 =0 & x = 100
(x+a+b-c)3 + (x+b+c-a)3 = 2(x+b)3 x = -b

(Anurupye) Shunyamanyat or "If one is in ratio, the other one

is zero"
This sutra is often used to solve simultaneous simple equations which may involve
big numbers. But these equations in special cases can be visually solved because of
a certain ratio between the coefficients. Consider the following example:
6x + 7y = 8
19x + 14y = 16
Here the ratio of coefficients of y is same as that of the constant terms.
Therefore, the "other" is zero, i.e., x = 0. Hence the solution of the
equations is x = 0 and y = 8/7.

This sutra is easily applicable to more general cases with any number of variables.
For instance
ax + by + cz = a
bx + cy + az = b
cx + ay + bz = c
which yields x = 1, y = 0, z = 0.

A corollary (upsutra) of this sutra says Sankalana-Vyavakalanaabhyam or By

addition and by subtraction. It is applicable in case of simultaneous linear
equations where the x- and y-coefficients are interchanged. For instance:
45x - 23y = 113
23x - 45y = 91
By addition: 68x - 68 y = 204 => 68(x-y) = 204 => x - y = 3

By subtraction: 22x + 22y = 22 => 22(x+y) = 22 => x + y = 1

Yaavadunam-"Whatever the extent of its deficiency"

1. Compute 133
Step 1 : Consider nearest base (here 10). Step 2 : As 13 has a excess of
'3' (13 - 10 = 3), we double the excess and add the original number (13) to
it, and put it on the LHS. Therefore we get 13 + 6 = 19 Step 3 : Now find
the new excess. In this case it is 19-10 = 9. Now multiply this with the
original excess to get the middle part of the answer. Therefore we get 9 * 3
= 27 Step 4 : Now cube the original excess and put it as the last part
Carry over any big numbers and total to get the answer.
19 7 7
2 2
21 9 7

Therefore 133 = 2197

2. 473
As in 'Nikhilam' and Squaring, we use 'Aanurupyena' here.
1) Let the main base be 10 and the working base be 50
therefore the ratio
x = (Main Base)/(Working Base) = 10/50 = 1/5
2) Excess is -3 (47 - 50 = -3). Double the excess and add the original
number (here 47) to it.
We get 47 - 6 = 41.
The Base correction for this part is achieved by dividing by x2 .

therefore we get 41/(1/25) = 41 * 25 = 1025

3) Excess in the new uncorrected number (41 - 50 = -9) is multiplied by
the original excess(-3) to obtain the second part.
Therefore we get -9 * -3 = 27
The Base correction for this part is achieved by dividing by x .
therefore we get 27 * 5 = 135
4) The third part is obtained by cubing the excess.
(-3)3 = -27
5) Carry over the extra numbers and total to obtain the final answer

1025 0 0
13 5 0
-2 7
1038 2 3

Therefore the final answer is 103823

Sutra : Yaavadunam Taavaduunikruthya vargam cha yogayet
Meaning : "Whatever the extent of its deficiency, lessen it further to
that very extent; and also set up the square of that deficiency".
This sutra is a corollary of the Nikhilam sutra.
1. Consider a simple example 92
Step 1 : Consider the nearest base (here 10).
Step 2 : As 9 has a deficiency of 1 (10 - 9 = 1), we should decrease it
further by 1, and set down our LHS of the Answer as '8'.
Step 3 : On the RHS put the square of the deficiency (here 1).
we get 92 = 81.

2. consider 102
1) Base is 100
2) Deficiency is '-2' (100 - 102 = -2)
Therefore we subtract '-2' from 102
102 - (-2) = 104
This is our RHS
3) Our LHS now becomes (-2)2 which is 4
Since the base is 100 we write it as '04', so that we get 1022 = 10404
If we have multiples or sub multiples of a base, we employ the same
technique as in 'Aanurupyena'. (See Nikhilam Multiplication)
3. Consider 282
1) Let 20 be the Working Base and 10 as the Main Base.
Therefore x = (Main Base)/(Working Base) = 10/20 = 1/2
2) Here the deficiency = 20 - 28 = -8
Therefore RHS = 28 - (-8) = 36
Divide by x i.e. by (1/2).
We get 36/(1/2) = 72. This is the required RHS.
3) LHS = (-8)2 = 64
Since Main Base is 10, we put only '4' on the LHS and carry over '6' to the
RHS
Therefore we get
282 = 72+6 | 4 == 784
Compute: 8 x 7
8 is 2 below 10 and 7 is 3 below 10.

You subtract crosswise 8-3 or 7 - 2 to get 5,

the first figure of the answer.
And you multiply vertically: 2 x 3 to get 6,
the last figure of the answer
The answer is 56.
Multiply 88 by 98
Both 88 and 98 are close to 100.
88 is 12 below 100 and 98 is 2 below 100
As before the 86 comes from
subtracting crosswise: 88 - 2 = 86
(or 98 - 12 = 86: you can subtract
either way, you will always get
the same answer).
And the 24 in the answer is
just 12 x 2: you multiply vertically.
So 88 x 98 = 8624

Multiply 103 x 104 = 10712

The answer is in two parts: 107 and 12,
107 is just 103 + 4 (or 104 + 3),
and 12 is just 3 x 4.

Vyashtisamanstih- "Part and Whole"

Corollary : Lopanasthapanabhyam
It is very difficult to factorise the long quadratic (2x2 + 6y2 + 3z2 + 7xy + 11yz +
7zx)
But "Lopana-Sthapana" removes the difficulty. Eliminate z by putting z = 0.
Hence the given expression E = 2x2 + 6y2 + 7xy = (x+2y) (2x+3y)
Similarly, if y=0, then E = 2x2 + 3z2 + 7zx = (x+3z) (2x+z)
Hence E = (x+2y+3z) (2x+3y+z)
Factorise 2x2 + 2y2 + 5xy + 2x- 5y 12 = (x+3) (2x-4) and
(2y+3) (y-4)
Hence, E = (x+2y+3) (2x+y-4)

Shesanyankena Charamena- "The remainders by the last

digit"
Consider: 1/7. When divising 1(0) by 7 the remainder is 3. Therefore,
dividing 3 by 7 will subsequently lead to remainder 9 (= 3x3). But since 9 is
more than 7 the remainder would be 2, so the remainder sequence is:
3,

Now 2 divided by 7 will have remainder of 6 (3x2), that is

3, 2, 6

Continuing
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1

We stop when the remainder sequence starts to repeat. Now, multiply

these remainders by the last digit (7) of the denominator and keep
only the first digit (LSD). So we have:
7x3 = 21 => put down 1
.1
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1
7x2 = 14 => put down 4
.1 4
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1
7x6 = 42 => put down 2
.1 4 2
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1

Continuing
.1 4 2 8 5 7
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1

So the answer is 1/7 = .142857142857..........

Sopaantyadvayamantyam- "The ultimate and twice the

penultimate"
Corollary : Gunitasamuccayah Samuccayagunitah -"The product of the sum of the
coefficients in the factors is equal to the sum of the coefficients in the product"

Sc of the product = Product of the Sc in the factors

For example (x+7) (x+9) = (x2 + 16x + 63)
(1+7) (1+9) = (1 + 16 + 63) = 80
or (x+1) (x+2) (x+3) = (x3 + 6X2 + 11x + 6)
(1+1) (1+2) (1+3) = (1 + 6 + 11 + 6) = 24

Ekanyunena Purvena-"By one less than the previous one"

777 multiplied by 999 = 776,223
(776 is one less than multiplicand 777 and 223 is the compliment of 776 from 9)
120 35 79 multiplied by 999 99 99 = 120 35 78, 879 64 21
1234 5678 09 multiplied 9999 9999 99 = 1234 5678 08 8765 4321 91
The Ekanyunena sutra can be used to derive the following results:

Kevalaih Saptakam Gunyaat, or in the case of seven the

multiplicand should be 143
Kalau Kshudasasaih, or in the case of 13 the multiplicand
should be 077
Kamse Kshaamadaaha-khalairmalaih, or in the case of 17 the
multiplicand should be 05882353 (by the way, the literal
meaning of this result is "In king Kamsa's reign famine, and
unhygenic conditions prevailed." -- not immediately obvious
what it had to do with Mathematics. These multiple meanings of
these sutras were one of the reasons why some of the early
translations of Vedas missed discourses on vedaangas.)
These are used to correctly identify first half of a recurring decimal number, and then
applying Ekanyuna to arrive at the complete answer mechanically. Consider for
example the following visual computations:
1/7 = 143x999/999999 = 142857/999999 = 0.142857
1/13 = 077x999/999999 = 076923/999999 = 0.076923
1/17 = 05882353x99999999/9999999999999999 = 0.05882352 94117647
Note that
7x142857 = 999999

13x076923 = 999999
17x05882352 94117647 = 9999999999999999
which says that if the last digit of the denominator is 7 or 3 then the last digit of the
equivalent decimal fraction is 7 or 3 respectively.