digital FALCON

NET II

- The network microwave detector -

The users reference guide *)

Revision: 30 March 2006

*)

Subject to technical change

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 MEASUREMENT

1.1 Detected movement direction

1.2 Distance range

1.3 Speed range and speed error

1.4 Beam output, antenna beam width and detection angle

1.5 Measurement angle and speed correction factor

1.6 Counting and vehicle end detection timeout

1.7 Reflection value, vehicle length and type classification

1.8 Inter-vehicle net time gap

1.9 Detector self test

10

2 FALCON NET II PROGRAM PARAMETER SET

10

3 DIGITAL FALCON NETWORK

11

3.1 Network topology

11

3.2 Network bus access management

12

3.3 Network addressing

12

3.4 Binary data block format

3.4.1 Error checksum generation
3.4.2 General messages and warnings
3.4.3 Error messages

12
14
15
15

3.5 Data protocol handshake, timings

16

4 FALCON NETWORK RS485-RS232 ADAPTER II

16

4.1 Start-up

16

4.2 Adapter detector data output

17

4.3 Adapter detector parameter input or request

18

4.4 Adapter parameter, Escape sequences

4.4.1 Terminal echo
4.4.2 Delimiter, output data field separation
4.4.3 Checksum selection for the network data protocol

18
18
19
19

4.5 Adapter error messages

19

5 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW AND DATA

20

5.1 Microwave radar and detection specifications

20

5.2 Housing dimensions and mounting

20

5.3 Housing materials and water protection

21

5.4 Connectors, cable glands and cables

21

5.5 Data processing and transmission

22

5.6 Ratings / DC electrical characteristics and electronic protection features

22

5.7 Pin connections

24

5.8 Setting baudrate and network address

25

6 GETTING STARTED - START OPERATION - INSTALLATION

26

6.1 Falcon Net II operation control

26

6.2 Mounting

26

6.3 Start operation flowchart, detector preparation

26

6.4 Electrical installation principles and network assembly

27

7 CE-CONFORMITY DECLARATION AND NATIONAL NOTIFICATION

28

7.1 CE declaration of conformity

28

7.2 Notification

28

8 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE PRECAUTIONS FOR OPEN DETECTORS

29

FALCON NET II

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March 06

Preface
The digital FALCON NET II is a remote traffic detector for wide area applications. It is possible
to have a maximum cable length up to 1 km (at maximum data transmission rate of 115,2 kbaud)
and to connect up to 15 detectors on a single 2-wire data bus.

The Falcon Net II is based on an encapsulated planar transceiver module with one 11 x 11
antenna and integrated pre-amplifier, which makes the HF module insensitive to electrostatic
discharges.
The HF transmitting wave guide gun module of the Falcon Net I was replaced by a low power
PHEMT-transistor directly wired to the antenna on one circuit board (planar structure) leading to
a total detector consumption below 1.5 Watt.
For development purposes or if there is only a RS232 interface port available we offer a
microprocessor controlled adapter, to convert the binary data protocol on the RS485 network side
to an ASCII protocol for a two-point RS232 adapter to host connection.
The adapter is delivered in two versions, one for development purposes in the laboratory and one
for the outdoor use in traffic station cabinets. The outdoor version has a rigid housing, a electrical
isolated RS485 field side and a overvoltage protected RS485 field interface.
In august 2005 the analog amplifier with 4 amplification steps, has been extended to 16
amplification steps to allow a finer detection field and distance range adjustment. The position of
the baudrate switch and the net adress selector and some electrical ratings changed.

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

1 Measurement
1.1 Detected movement direction
The detected movement direction is controlled by the software parameter DIR (see chapter 2).
The detector works uni- or bi-directional. In unidirectional mode you have to chose between
oncoming or leaving traffic detection.
The measurement data of the unidirectional mode are always given with the function byte D for
data, see chapter 3.4, equal which direction is set. Movements in the not selected direction are
not processed in the unidirectional mode. Herewith the digital Falcon Net II is compatible to the
modes and the data output of the unidirectional working digital Falcon Net.
In bi-directional mode the measurement data are given with the function bytes O for oncoming
vehicles and L for leaving vehicles, see chapter 3.4. Therefore the detection of vehicles driving
in the opposite direction, so-called ghost drivers is possible.
Default ex works: Bi-directional detection
Due to the reason that the new antenna of the digital Falcon Net II has a very high side lobe
suppression the danger of side lobe detections is avoided. In practice the measurement of too low
speeds for high leaving vehicles due to a sidelobe detection is excluded.
But still exists the problem of ghost detections due to extreme heavy rain, hail and snowfall,
which can occur when leaving (bi-directional) traffic is processed in an overhead installation,
because short vertical downward movements in the environment causes a negative speed vector
(= a leaving object) towards the detector parallel to the beam axis.
Attention: Do not reduce the values for the parameter RSEG and MSEG below standard settings
when detecting leaving (bi-directional) traffic in overhead installations. These parameter filter
out short movements. Do not raise the parameter sensitivity (SENS) above standard settings.
By the way the capability of detecting both directions does not mean to detect traffic from a
sidefire position at a trunkroad with one detector in both directions with the accuracy stated in
these manual. One detector per lane is a general rule for good counting accuracy.
1.2 Distance range
Depending on the parameter SENS (analog sensitivity), MSEG (motion segment) and RSEG
(response segment), see also chapter 2, a distance range of 50 till 80 m can be reached in a
frontal measurement of a passenger car.
For typical counting applications a high distance range is of minor interest, because
measurements with small (flat, < 30) measurement angles mean large radar shadows between
vehicles and therefore bad discrimination of single vehicles. In most applications a measurement
angle of 45 with a measurement distance of 5 till 10 meters above ground overhead for multilane applications or in sidefire position with a measurement distance of 1 till 5 meters for single
lane applications (in one direction) is best choice.
The high distance performance guarantees safe and accurate detection also under rough weather
conditions like fog, rain, hail, snowfall, ... etc., causing fading losses and distortions.

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

1.3 Speed range and speed error

Speed range: 1... 255 km/h.
If the absolute speed value exceeds 255 km/h it is interpreted as an erroneous value and therefore
set to 0 km/h. Internally the software checks the variance of the measured speed values.
Depending on the MSEG parameter between 8 and 64 speed values are compared.
A speed result is only transmitted if the variance does not exceed 1.5 % (for the whole speed
range). Otherwise a value of 0 km/h is transmitted to indicate that the speed value is erroneous. A
strong break or acceleration process of a vehicle can be the reason.
For the default parameter setting of the Falcon Net II, see chapter 2, we can state an accuracy of
2% in a frontal measurement (measurement angle < 5.5). For higher measurement angles an
angular speed correction factor must be used, see following chapters.
The error propagation dependent on the measurement angle (use of correction factor assumed) is
calculated with

F (M) = F (M < D/2) * 1 / cos (M - D/2)

with M - measurement angle and D/2 - detection angle = 5.5

and shown by the following chart.
For measurement angles
above 60 the speed
error rises remarkably
higher than shown by
calculated chart due to
several
dirt
effects,
anyhow
higher
measurement
angles
cannot be recommended
for
evident
speed
measurements.
For frontal and angular
measurements (30 < M
< 60) the rated limits have been proven by reference measurements with laser barrier (max.
error < 1%) and Doppler laser (max. error 1% in frontal measurements), so we can state
following maximum speed error rates:
Measured Speed

Maximum Error
Measurement angle 45

Measurement angle 60

v < 100 km/h

3 km/h

5 km/h

v > 100 km/h

3%

5%

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

1.4 Beam output, antenna beam width and detection angle

The microwave beam output of the 11 x 11
antenna is straight through the housing cover.
The angular diagram shows the measured
angular loss of field intensity related to the
field intensity in the 0 angle. The diagram
aside shows the field intensity in the so-called
H and E polarisation plane, what means in
this case practically the vertical and
horizontal plane.
The nominal beam width ( 11, 5.5 to each
side ) is the angle there the field loss reaches 3 dB what means half field power. It is
therefore a measure for the focusation of the
antenna beam, but it must not express the
angle under which an object is detected.
From measurements we know that for this
antenna and our measurement system (with
default parameters) the detection angle for near distances up to 20 meters is accidentally exact
the beam width (11, 5.5 to each side).
Drawing 1: Measures in decibel

Remarkably for this antenna is the very high side lobe suppression of more than - 25 dB.
In order to qualify the area of detection in a
certain distance the formula
lC = lA + d x 2 x tan (D / 2 )
with

distance

lA

length of antenna

lC

length of beam covered area

can be used (for near distances, otherwise you

will note that the detection cone looks in reality like a pencil).
A calculation can be helpful to find out whether your detector can work lane selective in a given
multi-lane installation or not.
For example the highway test installation (see chapter 1.7), 7 meter above ground, measurement
angle 45, what means d = 7 x 2 meter, antenna dimensions ( 10 cm x 10 cm ), therefore is
lC = 0,05 m + 7 x 2 m x 2 x tan ( 5.5 ) = 2.0 m

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

1.5 Measurement angle and speed correction factor

The speed measurement physically based on the Doppler frequency shift, measures the speed
vector of a moved object parallel to the microwave beam axis. For this reason measured speed
values of objects which movement axis includes an angle with the microwave beam axis
(measurement angle) are too low and don t represent the real speed of the object.
This is also expressed through the wellknown equation:
Vmeasured = V real x COS ( M)

where M is the measurement angle

In most applications the mounting will be lateral beside a single lane road, or directly overhead
above multi-lane roads.

Installation overhead,
vertical plane

Installation lateral,
horizontal plane

If measurement angle M is bigger than the half detection angle D / 2 then the measured speed
value has to be corrected
V real = Vmeasured / (cos ( M D / 2))
For arriving vehicles the detection angle must be subtracted, for leaving vehicles it must be
added to the measurement angle. If the measurement angle M is smaller than the half detection
angle (D/2 = 5.5 for the patch antenna) then M D/2 is set to 0 and V real = Vmeasured .
Analogous looks the formula if M > D / 2 in the horizontal and in the vertical plane
V real = Vmeasured / (cos ( MH D / 2) x cos ( MV D / 2))
with

MH

measurement angle horizontal plane

MV

measurement angle vertical plane

The digital Falcon Net II software includes two program variables ADJFA and ADJFB, for
arriving and leaving traffic for the user to correct the measured speed values separate for each
moving direction for any real installation.
Typically the measurement angle is chosen at 45 this guarantees good results for speed,
reflection values and counting. For measurement angles above 60 the vector component of
the speed towards the detector gets too small for an acceptable measurement error. Below
30 the radar shadow behind large vehicles cause vehicle discrimination errors.
The default value for ADJFA (ADJFB) is set to 1.296 (1.572) corresponding to a 45
measurement angle for oncoming (leaving) vehicles.

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

1.6 Counting and vehicle end detection timeout

The end of a vehicle is recognised by a loss of the Doppler signal for a fixed timeout period. The
durance of one timeout unit is 10 ms. The software variable GAPL, see also chapter 2, is the
multiplier for this minimum timeout interval. Timeout period = GAPL * 10 ms.
In the counting mode the GAPL is set to values between 8 and 15 to recognise every single
vehicle. If it is too small for a certain measurement angle, trucks with trailers will be detected as
two small vehicles, if it is too large two successive vehicles will be detected as a large one.
The GAPL also limits the lowest measurable speed because the detector has to recognise 8
Doppler periods during a timeout interval to avoid a vehicle end detection.
Therefore with the wellknown formula for the Doppler shift frequency
fD = 2* v * cos ( M - D / 2) /

with

fD - Doppler shift frequency

: = 12,5 mm, radar wavelength
M - D / 2 : effective measurement angle
v: vehicle speed

and tGAP > 8 * TD the lowest measurable speed under a measurement angle of 45 is
vmin = 4 * /( tGAP * cos (39.5) )
what means if GAPL=10 and tGAP=100ms then vmin= 2.3 km/h.
1.7 Reflection value, vehicle length and type classification
The reported reflection or profile value of a vehicle depends on the physical dimensions of the
vehicle and is independent of the vehicle speed.

Drawing 2

The dominant parameters of the reflection value are the length of a vehicle, the mounting angle
and the distance to the lane (detector height), but also the height of the vehicle if you measure
overhead, respectively the width if you measure lateral have an influence on the profile value.
With the simplifications that the vehicle height is neglected and the detection height is the
runway ground it can be said that the reflection distance length is
lel = lF + b

with

lF - vehicle length
b - passed beam distance

This is the so-called electrical length of the vehicle in the radar beam.

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

From the wellknown formula for the Doppler-Frequency

fD = 2 * v * (f0/c) * cos

with

- measurement angle
c - absolute speed of light, 300000 km/s
f0 - transceived frequency, 24.125 GHz
fD - Doppler frequency
v - object speed in the radar field

can be dedicated with

v = lel/tF
tF = nF /fD
= c/f0

lel - electrical length of vehicle passing the beam

tF - passing time
nF - number of generated Doppler pulses
- Wavelength = 1.25 cm

the general valid formula

lel = 1/2 * nF * / cos
The older digital Falcon Net divided the Doppler frequency is internally by two (higher
resolution for speed accuracy), in the digital Falcon Net II only the output value is divided by
two, to be compatible with the older version. So the following formula (under the requirement
that 100% of the vehicle surface is reflective) is valid
lel = n * / cos

n - number of reported Doppler pulses

The passed distance in the beam can be deduced from drawing 1

b = [cot(M - D/2) - cot (M + D/2)] * h = F * h
The factor F in the
relationship
installation height
and passed distance
is shown in the
chart beside. It can
be seen that besides
the unwished effect
of the radar shadow,
which is related to
the curve, at angles
below
45
the
relation of detector
installation height
and passed beam
distance gets remarkably unfortunate; and therefore also the accuracy of the calculated vehicle
length. In reality reasonable accurate reflection values can be reached above 30 measurement
angle.
The total number of Doppler periods reported by the digital Falcon Net II is then
n = 1/ * cos(M - D/2) * (lF + b)
n = 1/ * cos(M - D/2) * {lF + [cot(M - D/2) - cot (M + D/2)] * h }
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FALCON NET II

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March 06

The following charts show the relationship between several parameters:

Constant other parameters:

vehicle length = 4 meter
measurement angle = 45

Constant other parameters:

mounting height = 5 meter
measurement angle = 45

Constant other parameters:

mounting height = 5 meter
vehicle length = 4 meter

Due to the made simplifications and that real vehicles do not reflect for 100 %, measured values
might be some per cent lower than the calculated, despite they are very well suited for vehicle
type classification.
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FALCON NET II

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March 06

A real installation overhead 7,5 meter above ground gave following results:
vehicle type classes

Reflection value

motorbikes, two wheeler

up to 180

cars

180 - 480

van, small trucks

480 - 700

cars with trailer, busses, trucks

700 - 900

trucks with trailer, semitrailer

900 - 1400

* the measurements with Falcon Net II, 11 x 11 patch antenna, mounting angle 45 ,SENS = 3

The classification of large motorbikes can cause problems due the fact that large motorbikes
reach the length of small cars and therefore the classes are overlapping. As well busses can not
be detected as an extra class because they reach the same length (size) as trucks.
The numeric range of the reflection value is: 1 ... 65535 units
For better classification accuracy a post processing filter for vehicle data was programmed.
Particularly semitrailer trucks with glasfever roofs may partly absorb the microwaves completely
with the result of a truck split in two or three small vehicle parts. The filter adds this typical
pattern together again. Beside that the filter forces a splitting of too large vehicles, which result e.
g. of trucks driving in very short distance to each other. The filter may delay the data output up to
600 ms.
The classification error for a measurement at 45 measurement angle and classification in two
classes with passenger car like vehicles and truck like vehicles is within following limits
according to the German TLS (Technische Lieferbedingungen fur Streckenstationen):
Class

Evaluation interval vehicles/minute maximum error

cars

1 minute

10

< 20 %

cars

1 minute

> 10

< 10 %

cars

1 hour

trucks

1 minute

10

< 35 %

trucks

1 minute

> 10

< 20 %

trucks

1 hour

<3%

<5%

Attention: Although we made the examples for several measurement angles the intended
use of the detector is at a measurement angle of 45 !
1.8 Inter-vehicle net time gap
Inter-vehicle net time gap means the time between the last vehicle left the radar beam and the
detection of the next vehicle. Net time gap because the time a vehicle needs to pass the radar
beam is not included (this would be the headway).
The calculated net gap time is corrected for the time interval of the response segment at the
measured speed and for the vehicle end detection timeout (see also chapter 2). The resulting
value is a multiple of 10 ms units.
Range of net time gap: 0 ... 65535 units
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FALCON NET II

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March 06

The Falcon Net adapter delivers the value as an ASCII value in seconds, therefore the range is
0,00 - 655,35 seconds.
The first value after any reset, every parameter change or request and values out of range
(overflows) are always set to null. After 655,35 seconds without any vehicle detection the net
time gap is reset to 0,00.
1.9 Detector self test
If no vehicle is detected for 322,68 seconds automatically a detector self test is performed.
Analog
amplifier

HF-Unit

Analog /
digital
converter

30 MHz
data
processing
CPU

2048 Hz
Testoscillator

Including the high frequency transceiver the whole data processing circuitry is tested. Only in
case of a test failure an error message is send, see also chapter 3.4.3.
The system is occupied maximum 5 ms with the automatic self test and a vehicle detection might
be delayed for this time period.
This test can also be forced by a user parameter request, the correct result must always be 45, see
also next chapter.

2 Falcon Net II program parameter set

Following program parameters can be changed:
Parameter

Function

Range

Default

ADJFA

Multiplication factor for speeds of oncoming vehicles. For

angular speed correction or the recalculation of km/h in
miles/h, m/s , ... etc. Default 1.296 for speed of oncoming
vehicles in km/h at 45 measurement angle.

0.001 9.999

1.296

ADJFB

Multiplication factor for speeds of leaving vehicles. For

angular speed correction or the recalculation of km/h in
miles/h, m/s , ... etc. Default 1.572 for speeds of leaving
vehicles in km/h at 45 measurement angle.

0.001 9.999

1.572

SENS

Changes the gain (sensitivity) of the analog amplifier, where 1 is

minimum and 16 maximum sensitivity. As higher the sensitivity is
chosen, as higher is the distance range.

1 - 16

15

RSEG

Response segment until a measurement is initiated.

5 - 80 cm

40

MSEG

Measurement segment for evaluating speed,

5 - 40 cm correlate to 8 till 64 measured speed values.

5 - 40 cm

20

GAPL

Vehicle end detection timeout: Timeout=GAPL*10ms

5 - 255

10

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

Parameter

Function

Range

Default

DETE

Switch to stop the detection of vehicles for example during

the parameter initialization process, 0 means detection off,
1 detection on

0/1

CRC

Checksum generator can be switched between LRC and

two CRC checksums, see also chapter 3.4.1,
0 = LRC
1 = CRC - Generator 11021 hex
2 = CRC - Generator 8408 hex

0-2

DIR

Detected movement direction, see also chapter 1.1

1 = unidirectional, only oncoming vehicles
2 = unidirectional, only leaving vehicles
3 = bi-directional

1-3

45

TEST

Detector self test, result must be 45, read only

VERSION Software version e. g. 2.10 , read only

The underline letter in the parameter column of the table above is the code letter for the function
byte in the Falcon Net II binary data block format (see chapter 3.4) and the ASCII data format of
the RS485-RS232 Falcon Net II Adapter (see chapter 4.2).
The default settings fit for the most standard applications.
The parameter set (except baudrate and detector address see chapter 5.8) is EEPROM based.
Every change gets effective immediately.
For the check of the integrity of the EEPROM based parameter set an also EEPROM based CRC
error checksum is used, the check is done every power-on, parameter change or request.

3 Digital Falcon network

3.1 Network topology
The network topology consists of a wired through 2-wire bus cable. It connects all detector
clients and hosts with a maximum length of 1 km at the maximum data transmission rate of
115,2 kbaud. The detector bus driver/receiver is designed to meet the EIA RS485 standard for
multipoint connections and works differential on both bus wires. Therefore there is one bidirectional data channel.
If the network is directly connected to a RS485 host interface without the RS485-RS232 Adapter
the bus wires should be ended with a 120 Ohm resistor against each other to avoid signal
reflections (except your RS485 interface card inputs are already terminated with a 120 Ohm load
resistor).
At least a shielded twisted pair cable for the differential data transmission lines must be used.
Probably you wont realize a bad data transmission quality immediately, because the data protocol
handshake works error tolerant and data transmissions are repeated until errorfree success, but
the net performance declines accordingly.

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

3.2 Network bus access management

The bus access is based on the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detect)
procedure. Every detector supervises (sense) the net continuously for the transmission of data
blocks (carrier). Only if there is no active data transmission a detector tries to transmit his own
data (access), earliest 5 ms after the last data transmission. A data collision happens if two
detectors accidentally start to access the data bus at the same time.
Therefore the detectors read back their transmitted data from the bus at the same time they send
it, compare them and check if the data got effective on the bus. If a detector realises that its data
became corrupted (collision) he stops the transmission and delays the transmission for a random
time (n x 5 ms, 1 < n < 16, what means 5 ms < tdelay < 80 ms).
3.3 Network addressing
The addresses 1 up to 15 are reserved to address the detectors connected to the net individually.
Use address 0 to access all detectors on the net all at once. This is particularly useful if you want
to set equal or ask parameters of all network detectors when initialising the system.
The detector address in the network has to be defined by the hex-switch setting (only one hex
switch means maximum 16 detectors) on the interface socket (see also chapter 5.8). Set the
address 1 up to 15 unique for each detector on the network bus, address 0 should not be chosen,
because this address is used to access all detectors globally. An address change gets effective
with the next restart of the program (power on).
Use the addresses above 32 for your host computer systems.
The detectors send their messages always to the target address 33 (host computer or net adapter),
equal of which source address they had been accessed.
Detectors with erroneous same hex switch settings cannot be accessed individually and send their
messages with the same source address.
3.4 Binary data block format
For the communication within the digital Falcon Net network following data format is used:
Data block byte position
1

Meaning

9 10 11 12 13
start byte uppercase B(hex 42)

B
X

target address byte (0-15 detectors, 33-255 hosts)

X

source address byte (0-15 detectors, 33-255 hosts)

X

data block length, including LRC/CRC-checksum

5th byte, function byte in uppercase characters:
M X

M - general messages no. 0-255

F - error messages no. 0-255

W X

W - warning no. 0-255, none defined at this revision

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March 06

Data block byte position

1

Meaning

9 10 11 12 13

D - measurement data, unidirectional modes

O - measurement data, oncoming veh., bidirectional mode

L - measurement data, leaving veh., bidirectional mode

X

speed 0-255 km/h

X X

reflection value 0-65535 units

X X

inter vehicle gap 0-65535 units ( 1 unit = 10 ms )

P - command set parameter or parameter report message

6th byte, parameter byte in uppercase characters:
A N . N N N

ADJFA 0.001-9.999 decimal, speed correction oncoming

B N . N N N

ADJFB 0.001-9.999 decimal, speed correction leaving

X E

SENS 1 ... 16, amplifier sensitivity

R X E

RSEG 5 - 80 cm, response segment

M X E

MSEG 5 - 40 cm, measurement segment

G X E

GAPL 5-255, vehicle end detection timeout

D X E

DETE 0,1 detection off/on

C X E

LRC/CRC 0,1,2 - communication error checksum

X E

DIR 1,2,3 - detected direction, oncoming, leaving, bidir.

X E

TEST - detector self test report, must always be 45

V N . N N
?

VERSION software version e.g. 2.10 , read only

? - command parameter setting requested
6th byte, parameter byte in uppercase characters:

ADJFA

ADJFB

SENS

RSEG

MSEG

GAPL

Detection Off/On

LRC or CRC error checksum

DIR

TEST force self-test

VERSION software version

Following shortings are used:

X - hexadecimal number 0-255 (0-FF hex)

N - decimal number 0-9 (30-39 hex)
E - LRC (0-FF hex, 1 byte) or
CRC (0-FFFF hex, 2 byte) checksum

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

The best explanation for the use of the table are some representative examples:
- 42 21 0C 07 4D 01 24

General message no. 1 = power on message from detector no.

12 to host no. 33

- 42 00 23 06 3F 4D

Host no. 35 asks all detectors for the setting of the Parameter
MSEG, the next example could be one of the responses

- 42 21 08 08 50 4D 28 06 Detector no. 8 reports MSEG = 40 cm to host no. 33

- 42 21 01 0C 50 42 31 2E Detector no. 1 reports ADJFA = 1,206 to host no. 33
32 30 36 57
- 42 21 0F 0B 44 65 05 DE Detection data message from detector no. 15 to host no. 33,
07 0D A6
speed = 101 km/h, reflection value = 1502, time gap = 90,25 s
- 42 01 21 08 50 53 00 69 Host sets the parameter SENS = 0 for detector no. 8
The examples above are ended with the LRC-checksum. Every change of a detector parameter is
immediately responded with the new parameter value.
Data blocks are ignored by the detectors if
- the start byte (B, 42 hex) of the data block is not correct
- they dont contain the specific address (except the 0, see network addressing) of the detector
as target address byte
- the length of the data block is out of range (maximum 13 bytes per block)
- the data block is not completed within 5 ms (maximum gap between bytes is 5 ms)
3.4.1 Error checksum generation
All data blocks from the detectors to the host must be ended at the last byte position with a
communication error checksum.
Three different types of checksums LRC or CRC with 11021 hex or 8408 hex Generator can be
chosen, default error checksum ex factory is the one byte LRC.
The LRC-byte is calculated out of the bitwise logical antivalenz function as follows:
LRC-byte = Byte 1 xor Byte 2 xor Byte 3 xor........ Byte n
The two byte CRC-CCITT checksums are generated with a serial bitwise modulo-2 division by
the polynom:
x16+x12+x5+1
Depending whether this polynom is read from the left to the right or vice versa the checksums
11021 hex or 8408 hex are the result and their so-called reflected forms.
Be aware when changing the error checksum that the higher error redundancy of the CRC needs
also higher processing power by the host or a hardware CRC-generator when it shall be checked
in time (see also chapter 3.5).
All data blocks from the host to the detector need not be ended with a checksum, because all
parameter set commands as well as parameter setting requests are confirmed or answered when
successful anyway. If a checksum is send by the host it will be ignored.

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March 06

3.4.2 General messages and warnings

Message no.

Meaning

power on reset, hardware reset

push button reset (if available)

default EEPROM parameter set

The function byte for general messages is

M (hex 4D), see chapter 3.4.
Warnings are yet not implemented.

factory first initialization only

3.4.3 Error messages
The following table shows the detector fatal errors with possible data loss:
Error no.

Meaning

Remarks

Watchdog Reset

the Watchdog detected a program hang up , system

resets internally, measurement data may be lost

Power Fail

the power supply voltage of the microcontroller sank

below 4,5 Volt, system stops below 4,25 Volt,
measurement data may be lost

Receive Data Buffer

Overflow

the microprocessor system received too much data

blocks before it could process the data, received but
not processed parameter commands may be lost

Transmit Data Buffer

the detector system probably detected too much
Overflow
objects, without being able to transmit the appropriate
data to a host successfully, measurement data lost

EEPROM-CRC error

EEPROM parameter set corrupt, check parameters

Self test failed

The hardware self test failed, hardware failure

The table below lists the nonfatal error numbers:

Error no.

Meaning

Remarks

10

illegal data format

the data block contains for example hexadecimal

values at a place where decimal numbers
(30-39 hex) are expected

11

illegal value

the value of a parameter is out of the definition range

12

unknown function

this function byte is not defined

13

unknown parameter

this parameter byte is not defined

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3.5 Data protocol handshake, timings

The host has to confirm a correct data transmission within 0.5 ms and 5 ms. That means the host
tests the received data block with the error checksum and if correct sends back the address of the
detector, otherwise the detector transmits the data block after a random time between 5 and 80
ms again. If the detector does not get response (in time), the transmission will be repeated
(forever).
Further timing regulations, partly already noted, are
The detectors try to send a data block earliest 5 ms after the last transmission incident.
Data blocks from the host to the detectors have to be completed within 5 ms (maximum time
gap between data bytes 5 ms).
Data blocks from the detectors to the host will be completed within 4 ms (maximum time gap
between data bytes 4 ms). The host should delete data blocks which were not completed
within 4 ms by the detectors, what may happen especially in case of data collisions.
The power on delay time is for minimum 250 ms.

4 Falcon Network RS485-RS232 Adapter II

The draft beside shows the top-view of the
developer version of the RS485-RS232 Falcon
Net adapter II. Technical data of the field
version are specified in a separate data sheet.
The functional description is valid for both
versions.
The central positioned hex-switch allows the
setting of the data transmission rates for the
RS232 and the RS485 network side. A new
setting gets effective with the next power on
reset.
The 5 LEDs allow a visual control of power
supply, receive and transmit data flow on RS232 and RS485 side.
For a description of wiring and purpose read also the chapter preface.
4.1 Start-up
After power on the adapter sends following ASCII message to a connected (RS232) terminal:
! Falcon Net II RS232 Adapter Version: 3.01 09/01/98
! by Via traffic controlling
! Adapter ready
All adapter messages start with a quotation mark, so they can be easily filtered out.
All messages send by the adapter end with a carriage return, line feed (0A 0D hex).

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March 06

If there are connected network detectors, powered up at the same time, you should get the
detector startup messages as well:
M;1;01
M;2;01
M;3;01
M;n;01
If you get garbled messages or nothing on your terminal, check the baudrate and other data
transmission parameters ( 8 data , No parity, 1 stop bit).
4.2 Adapter detector data output
The data are delivered as follows:

data type; detector address; data

M; d ; d

general message no. 0-255

F ; d ; d

error message no. 0-255

W; d ; d

warning no. 0-255

P ; d ; A f

parameter ADJFA 0.001-9.999, speed correction oncoming vehicles

P ; d ; B f

parameter ADJFB 0.001-9.999, speed correction leaving vehicles

P ; d ; S d

parameter SENS 1 16

P ; d ; R d

parameter RSEG 5 - 80 cm

P ; d ; Md

parameter MSEG 5 - 40 cm

P ; d ; G d

parameter GAPL 5-255 in 10 ms units

P ; d ; D d

parameter DETE, 0/1, detection off/on

P ; d ; C d

parameter CRC checksum, 0/1/2 for LRC/CRC setting

P ; d ; I d

parameter DIR, 1/2/3 oncoming/leaving/bi-directional traffic detection

P ; d ; T d

detector self test report, correct result must be 45

P ; d ; V f

software version number, e.g. 2.11

D ; d ; d ; f

measured data unidirectional modes (oncoming or leaving) speed in km/h, reflection value, net gap 0.00-655.35 s

O ; d ; d ; f

measured data bi-directional modes, oncoming vehicle - data see above

L ; d ; d ; f

measured data bi-directional modes, leaving vehicle - data see above

with d - decimal ASCII integer value, f - decimal ASCII float value

All binary detector data values are reformatted by the adapter and delivered as ASCII decimal or
float values, the length of the ASCII strings depends on the data and address values ( 1-15).
The LRC or CRC checksums for binary data blocks on the RS485 network is tested and the
receipt (detector address) is given. For the RS 232 side no checksum is supported.

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March 06

For the description of the parameters see chapter 2 Falcon Net II program parameter set, for the
description of error and message numbers see chapter 3.4.2 general messages and warnings and
chapter 3.4.3 error messages.
4.3 Adapter detector parameter input or request
The command line input to initialize or change the detector parameter set is as follows:
Start letter A, detector address, P, parameter type, parameter value
The command line request to get the data of the detector parameter set is as follows:
Start letter A, detector address, ?, parameter type
For the parameter type the underlined letter of the parameter name, see tables chapter 2 and 3.4,
for example D for DETE (Detection on/off) has to be used.
- Example 1:
Set the parameter SENS = 2 for detector no. 8:

A8PS2

- Example 2:
Request the parameter setting of ADJFA for all detectors: A0?A
For the description of the parameters see chapter 2 Falcon Net II program parameter set, for the
description of the detector addressing see chapter 3.3 network addressing.
All lowercase input letters are automatically converted to uppercase by the adapter. The
backspace character can be used to delete wrong characters in the adapter input line buffer. Input
lines must be completed with carriage return or line feed (<Enter> key).
There is no time limit for the completion of an input string. Data messages from the detectors
may split an command insertion on a connected terminal.
4.4 Adapter parameter, Escape sequences
When receiving an ESC (1B hex) character a short listing of Escape sequences is send from the
adapter to a connected terminal
! Selection
! C-CRC
! D-Delimiter
! E-Echo
Inserting C, D, E selects the options prescribed in the following chapters. Automatic
programming sequences may send ESC and selection character without delay and ignore the
menus.
Be aware that the following interior parameters of the adapter are volatile and get lost after power
down.
4.4.1 Terminal echo
Every data input character from a connected terminal is echoed (start-up default). You can switch
off the echo with the input sequence ESC E (1B 45 hex) and the adapter message
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March 06

! echo off should appear. This is a toggle switch, therefore repeating the action switches the echo
on again. The escape sequences by themselves are never echoed.
4.4.2 Delimiter, output data field separation
The default delimiter (;, semicolon) for the data output can be changed. The escape sequence
ESC D delimiter changes the so far delimiter to the new one. Following delimiters are possible:
horizontal tab (0B hex), space (20 hex), colon (2C hex) and semicolon (hex 3B).
Especially for a tabular formatted data output the horizontal tab delimiter will be of interest.
4.4.3 Checksum selection for the network data protocol
Several network data block checksum types are supported, see chapter 3.4.1. The escape
sequence ESC C (1B 43 hex) activates a menu, where the checksums can be chosen:
! Select Checksum:
! 0 - LRC
! 1 - CRC 11021 hex
! 2 - CRC 8408 hex
! Choose 0,1 or 2? 2
! CRC 8408 set
After selection the current active checksum for the adapter is changed as well as the checksums
for all detectors in the network.
After power-on the adapter starts always with the LRC checksum. Meanwhile the detectors start
with the former EEPROM parameter set checksum. Therefore the adapter checksum must be
toggled immediately after the power-on message of the adapter if the detectors use the CRC-type
checksums to enable network communication.
4.5 Adapter error messages
Error messages
! Adapter RS232 line too long

! Adapter RS485 receive buffer overflow

Meaning
The input line length was more than 18
characters, for this reason the line was
erased
Though the RS485 FIFO input buffer is 60
data blocks deep, an overrun occurred, you
need to increase the RS232 data
transmission speed or take out some
detectors of the net

! Adapter system failure

Watchdog message that a system hang

up occurred

! Adapter power failure

The microprocessor power supply sank

below 4,5 Volt. Check the power supply.

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March 06

5 Technical overview and data

5.1 Microwave radar and detection specifications
digital Falcon NET II
Antenna:

spear beam patch antenna

Beam width (@ 3dB points):

Measurement Principle:
Radar Frequency:
Power Output:

11 x 11
Doppler-Radar
24.125 GHz, K-band
100 mW EIRP, 5 mW directed

Type of Detection:
Measurement

movement, uni- or bi-directional

speed [km/h], reflection value and
net time gap

Installation Height / Distance

overhead: 5-8 m typical

lateral: 1-5 m typical

Installation Angle

45

5.2 Housing dimensions and mounting

digital

RS485-RS232

Falcon Net II

Adapter II

Height

91 mm

25 mm

Width

122 mm

67 mm

Depth

120 mm

91,5 mm

Weight

1000 g

150 g
Drawing 3- Housing bottom

After loosing the 4 screws of the cover, 4 holes for M4 screws are visible near the edges of the
main housing, positioned in the corners of a 106 x 82 mm rectangle, see also drawing 1.
Typically the detector will be mounted to a location specific adapter fixture by using these holes.

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March 06

5.3 Housing materials and water protection

Basic housing consists of UV resistive glasfever strengthened polyester with a colour similar to
RAL 7001. The housing body interior is metal coated for the EMC shielding. The housing cover
is not coated because the microwaves are transmitted through it. The standard cable glands are
made of polyamide, the GoreTex membrane pressure balance elements of polycarbonat.
The seal between housing cover and body is made of foamed polyurethane or chloroprene, the
seal of the pressure balance element are made of silicone, the interior cable gland seal consists of
rubber material.
The entire housing including standard cable glands (PG 9) and pressure balance element is
protection class IP66 watertight and dust proof.
The RS485-RS232 Adapter housing of the developer version is made of polystyrol and not
watertight.
5.4 Connectors, cable glands and cables
Pass through type

Cable gland
PG9

Cable gland
PG7

Dual cable gland

PG11

Male socket
Binder 723

Protection class

IP 68

IP68

IP65

IP68 *

Cable diameter

6 - 9 mm

4 - 6 mm

5 or 6 mm

Delivery term

standard

on demand

on demand

on demand

* External sockets have IP 68 protection class but only if locked with the coupling connector.

The dual cable gland (PG11) is used for the pass through of two cables through the housing if the
communication/power supply cable shall be wired through directly from detector to detector.
This dual cable glands do not have a traction relief.
The coupling connector for the Binder 723 socket can be delivered on demand.
Cables for outdoor purposes, ultraviolet light resistive are made of polyurethane, other cables
will degenerate after several years. Calculate the voltage drop if a detector net is powered from a
remote power supply before choosing the cable. As mentioned before at minimum a shielded
twisted pair cable should be used to get optimal data transfer performance.

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March 06

5.5 Data processing and transmission

digital FALCON NET II

RS485-RS232 Adapter II

Microcontroller:

Dallas DS87C520 / 30MHz

Dallas DS87C520 / 11MHz

Program Memory:

16 KB ROM + 1 KB SRAM

16 KB ROM + 1 KB SRAM

Interface Standard:

RS 485

RS485, RS232

9.6, 19.2, 57.6 or 115.2 kbaud

4.8, 9.6, 19.2 or 57.6 kbaud on

RS232 side

Data Transmission Format

8 data-, 1 stop-, no parity bit

8 data-, 1 stop-, no parity bit

RS485 FIFO Data Buffer

transmit buffer 20 x 12 bytes

transmit buffer 10 x 12 bytes

receive buffer 20 x 12 bytes

receive buffer 60 x 12 bytes

Data Output

binary, 1 data block per

vehicle with checksum
handshake

ASCII, decimal, 1 line per

vehicle, default delimiter: ;
D;(address);(speed);
(reflection); (gap)..CRLF

Maximum Cable Length

1000m @ 115.2 kbaud

100m @ 9600 baud

Network Topology

2-wire bus

2-wire bus

Transmission Procedure

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD on network side

asynchronous on RS232 side,
XON/XOFF handshake
supported, full duplex

Serial Port Rate

5.6 Ratings / DC electrical characteristics and electronic protection features

digital FALCON

Power supply reverse

connection protection:

NET II

Series-connected protective
diode

RS485-RS432 Adapter II
Series-connected protective
diode @ 12 Volt
Zener-diode @ 5 Volt

Power supply EMC

protection:

Power supply overload:

EMC protection RS485 bus
and RS232 drivers

Varistor 38 V,
Suppressor-diode 28.5 V
(600 W, 1 ns response time)

Zener-diode 5V6

Miniature fuse 1 A

Miniature fuse 125 mA

8 kV contact discharge

8 kV contact discharge

15 kV air gap discharge

15 kV air gap discharge

acc. IEC 1000-4-2

acc. IEC 1000-4-2

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FALCON NET II

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digital FALCON

Ratings

March 06

NET II

RS485-RS432 Adapter II

MIN

TYP

MAX

MIN

TYP

MAX

Units

12V Input

12

36

12

16

5V (regulated) Input

4.5

5.5

60*

75*

90*

100*

mA

Voltage supply:

Current @ 12 Volt
Ripple voltage (12V)
f < 100 Hz

f < 1 kHz

100

100

mV

f < 10 kHz

20

100

mV

2.4

13

25

RS485 bus driver:

Voltage A, B terminal

-13

Diff. Voltage A, B

2.4

13

25

-13

100

100

Input sensitivity

mV

Driver load

120

60

120

60

Output Current (short

circuit)

-60

60

-60

60

mA

RxD Input Voltage Range

-30

30

TxD Output Voltage Swing (@ 3k load)

RS232 driver:

Driver load
Temperature Range
MTBF @ 70 C

-40

+85

MTBF > 220.000 h

7.3

70

* with 120 Ohm RS485 bus termination load

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FALCON NET II

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March 06

5.7 Pin connections

Digital Falcon Net 10 pin connector terminal:
PIN1

Power and network ground are not

splitted up.

Ground

+ Vcc

Limit sum of cable cross sections per

pin: AD < 2,5 mm2

terminal

terminal

Screwdriver size/torque: M2,5/0,5Nm

Adapter 25 pin RS232 female DSUB-Connector

PIN1

10

RxD

TxD

Ground

+ 5V Input

+ 12V Input

Adapter 25 pin RS485 male DSUB-Connector

PIN1

10

Ground

+ 5V Input

+ 12V Input

terminal

terminal

To supply power to the Adapter use either the 5 Volt or the 12 Volt Input at the RS232 or the
RS485 connector. The power pins ( 9 and 10 ) at the RS232 connector are not connected at the
standard RS232 PC connectors, in doubt check your I/O Card description for the pin connections
of your RS232 PC or terminal interface to avoid short circuits.
The 5 Volt Input powers the digital circuits and the microprocessor directly and the supply
voltage has therefore to be stabilised.

Other pins are not connected

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March 06

5.8 Setting baudrate and network address

The data transfer speed has to be set for all detectors and hosts on the network bus identically.
The detector data transfer speed can only be set to fixed rates (see table below) by the baudrate
dip switch located in the upper right corner on the pcb, see drawing above. The baudrate dipswitch setting gets effective after the next detector
Switch no. 1 Switch no. 2 Baudrate
power-on.
On
On
9600
Default setting ex factory:

9600 Baud

On
Off
Off

Off
On
Off

19200
57600
115200

The detector network address can be set by the

hex-switch in the upper right corner of the pcb, see drawing above and gets valid after the next
detector power-on. The dip-switch can be turned with a small screwdriver (M1,5) through the
hole in the shielding plate see drawing above.
The hex-switch can be set to the addresses 0 till F hexadecimal, what means 0 till 15 decimal.
The address 0 shall not be used, its a wild card address fur multiple addressing, see also
chapter 3.3.
Use an address number only once for a detector connected to the net.

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March 06

6 Getting started - start operation - installation

6.1 Falcon Net II operation control
Internal status LED (external on demand), located beside the detector address hex-switch, see
chapter 5.8.
During initialization of the system and as long as an object is detected, the LED diode lights
up. If no object is detected, the diode is not lit.
System messages
6.2 Mounting
The detector shall be mounted at a measurement angle of 45.
The detector shall be positioned above the middle of a lane in overhead installations and on
vehicle height in sidefire position.
6.3 Start operation flowchart, detector preparation

Start

Set detector network

adress see chapter 5.9

Set data transfer speed

see chapter 5.9

For the location of the detector adjustment

elements see chapter 5.8
For a communication described in chapter
3 following a host connected to the
network with the implemented binary data
protocol or an RS485/R232 Falcon Net II
adapter connected to a terminal is required.

Assemble cable wiring

for data bus and power
supply

Power on

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March 06

6.4 Electrical installation principles and network assembly

You need to calculate the cable voltage drop when using remote power supplies, as well as the
needed power capability of the supplies, if it is not possible to supply a detector net locally
through a power supply in a nearby traffic station cabinet.
For the choice of the detector cable wiring you have the following basic possibilities:
Wired-through cable from
RS485 interface
detector to detector, a dual
and
cable gland is used, outer
230V AC/DC
Power supply
cable diameter should be 5 or
6 mm, see chapter 5.4. Wiring
of the detectors must be done
on the mounting site. Low material costs.

Falcon
no. 1

Falcon
no. 2

Falcon
no. n

In-house prewired detectors with one cable to additional connector boxes at the mounting spot
T-connected with the combined
RS485 interface
bus/power supply cable. Thick
and
wires with large cross sections
230V AC/DC
Power supply
are possible in between
connecting boxes. No wiring
Falcon
Falcon
Falcon
and opening of detectors on the
no. 1
no. 2
no. n
mounting site, still quite easy
replacement. Higher material
costs for connector boxes. Normal cable glands PG7 or PG9 or male socket connectors are
used, see chapter 5.4.
As above but with one
cable for the power
supply and one for data
bus connected to the
detector cables in the
connector box. Best
choice for long distances.

RS485 interface
and
230V AC/DC
Power supply

power cable
data bus cable
Falcon
no. 1

Falcon
no. 2

Falcon
no. n

Dont forget to note which cable pass through the housing you need when you order the
detectors, see chapter 5.4.
The maximum bus cable lengths depend highly on cable quality (twisted pair, copper wire cross
section and shielding) and on the necessary data transfer speed. Cable lengths of 1km @ 115200
Baud are standard, data cable lengths of 10 km @ 9600 Baud have also been implemented by
customers.
The possibility to operate an already existing network additionally with the Falcon Net II data
protocol had been realized by customers. Although the Falcon network ignores all messages not
fitting in the data protocol frame the interference and the drop of data transfer capacity must be
tested in every new application.
The use of repeaters for very long distances is limited due to the Falcon network data protocol
handshake timing and the signal propagation delay of cable and repeater. The handshake
response must reach the detector within 5 ms, see chapter 3.5.

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March 06

7 CE-Conformity declaration and national notification

7.1 CE declaration of conformity

Declaration of Conformity
in accordance with the Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)
The manufacturer:

Via traffic controlling GmbH

Declares that the product:

digital Falcon Plus II and digital Falcon Net II

Intended purpose:

Traffic monitoring equipment

Type:

Radio equipment

Equipment class:

Complies with the essential requirements of article 3 of the R&TTE directive, when used for its intended
purpose:
- Health and safety requirements pursuant to article 3.1a, according low voltage directive 73/23/EEC
- Protection requirements concerning electromagnetic compatibility article 3.1b, according electromagnetic
compatibility directive 89/336/EEC
- Air interface of the radio systems pursuant to article 3.2
Harmonised standards applied:
EN 60950-2: 2001
EN 55022: 1998 + A1: 2000
EN 61000-6-2/-4: 2001
EN 300440-1(V1.3.1)/-2(V1.1.1)
EN 301489-1/-3(V1.4.1)
Address:
Via traffic controlling

Other means of providing conformity with the

essential requirements (standards, specifications):
Reg TP 321 ZV003 (06/1999)
VDE 0848 part 1 and 2
Guideline ICNIRP

Maybachstra e 39
D-51381 Leverkusen
Place, date of issue: Leverkusen, 19. April 2005
Name and signature: Dipl.-Ing. (FH) J. Ge ler

7.2 Notification
The digital Falcon Net II was tested by an accredited test laboratory according the standards ETSI
EN 300440 and ETSI EN 301489 and can be operated within the European Community
including Norway.
Additional national licences concerning EMC or radio emission matters are not necessary within
the European Community, restrictions concerning the operation of the Falcon Net II are not
known.
The notification according EC directive 1999/5/EG (R&TTE) Article 6.4 has been done in the
following countries (till the 17.02.04):
Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway1, Austria and Sweden
If the country where you like to operate the system is not listed, please contact us, we will make
the necessary notification then as soon as possible.

for "short range devices" till 100 mW EIRP in the band 24.0 till 24.25 GHz not necessary, see Norway Post and
Telecommunication Authority, Regulation no. 1399 of 20 December 2000 on Authorised Frequency Use

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March 06

8 Electrostatic discharge precautions for open detectors

The digital Falcon Net II detector assembled inside the housing is completely protected against
electrostatic discharge.
Attention: When the detector is opened for cable assembly or adjustments the
detector semiconductor components are in danger of destruction due to
electrostatic discharge.
Precautions:
Inform your personal about precautions against electrostatic discharge destruction. Let the
detector be handled only by taught persons. Take care that the personal of your installation
contractor is informed as well.
In the factory, work at electrostatic discharge protected work places, with grounded
conductive bracelets, mats, tables, floors, shoes, dresses and transport containments as far as
possible.
Transport the detector only in the closed housing.
Under field conditions take care for electrostatic charge compensation before touching or
laying down the open detector. Never hand out the open detector to another person before
touching the person.
Handle the detector always at cover, antenna, antenna-PCB sockets or at the PCB-edges. Never
touch on the PCB pins!

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