Complex Analysis 1

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Exercises1:
Question1. Prove that if number is equal to its conjugate, it is necessarily real.
Proof:
Let
z a ib where a, b
Assume that z z . We need to show that z is real.

Since z z ,
a ib a ib
i 2b 0
b0
Question2. Prove that any number is equal to the conjugate of its conjugate.
Proof:
Let
z a ib be any number , where a, b
We need to show that z z . We need to show

z that
is real.
Since z a
, ib
z a ib z
Thus, z z
Question3. Prove that if both
Proof:
Let
z1 z2 and z1 z2 are real, then either z1 and z2 are both real or z1 = z2
z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2
Assume that z1 z2 and z1 z2 are real s.t.

Since z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1 a2 i b1 b2 a3
z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1a2 ia1b2 ia2b1 b1b2 a1a2 b1b2 i a1b2 a2b1 a4
Math 252 Complex Analysis
Page 1
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
a1 a2 a3 and b1 b2 0
b1 b2
a1a2 b1b2 a4 and a1b2 a2b1 0 ,
a1b2 a2b2 b2 a1 a2 0
b2 0 or a1 a2
If b2 0 also b1 0 then z1 and z 2 are real.
b1 b2
If a1 a2 and
then
z1 a1 ib1 =a2 ib2 =z2
Question4. Prove that if both if the product of two complex numbers is zero, at least one of the
numbers must be zero.
Proof:
Let
z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1a2 ia1b2 ia2b1 b1b2 a1a2 b1b2 i a1b2 a2b1 0
a1a2 b1b2 0
a1
Substitute into the
b1b2
a2
a1b2 a2b1 0
b1b2
b2 a2b1 0 ,
a2
multiply by
a2 both sides, then
b1b2 2 a2 2b1 b1 b2 2 a2 2 0 , b1 0 , then a1 b1b2 0 that is z1 0

a2
b2 2 a2 2 z2 0 , z2 0 a2 , b2 0
2
Or
Thus, at least one of the numbers is zero
z1 0 and z2 0 .
Page 2
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
z1 z1
.
Question5. Prove that
z
2 z2
Proof:
Let
a1 ib1 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1a2 b1b2 i a1b2 a2b1 a1a2 b1b2

a1b2 a2b1
2
2
a2 2 b2 2
a2 2 b2 2
a2 ib2 a2 ib2 a2 ib2
a2 b2
a1b2 a2b1
a a bb
= 1 22 1 2 2 i
a2 b2
a2 2 b2 2
a1a2 b1b2 ia1b2 ia2b1

a2 2 b2 2
a2 a1 ib1 ib2 a1 ib1

a2 ib2 a2 ib2
a2 ib2 a1 ib1
a2 ib2 a2 ib2
a ib1 z1
= 1
a2 ib2 z2
=
Question6. Verify that z

Proof:
Substitute
1 i 3
2
1 i 3
satisfies the equation
z 2 z 1 0.
into the equation
z 2 z 1 0.
1 i 3
1 i 3
1 i 3 1 i 3
1 i 3
2
z z 1
2
2
2
2
2
1 i2 3 3 1 i 3
1
4
2
1
3 1
3
= i
i
1 0 , it satisfies this equation.
2
2 2
2
=
Page 3
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Question7. Reduce each of the following expression to the form
a.
1 i 2 i
1 i 2 i
b.
z a ib.
1 i 1 i 2 i 2 i 1 2i 1 4 4i 1 3 2i
1 i 1 i
1 i 1 i
1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 2i 1 1 2i 1 4i
2i
1 i 1 i
11
2
1 i 1 i
Question8. Solve the equation

Solution:
Let
zz z z 0 .
z a ib where a, b
zz z z a ib a ib a ib a ib a 2 b2 a ib a ib a 2 b 2 2bi 0
a 2 b2 0 and 2b 0, b 0 , then a 0
Thus,
z 0.
Question9. Find all the distinct fourth roots of -1.

Solution:
First of all, we have to write z in polar form.
z 1, a 1, b 0, z 1 cos i sin , , r z
02 1
The polar form of the complex number
z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k , k 0, 1, 2,...
Page 4
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
We find that the four fourth roots of -1 are given by the expression.
2k
rk z r cos
n
1
n
1
n
2k
i
sin
2k 1 i sin 2k 1
rk z r cos
4
4
1
4
1
4
or explicitly
1
1
1
i
1 i
2
2
2
k 0
r1 cos
for
k 1
r2 cos
3
3
1
1
1
i sin
1 i
4
4
2
2
2
for
k 2
r3 cos
5
5
1
1
1
i sin
1 i
4
4
2
2
2
for
k 3 r4 cos
, k 0,1, 2,3
for
i sin
, k 0, 1, 2,... is nth roots of z.
7
7
1
1
1
i sin
1 i
4
4
2
2
2
Question10. Find all the distinct cube roots of i.

Solution:
First of all, we have to write z in polar form.
z i, a 0, b i, z i cos 2k i sin 2k , , r z
2
2
i2 i
z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k , k 0, 1, 2,...
Page 5
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
We find that the four fourth roots of i are given by the expression.
2k
rk z r cos
n
1
n
1
n
2k
i
sin
2
k
2 k
2
2
rk z i cos
i sin
3
3
1
3
1
3
, k 0, 1, 2,... is nth roots of z.
, k 0,1, 2
or explicitly
k 0
r1 cos
for
k 1
r2 cos
5
5
i sin
6
6
for
k 2
r3 cos
9
9
i sin
6
6
for
i sin
3 1 1
i
2
2 2
Question11. Express the complex number

Solution:
First of all, we know that
tan
3 i
8 8 3i in polar form and find its distinct fourth roots.
y
b
b
or tan , tan 1
x
a
a
8 3
5
1
z 8 8 3i, a 8, b 8 3, tan 1
,
tan 3 60 300
8
3
r z
8 8 3
2
16
z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k
Page 6
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
We find that the four fourth roots of i are given by the expression.
2k
rk z r cos
n
1
n
1
n
2k
i
sin
is nth roots of z.
, k 0, 1, 2,...
5
5
2
k
2 k
3
3
rk z 16 cos
i sin
4
4
1
4
or explicitly
1
4
for
k 0
5
5
r1 2 cos
i sin
12
12
for
k 1
11
11
r2 2 cos
i sin
12
12
for
k 2
17
17
r3 2 cos
i sin
12
12
for
k 3
, k 0,1, 2,3
23
23
r4 2 cos
i sin
12
12
Page 7
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Question12. Show that
z1 z2 z1 z2 2 z1 2 z2
2
Solution:
Let
Let z1
2
a12 b12 and z2 a2 2 b2 2 , substitute all of them into the z1 z2 z1 z2
2
z1 z2 z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2
2
a1 a2 i b1 b2
a1 ib1 a2 ib2
2
a1 a2 i b1 b2
= a1 a2 b1 b2 a1 a2 b1 b2
2
=a12 2 a1a2 a2 2 b12 2b1b2 b2 2 a12 2a1a2 a2 2 b12 2b1b2 b2 2

= 2 a12 b12 2 a2 2 b2 2
= 2 z1 2 z2
2
Page 8

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COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Assume that z z . We need to show that z is real.

z a ib be any number , where a, b

We need to show that z z . We need to show

z1 z2 and z1 z2 are real, then either z1 and z2 are both real or z1 = z2

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

Assume that z1 z2 and z1 z2 are real s.t.

Math 252 Complex Analysis

a1a2 b1b2 a4 and a1b2 a2b1 0 ,

If b2 0 also b1 0 then z1 and z 2 are real.

z1 a1 ib1 =a2 ib2 =z2

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

Substitute into the

a2 both sides, then

b1b2 2 a2 2b1 b1 b2 2 a2 2 0 , b1 0 , then a1 b1b2 0 that is z1 0

Thus, at least one of the numbers is zero

Math 252 Complex Analysis

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

a1 ib1 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1a2 b1b2 i a1b2 a2b1 a1a2 b1b2

a1a2 b1b2 ia1b2 ia2b1

a2 a1 ib1 ib2 a1 ib1

Question6. Verify that z

satisfies the equation

into the equation

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Question8. Solve the equation

Question9. Find all the distinct fourth roots of -1.

The polar form of the complex number

z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k , k 0, 1, 2,...

Math 252 Complex Analysis

, k 0, 1, 2,... is nth roots of z.

Question10. Find all the distinct cube roots of i.

The polar form of the complex number

z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k , k 0, 1, 2,...

Math 252 Complex Analysis

, k 0, 1, 2,... is nth roots of z.

Question11. Express the complex number

8 8 3i in polar form and find its distinct fourth roots.

The polar form of the complex number

z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Math 252 Complex Analysis

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

=a12 2 a1a2 a2 2 b12 2b1b2 b2 2 a12 2a1a2 a2 2 b12 2b1b2 b2 2

Math 252 Complex Analysis

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