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Complex Analysis 1

The document contains 10 problems proving various properties of complex numbers. Problem 1 proves that if a number is equal to its conjugate, it must be real. Problem 2 proves that any number is equal to the conjugate of its conjugate. Problem 3 proves that if the sum and product of two numbers are real, then the numbers must either both be real or equal. The remaining problems prove additional properties and solve equations involving complex numbers.

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236 views8 pages

Complex Analysis 1

The document contains 10 problems proving various properties of complex numbers. Problem 1 proves that if a number is equal to its conjugate, it must be real. Problem 2 proves that any number is equal to the conjugate of its conjugate. Problem 3 proves that if the sum and product of two numbers are real, then the numbers must either both be real or equal. The remaining problems prove additional properties and solve equations involving complex numbers.

Uploaded by

xeemac
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Exercises1:
Question1. Prove that if number is equal to its conjugate, it is necessarily real.
Proof:
Let

z a ib where a, b

Assume that z z . We need to show that z is real.


Since z z ,

a ib a ib
i 2b 0
b0
Question2. Prove that any number is equal to the conjugate of its conjugate.
Proof:
Let

z a ib be any number , where a, b

We need to show that z z . We need to show


z that

is real.

Since z a
, ib

z a ib z
Thus, z z
Question3. Prove that if both
Proof:
Let

z1 z2 and z1 z2 are real, then either z1 and z2 are both real or z1 = z2

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

Assume that z1 z2 and z1 z2 are real s.t.


Since z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1 a2 i b1 b2 a3

z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1a2 ia1b2 ia2b1 b1b2 a1a2 b1b2 i a1b2 a2b1 a4

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Page 1

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
a1 a2 a3 and b1 b2 0

b1 b2

a1a2 b1b2 a4 and a1b2 a2b1 0 ,

a1b2 a2b2 b2 a1 a2 0

b2 0 or a1 a2

If b2 0 also b1 0 then z1 and z 2 are real.

b1 b2

If a1 a2 and

then

z1 a1 ib1 =a2 ib2 =z2

Question4. Prove that if both if the product of two complex numbers is zero, at least one of the
numbers must be zero.
Proof:
Let

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1a2 ia1b2 ia2b1 b1b2 a1a2 b1b2 i a1b2 a2b1 0
a1a2 b1b2 0

a1

Substitute into the

b1b2
a2

a1b2 a2b1 0

b1b2
b2 a2b1 0 ,
a2

multiply by

a2 both sides, then

b1b2 2 a2 2b1 b1 b2 2 a2 2 0 , b1 0 , then a1 b1b2 0 that is z1 0


a2

b2 2 a2 2 z2 0 , z2 0 a2 , b2 0
2

Or

Thus, at least one of the numbers is zero

Math 252 Complex Analysis

z1 0 and z2 0 .

Page 2

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
z1 z1
.
Question5. Prove that
z
2 z2
Proof:
Let

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

a1 ib1 a1 ib1 a2 ib2 a1a2 b1b2 i a1b2 a2b1 a1a2 b1b2


a1b2 a2b1

2
2
a2 2 b2 2
a2 2 b2 2
a2 ib2 a2 ib2 a2 ib2
a2 b2
a1b2 a2b1
a a bb
= 1 22 1 2 2 i
a2 b2
a2 2 b2 2

a1a2 b1b2 ia1b2 ia2b1


a2 2 b2 2

a2 a1 ib1 ib2 a1 ib1


a2 ib2 a2 ib2

a2 ib2 a1 ib1
a2 ib2 a2 ib2
a ib1 z1
= 1
a2 ib2 z2
=

Question6. Verify that z


Proof:

Substitute

1 i 3
2

1 i 3

satisfies the equation

z 2 z 1 0.

into the equation

z 2 z 1 0.

1 i 3
1 i 3
1 i 3 1 i 3
1 i 3
2

z z 1

2
2
2
2
2

1 i2 3 3 1 i 3

1
4
2
1
3 1
3
= i
i
1 0 , it satisfies this equation.
2
2 2
2
=

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Page 3

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Question7. Reduce each of the following expression to the form

a.

1 i 2 i

1 i 2 i

b.

z a ib.

1 i 1 i 2 i 2 i 1 2i 1 4 4i 1 3 2i

1 i 1 i

1 i 1 i
1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 2i 1 1 2i 1 4i

2i
1 i 1 i
11
2
1 i 1 i

Question8. Solve the equation


Solution:
Let

zz z z 0 .

z a ib where a, b

zz z z a ib a ib a ib a ib a 2 b2 a ib a ib a 2 b 2 2bi 0
a 2 b2 0 and 2b 0, b 0 , then a 0
Thus,

z 0.

Question9. Find all the distinct fourth roots of -1.


Solution:
First of all, we have to write z in polar form.

z 1, a 1, b 0, z 1 cos i sin , , r z

02 1

The polar form of the complex number

z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k , k 0, 1, 2,...

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Page 4

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
We find that the four fourth roots of -1 are given by the expression.

2k
rk z r cos
n

1
n

1
n

2k

i
sin

2k 1 i sin 2k 1
rk z r cos
4
4

1
4

1
4

or explicitly

1
1
1
i

1 i
2
2
2

k 0

r1 cos

for

k 1

r2 cos

3
3
1
1
1
i sin

1 i
4
4
2
2
2

for

k 2

r3 cos

5
5
1
1
1
i sin

1 i
4
4
2
2
2

for

k 3 r4 cos

, k 0,1, 2,3

for

i sin

, k 0, 1, 2,... is nth roots of z.

7
7
1
1
1
i sin

1 i
4
4
2
2
2

Question10. Find all the distinct cube roots of i.


Solution:
First of all, we have to write z in polar form.

z i, a 0, b i, z i cos 2k i sin 2k , , r z
2
2

i2 i

The polar form of the complex number

z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k , k 0, 1, 2,...

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Page 5

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
We find that the four fourth roots of i are given by the expression.

2k
rk z r cos
n

1
n

1
n

2k

i
sin

2
k

2 k

2
2
rk z i cos
i sin
3
3

1
3

1
3

, k 0, 1, 2,... is nth roots of z.

, k 0,1, 2

or explicitly

k 0

r1 cos

for

k 1

r2 cos

5
5
i sin
6
6

for

k 2

r3 cos

9
9
i sin
6
6

for

i sin

3 1 1
i
2
2 2

Question11. Express the complex number


Solution:
First of all, we know that

tan

3 i

8 8 3i in polar form and find its distinct fourth roots.

y
b
b
or tan , tan 1
x
a
a

8 3
5
1
z 8 8 3i, a 8, b 8 3, tan 1
,
tan 3 60 300
8
3

r z

8 8 3
2

16

The polar form of the complex number

z r cos 2k ir sin 2k r cos 2k i sin 2k

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Page 6

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
We find that the four fourth roots of i are given by the expression.

2k
rk z r cos
n

1
n

1
n

2k

i
sin

is nth roots of z.
, k 0, 1, 2,...

5
5

2
k

2 k

3
3
rk z 16 cos
i sin
4
4

1
4

or explicitly

1
4

for

k 0

5
5

r1 2 cos
i sin
12
12

for

k 1

11
11
r2 2 cos
i sin
12
12

for

k 2

17
17
r3 2 cos
i sin
12
12

for

k 3

, k 0,1, 2,3

23
23

r4 2 cos
i sin
12
12

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Page 7

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Question12. Show that

z1 z2 z1 z2 2 z1 2 z2
2

Solution:

Let

z1 a1 ib1 and z2 a2 ib2 be any two numbers , where a1, a2 , b1, b2

Let z1

2
a12 b12 and z2 a2 2 b2 2 , substitute all of them into the z1 z2 z1 z2
2

z1 z2 z1 z2 a1 ib1 a2 ib2
2

a1 a2 i b1 b2

a1 ib1 a2 ib2
2

a1 a2 i b1 b2

= a1 a2 b1 b2 a1 a2 b1 b2
2

=a12 2 a1a2 a2 2 b12 2b1b2 b2 2 a12 2a1a2 a2 2 b12 2b1b2 b2 2


= 2 a12 b12 2 a2 2 b2 2
= 2 z1 2 z2
2

Math 252 Complex Analysis

Page 8

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