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NONLINEAR Bisection Method Example: F (X) X 3+x 2-3x-3 0

The document provides examples and explanations of several numerical analysis methods: 1) The bisection method is used to find roots of nonlinear equations by iteratively narrowing the range that contains the root. 2) Newton's method approximates roots of nonlinear equations by using the tangent line of the function at the current point. 3) Divided differences are used to construct interpolation polynomials to approximate values between given data points. 4) Least squares approximation finds the linear function that best fits a set of data points by minimizing the squared errors.

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3K views5 pages

NONLINEAR Bisection Method Example: F (X) X 3+x 2-3x-3 0

The document provides examples and explanations of several numerical analysis methods: 1) The bisection method is used to find roots of nonlinear equations by iteratively narrowing the range that contains the root. 2) Newton's method approximates roots of nonlinear equations by using the tangent line of the function at the current point. 3) Divided differences are used to construct interpolation polynomials to approximate values between given data points. 4) Least squares approximation finds the linear function that best fits a set of data points by minimizing the squared errors.

Uploaded by

SherylDinglasanFenol
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NONLINEAR

Bisection Method
Example: f(x) = x^3+x^2-3x-3=0
starting values: a=1, b=2
tolerance: 0.0001
f(x) 1 1 -3 -3
ITERATION: x1 x2 f(x1) f(x3) f(x1)*f(x3) x3=(x1+x2)/2 F(x3)=tolerance
1 1.000000 2.000000 -4.000000 -1.875000 7.500000 1.500000 -1.875000
2 1.500000 2.000000 -1.875000 0.171875 -0.322266 1.750000 0.171875
3 1.500000 1.750000 -1.875000 -0.943359 1.768799 1.625000 -0.943359
4 1.625000 1.750000 -0.943359 -0.409424 0.386234 1.687500 -0.409424
5 1.687500 1.750000 -0.409424 -0.124786 0.051091 1.718750 -0.124786
6 1.718750 1.750000 -0.124786 0.022030 -0.002749 1.734375 0.022030
7 1.718750 1.734375 -0.124786 -0.051755 0.006458 1.726563 -0.051755
8 1.726563 1.734375 -0.051755 -0.014957 0.000774 1.730469 -0.014957
9 1.730469 1.734375 -0.014957 0.003513 -0.000053 1.732422 0.003513
10 1.730469 1.732422 -0.014957 -0.005728 0.000086 1.731445 -0.005728
11 1.731445 1.732422 -0.005728 -0.001109 0.000006 1.731934 -0.001109
12 1.731934 1.732422 -0.001109 0.001201 -0.000001 1.732178 0.001201
13 1.731934 1.732178 1.732056 0.000046

Algorithm:Set x3 = (x1+x2)/2, If f(x3)*f(x1) < 0 then x2 = x3. Otherwise, x1= x3.

Nonpolynomial: Newton's Method


f ( xn )
x n+1 =x n − , n=0,1,2 ,. . .
Ex. f(x)= 3x + sinx -e^x = 0 f ' ( x n)
find: the root of f(x)
f'(x) = 3 +cosx - e^x tolerance
x sinx cosx e^x f(xi) f'(xi)
x0= 0 0 1 1 -1 3
x1= 0.333333 0.3271947 0.9449569 1.39561243 -0.068417728 2.54934452123
x2= 0.360171 0.352434 0.9358367 1.43357412 -0.000627985 2.50226254781
x3= 0.360422 0.3526689 0.9357482 1.43393395 -5.62516E-08

Exercise: 1. Use bisection method to find a root of f(x)=x^3 -3x^2-6x+8=0 near x=3.5
2. Use Newton's method to finf the root of f(x) = e^x -4x^2, near x= 0.7.

Interpolation: Divided difference


Example:
xi f(xi)=fi[0] fi[1] fi[2] fi[3] fi[4]
3.200 22.000
2.700 17.800 8.400
1.000 14.200 2.118 2.856
4.800 38.300 6.342 2.012 -0.527
5.600 51.700 16.750 2.263 0.087 0.256

Pn (x )=f [0 ] +( x−x 0 )f [1 ]+( x−x 0 )( x−x 1 ) f [2 ]+.. .+(x −x 0 )( x− x1 ).. .( x−x n−1 )f [ n]
0 0 0 0
Pn (x )=f [0 ] +( x−x 0 )f [1 ]+( x−x 0 )( x−x 1 ) f [2 ]+.. .+(x −x 0 )( x− x1 ).. .( x−x n−1 )f [ n]
0 0 0 0

P4(x)= 22.000+8.4(x-3.2)+2.856(x-3.2)(x-2.7)-0.527(x-3.2)(x-2.7)(x-1)+0.256(x-3.2)(x-2.7)(x-1)(x-4.8)

Least Squares Approximation: y = ax + b

a∑ x 2 + b ∑ xi = ∑ xi Y i
i

a ∑ xi + bN = ∑ Yi
Example:
x=T,0C y=R,ohm
s
20.5 765
32.7 826
51 873
73.2 942
95.7 1032
N=5
∑ xi 273.1 ∑ xi Y i 254932.5

∑ x i2 18607.27
∑ Yi 4438

a b k
18607.27 273.1 254932.5
273.1 5 4438

A^-1 0.000271 -0.0148


-0.0148 1.008374

a= 3.394873
b= 702.1721

Thus, R = 702.2 + 3.39T.

at T=100 R= 1041.659

at T=50 R= 871.9157

Exercise: 3) Construct a divided difference table from these data.


x f(x)
0.5 1.0025
-0.2 1.394
0.7 1.0084
0.1 1.1221
0 1.1884

Obtain the interpolating polynomial.


What is the value of f(x) at x = 0.3?

4)Find the least squares line that fits the following data.
x f(x)
1 5.04
2 8.12
3 10.64
4 13.18
5 16.2
6 20.04

Then find the value of at x = 10.5.


.( x−x n−1 )f [ n]
0
.( x−x n−1 )f [ n]
0

7)(x-1)(x-4.8)

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