Fr

ee

Arduino is an open source microcontroller built on a single

circuit board that is capable of receiving sensory input from
the environment and controlling interactive physical objects.

This book will demonstrate how Arduino can be used to

develop a highly connected home security system by
mobilizing a network of sensors that can feed alerts back
to Arduino when alarms are triggered. Also, we will look
at some current technologies such as NFC, Wi-Fi, and
Bluetooth, and will finally create a complete web interface
that will allow us to remotely manage our system, and even
send daily bulletins with a summary of activity.

Towards the end, we'll develop a wireless home security

system by setting up security cameras and motion detectors.

Who this book is written for

This book is for novice programmers and hobbyists who
want to understand how an Arduino Uno can be used to
program a home security system, as well as for those who
want to delve deeper into the world of Arduino.

What you will learn from this book

Run cables and electricity to support your
home security infrastructure

Connect Arduino to your programming

environment

Understand the different parts of an electronics

circuit (MOSFET, resistor, and capacitor)

pl

C o m m u n i t y

Integrate home monitoring and security

notifications with monitoring systems

Learn how you can use the Raspberry Pi

and a camera to achieve face detection
for your home security system

D i s t i l l e d

Design, build, and maintain a home security system with

Arduino Uno

Prices do not include

local sales tax or VAT
where applicable

Visit www.PacktPub.com for books, eBooks,

code, downloads, and PacktLib.

E x p e r i e n c e

Building a Home Security

System with Arduino
Jorge R. Castro

P U B L I S H I N G

Sa
m

Learn to interact with output devices such as

alarms, locks, and shutters

$ 29.99 US
19.99 UK

community experience distilled

Building a Home Security System with Arduino

Building a Home Security

System with Arduino

Jorge R. Castro

In this package, you will find:

The author biography

A preview chapter from the book, Chapter 1 'Getting Started with a Home
Security System'
A synopsis of the books content
More information on Building a Home Security System with Arduino

About the Author

Jorge R.Castro is a young computer engineer who has specialized in new

technologies and open source electronics, with vast experience in software design
and programming for mobile devices. He is passionate about open source initiatives.
He also dedicates much of his time to computer security and reverse engineering
(seeking vulnerabilities in software and analysis of malware).

Preface
The Arduino Uno is an open source microcontroller built on a single circuit board
that is capable of receiving sensory input from the environment and controlling
interactive physical objects. It is also a development environment that allows
writing software for the board in the Arduino programming language. It is used for
a variety of different purposes and projects, from simple projects such as building
a thermostat, to more advanced ones such as robotics, Web servers, seismographs,
home security systems, and synthesizers.
This book will demonstrate how Arduino Uno can be used to develop a highly
connected home security system by mobilizing a network of sensors, which can
feed alerts back to an Arduino Uno when alarms are triggered.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Getting Started with a Home Security System, talks about how traditional
home security systems work in principle and gives examples of how connected
homes interact with home owners. It also talks about what is needed for the system
to be installed and properly maintained.
Chapter 2, Working with Arduino Uno and Arduino IDE, deals with what an Arduino
Uno is, its history, descriptions of different parts of the Arduino Uno, how they
work, and how an Arduino Uno can extend its capabilities with Shields.
Chapter 3, From Code to the Real World, teaches us to handle technical documentation
fluently, understand the types of signals and their main differences, find the perfect
component for our needs, and finally apply this to a real project.
Chapter 4, Designing Your Own System, shows you the approaches in designing a
home automation system with a slight recap on home automation and Internet of
Things (IoT). We'll also see what needs to be taken into account when we design a
system. We'll define the priorities of the project, budgets, and robustness.

Preface

Chapter 5, Arduino and Sensors, shows you how to work with the libraries and what
to create, import, and modify to increase the power of your code. Furthermore, we'll
integrate more sensors and circuit elements, such as MOSFET and engines, and learn
to control them.
Chapter 6, Documentation and Version Control, shows you how to document your
code, share it, keep track of its status, and maintain a backup of your code. Finally,
you'll create a simple graphical application that allows you to remotely control
your Arduino Uno.
Chapter 7, Interaction and Connectivity, talks about how to create a system for detecting
people to increase the capacity of our infrastructure. We have a brief introduction to
the key elements of this chapter. Finally, we will conclude with a practical example.
New concepts and technologies such as real-time detection of faces and people will
be introduced (artificial intelligence).

Getting Started with a

Home Security System
In this chapter, we'll cover the following:

What is home security infrastructure

How does it work?

What is needed to install one?

How to prepare your current home for a security system

Wired and wireless security systems

Traditional systems versus the modern home security system

This book comes after the growing trend of hardware devices, which are available
around us for a few bucks, and more specifically all talk about the Arduino platform.
Today, we find these small boards in such varied and common places like schools,
universities, small businesses, or public agencies.
The numerous advantages are well known, such as low cost, open designs, ease
of assembly, and ability to make adjustments. That's why almost any project,
whether professional or amateur, starts with a small design on a piece of paper and
then quickly passes into the physical world using these fabulous boards. We will
implement such a technological design to create our domestic security system.
In this chapter, you will be introduced to the world of home security systems.
Also, you will be shown the difference between traditional monitoring and home
automated systems. You will also learn how they work, the requirements to install
them in your home, and how to prepare your environment.

[1]

Getting Started with a Home Security System

You should delve into this book only after ensuring that you are familiar with the
basic concepts of electronics and computers, and later delve into more advanced
principles in the subsequent chapters (but no need to worry as each and every point
is carefully explained using examples, and will link a lot of information to facilitate
understanding). Remember that this book should not be completely taken as a stepby-step guide on how to create a foolproof system, but as a tool that will give you
the knowledge needed to create your own domestic system.
Safety advisory: Throughout the projects developed here, you
should always observe the highest of safety measures, always be
attentive of your surroundings, and never work alone if you do not
possess adequate knowledge of higher technicalities. Also, try to
reduce or eliminate the use of high tension electrical equipment.

What is home security infrastructure?

Surely, if you were asked about the parts of a security system, you would answer
the question without any problem. For example, you would talk about surveillance
cameras, motion sensors, alarms, and so on, but do you really know all the different
pieces that it comprises of? All the connections? How they work? The differences
between traditional and current systems? Don't worry. You will have the answers soon.
Well, we have an answer to one of these questions. The security infrastructure
comprises of all these components, hardware devices, software elements, and
design of their connections, put together. One example is an access point control
infrastructure, where you have a card reader connected to a database that checks
the permission from the ID of a card (serial number of the card) and associates it
with a latch that allows or blocks the access, which is supported by a webcam, to
show you the real time condition of any incident.
In this case, if someone tries to break the security measure, the system will trigger
an alarm. Then, you can make a decision on what should follow next.
As you can see in this simple example, we have a lot of elements that work together
to keep your environment safe. All of these together make a security infrastructure.

How does it work?

We just discussed what components are, basically, but what are these elements and
how do they work? The first point is to distinguish the types that exist. We can find
two kinds of elements in a security system.

[2]

Chapter 1

The hardware
The physical elements that compose an infrastructure must bear all the technical
requirements for software. They can be subdivided into three distinct subgroups.
This classification should not be understood as something exclusionary because
an element can be found in more than one category, but this separation will help
you understand the functions performed in the system:

Sensors: They will be the senses of our system, just like the senses a human
body has. Their function is to collect information from the environment,
transform it into a digital value, and deliver it to a component that is designed
to control it. The data obtained will be the input for our equipment. This group
includes cameras, sound sensors, proximity sensors, motion detection sensors,
smoke sensors, infrared sensors, and temperature sensors among others.

Actuators: If the sensors provide us with all the necessary information from
our environment, the actuators will be the muscles that allow us to perform
actions on our surroundings. Once we have made the decision to perform an
action, we send a signal and force this element to work. Examples of these
are alarms, speakers, locks, and switches.

Controller: This is the brain of the system. A clear example is a microcontroller

board, such an as Arduino controller, that is able to store a program and run it.
It receives the sensory signals, processes them, and then activates and controls
the actuator devices and alarms.

The software
As you saw in the last paragraph of the previous point, once we have some input
data and want to produce an effect upon its receipt, we need a tool that establishes
the rules that set the behavior of our system. This is taken care of by the software
resources, which are a set of programs for your system.
More specifically, we will use programming to create our own program and store
it on our microcontroller chip. Thus, we get the extracted data that we need (for
example, monitor the temperature of a room to detect a fire), process it (calculate
the dangers if they exceed a threshold) without our intervention, and implement
the necessary measures (trigger alarms and fire extinguishing measures).
At this point, I won't specify a concrete programming language. Let's just talk about
the software as a block, and later delve into different languages and applications
(throughout this book, we will use various programming languages, such as Python).

[3]

Getting Started with a Home Security System

At this point of the book, the reader will be able to identify general terms and the
elements of a system and understand its functionality. But do you exactly know what
you need to begin constructing the system? Where and how to install it? If it is the
right place for the installation? You first need to design the system.

The prerequisites for installing a

security system
If you are thinking of installing a security system, then most likely it is because there
is a crucial need to do so. Hence, the most important thing at this point is to correctly
identify this demand. If we fail to do this, we will end up taking the wrong approach
and will have a disastrous or maybe incomplete result.
If not provided, and if you have a curious and dexterous mind, you might want
to create your own system design just to have fun and learn while you're at it, or
modernize your home with specific customized needs. You can take a look at the
websites of the leading companies engaged in this sector for ideas.
We see that most have similar systems but the parts that are different are related
to the user needs. For example, many use similar or identical electronic components
but what differs in much detail is the Graphical User Interface (GUI), which will
be the face of the system, and it also depends on the ease and of use and experience
required by the end user.) There is no point in having a system if we are not able to
handle and understand.
Once you have a design in mind, the next step is to consider the environment in
which you want to install the system. Also, consider the material resources at your
disposal and the economic cost that you are allowed to take the plunge with.
It may seem simple but the more information you collect, the easier it is to work in
successive phases. An illustrative example is to understand the points of light, pipes,
and network access that are available to us. Once you have the layout, it then is easy
to construct and build our project.
In terms of material throughout this book, we will use one of the most famous
Arduino modulesthe Arduino UNO, revision 3.0. In the next chapter, I'm going
to talk more about it. The other ingredients are easily acquired and do not usually
have a very high price, yet many of them are created with free hardware or open source
hardware (hardware that are very cheap to source). So if you want, you can build it
at home for a very low price compared to the module assembly.

[4]

Chapter 1

For more information about free hardware, go to:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware

How to prepare your current home for a

security system
Once you have selected the site for the installation, there are a number of
measurements that you must take to ensure the security, integrity, and reliability
of the system components and even people around it.
Since our system is dependent on electricity, in order to optimize the performance
and the costs of use, it is advisable to have a separate point of electrical supply,
instead of using batteries, which are expensive and short-lived. In addition, Arduino
boards, and many other modules, are equipped with just one connection in which
case, you can put in a wall transformer.
If you do not have access to electricity or want to have a backup system (such as
a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply), you can use rechargeable Lithium-Ion
(Li-ion) batteries or even implement a system with solar panels. The latter option
can be found on numerous examples, such as road signs, farm monitoring systems,
weather stations, and so on.
Caution: Whenever batteries are used outdoors, you have to be
aware of the battery limitations in extreme temperatures, such as the
reduced current carrying capacity is reduced, the current discharge is
lower in cold temperatures, and the risk of heat damage, and maybe
even explosion in extreme cases.
We also have to be careful with moisture, condensation, and dew
because they can spoil our infrastructure.

A good recommendation is to ensure a network connection, not necessarily internet

access, but if possible connection to a router, which is a part of an Intranet from
where you can access the individual components, change settings or access services
(for example, a GUI that shows whether an alert has been triggered).
It is very important to note that our site is not prone to extreme radio interference,
which may generated by the technology we use constantly. Such devices emit
radiation at different frequencies and these can alter the behavior of our system.

[5]

Getting Started with a Home Security System

On the other hand, if installations are performed outdoors, you should keep
them safe from inclement weather, including lightning, and from poor grounding
conductors. All this can destroy the circuitry of your system and may put you in
danger as well.
Finally, if you have pets at home, be aware of it when you install your
sensors and actuators that may have been expensive. This is because
they may end up damaged and hardly repairable. Besides, if you do
not choose the correct orientation, every time your dog or cat goes
through the garden, it may activate an alarm.
Remember that you have to perform maintenance of your devices
periodically. I recommend you to set aside a few days on the calendar
to remind you and perform basic maintenance.

Wired and wireless security systems.

The last thing that you do is choose how you connect all elements of your system.
The market currently offers highly reliable wireless options, despite being easier to
deploy, they could raise the overall price of the hardware. An example, which will be
discussed in depth in the final chapters, are wireless devices which are able to stand
correctly in many places, and allow quick installation (without hardly disturbing the
environment with wires).
Also, as mentioned previously, there is the disadvantage of radio interference,
as domestic wireless technologies work in very close frequencies. Most popular
wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth use 2.4GHz, considering how many
devices there are around using that technology, which sometimes coupled with the
relative underpowered scoping, it often impedes communication.
For more information, I recommend you visit the official website of
the agency that regulates the standards of these technologies, IEEE at:
http://standards.ieee.org/

The other tendency may be to use the existing wiring in your home. I am referring
to the generic wiring in your house that is used to run household electrical items.
There are initiatives such as the X10 technology that connects all the rooms of a
building, provided they are on the same electrical phase. It also uses the power
lines for signaling and controls. The main disadvantage of this standard of system
is the initial economic outlay.

[6]

Chapter 1

For more information about X10 visit:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)

Traditional systems versus the modern

home security system
Finally, we will present a comparison between traditional systems and current
implementations, noting that each still has a specific use, where confronted is
the need to reduce model-complexity to a minimum, to increase their reliability,
compared to increased usability and richness of information provided.
Initially, after considering the circumstances such as price, the maturity of the
technology, and existing infrastructure (connectivity), it is not possible to have
systems that can be managed in real-time for a low price.
Today we have smartphones and tablets with sufficient capacity to visualize,
receive, and send data collected by our hardware immediately. We can design a
system that is implemented on a server created by ourselves, or even use cloud
computing for greater processing power, this setup requires zero maintenance.
We should add that the installation, maintenance, and removal can be done by
anyone with a basic knowledge of programming and electronics and if someday
you relocate, you can easily reuse the most important pieces.
Finally, note that this data access can be done from any part of the world. With an
easy-to-use application on your smartphone, you can check that everything is in
order at home.
Therefore, we can say that now we have more intelligent systems with more
economical and capable prices, which react and measure at a higher speed,
offering greater security to our homes and environments.

Summary
We have reached the end of this first introductory chapter, where we detailed
the different parts of a security system without going into the exact specifications
thereof, in a theoretical way, knowing their elements and functions to perform the
same. With all this, we are ready to fully dive into the next chapter. I assure you,
it will be intense and full of interesting content.

[7]

Getting Started with a Home Security System

In the next chapter, we'll learn about what Arduino is, its history, and descriptions of
the different parts on the Arduino UNO. We will also learn how they work, and how
an Arduino UNO can be extended with shields.

[8]

Get more information Building a Home Security System with Arduino

Where to buy this book

You can buy Building a Home Security System with Arduino from the
Packt Publishing website.
Alternatively, you can buy the book from Amazon, BN.com, Computer Manuals and most internet
book retailers.
Click here for ordering and shipping details.

www.PacktPub.com

Stay Connected: