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ASP.NET SignalR Hubs API Guide Server C#

By Tom Dykstra and Patrick Fletcher | June 10, 2014 | Level 100 : Beginner

This document provides an introduction to programming the server side of the ASP.NET SignalR Hubs API for
SignalR version 2, with code samples demonstrating common options.
The SignalR Hubs API enables you to make remote procedure calls RPCs from a server to connected clients
and from clients to the server. In server code, you define methods that can be called by clients, and you call
methods that run on the client. In client code, you define methods that can be called from the server, and you
call methods that run on the server. SignalR takes care of all of the clienttoserver plumbing for you.
SignalR also offers a lowerlevel API called Persistent Connections. For an introduction to SignalR, Hubs, and
Persistent Connections, see Introduction to SignalR 2 /signalr/overview/signalr20/gettingstartedwith
signalr20/introductiontosignalr .

Software versions used in this topic

Topic versions
Questions and comments
Overview
This document contains the following sections:
How to register SignalR middleware #route
The /signalr URL #signalrurl
Configuring SignalR options #options
How to create and use Hub classes #hubclass
Hub object lifetime #transience
Camelcasing of Hub names in JavaScript clients #hubnames
Multiple Hubs #multiplehubs
StronglyTyped Hubs #stronglytypedhubs
How to define methods in the Hub class that clients can call #hubmethods
Camelcasing of method names in JavaScript clients #methodnames
When to execute asynchronously #asyncmethods
Defining overloads #overloads
Reporting progress from hub method invocations #progress
How to call client methods from the Hub class #callfromhub
Selecting which clients will receive the RPC #selectingclients
No compiletime validation for method names #dynamicmethodnames
Caseinsensitive method name matching #caseinsensitive
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Asynchronous execution #asyncclient

How to manage group membership from the Hub class #groupsfromhub
Asynchronous execution of Add and Remove methods #asyncgroupmethods
Group membership persistence #grouppersistence
Singleuser groups #singleusergroups
How to handle connection lifetime events in the Hub class #connectionlifetime
When OnConnected, OnDisconnected, and OnReconnected are called #onreconnected
Caller state not populated #nocallerstate
How to get information about the client from the Context property #contextproperty
How to pass state between clients and the Hub class #passstate
How to handle errors in the Hub class #handleErrors
How to call client methods and manage groups from outside the Hub class #callfromoutsidehub
Calling client methods #callingclientsoutsidehub
Managing group membership #managinggroupsoutsidehub
How to enable tracing #tracing
How to customize the Hubs pipeline #hubpipeline
For documentation on how to program clients, see the following resources:
SignalR Hubs API Guide JavaScript Client /signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/hubsapiguidejavascript
client

SignalR Hubs API Guide .NET Client /signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/hubsapiguidenetclient

The server components for SignalR 2 are only available in .NET 4.5. Servers running .NET 4.0 must use SignalR v1.x.

How to register SignalR middleware

To define the route that clients will use to connect to your Hub, call the MapSignalR method when the application
starts. MapSignalR is an extension method http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/vstudio/bb383977.aspx for the
OwinExtensions class. The following example shows how to define the SignalR Hubs route using an OWIN startup
class.
usingMicrosoft.Owin;
usingOwin;
[assembly:OwinStartup(typeof(MyApplication.Startup))]
namespaceMyApplication
{
publicclassStartup
{
publicvoidConfiguration(IAppBuilderapp)
{
//Anyconnectionorhubwireupandconfigurationshouldgohere
app.MapSignalR();
}
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}
}

If you are adding SignalR functionality to an ASP.NET MVC application, make sure that the SignalR route is added
before the other routes. For more information, see Tutorial: Getting Started with SignalR 2 and MVC 5
/signalr/overview/signalr20/gettingstartedwithsignalr20/tutorialgettingstartedwithsignalr20andmvc5 .

The /signalr URL

By default, the route URL which clients will use to connect to your Hub is "/signalr". Don't confuse this URL with the
"/signalr/hubs" URL, which is for the automatically generated JavaScript file. For more information about the
generated proxy, see SignalR Hubs API Guide JavaScript Client The generated proxy and what it does for
you /signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/hubsapiguidejavascriptclient#genproxy .
There might be extraordinary circumstances that make this base URL not usable for SignalR; for example, you have a
folder in your project named signalr and you don't want to change the name. In that case, you can change the base
URL, as shown in the following examples replace "/signalr" in the sample code with your desired URL.
Server code that specifies the URL
app.MapSignalR("/signalr",newHubConfiguration(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubconfiguration(v=vs.111).aspx)());

JavaScript client code that specifies the URL with the generated proxy
$.connection.hub.url="/signalr"
$.connection.hub.start().done(init);

JavaScript client code that specifies the URL without the generated proxy
varconnection=$.hubConnection("/signalr",{useDefaultPath:false});

.NET client code that specifies the URL

varhubConnection=newHubConnection("http://contoso.com/signalr",useDefaultUrl:false);

Configuring SignalR Options

Overloads of the MapSignalR method enable you to specify a custom URL, a custom dependency resolver, and the
following options:
Enable crossdomain calls using CORS or JSONP from browser clients.
Typically if the browser loads a page from http://contoso.com, the SignalR connection is in the same domain,
at http://contoso.com/signalr. If the page from http://contoso.com makes a connection to
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http://fabrikam.com/signalr, that is a crossdomain connection. For security reasons, crossdomain

connections are disabled by default. For more information, see ASP.NET SignalR Hubs API Guide JavaScript
Client How to establish a crossdomain connection /signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/hubsapiguide
javascriptclient#crossdomain .
Enable detailed error messages.
When errors occur, the default behavior of SignalR is to send to clients a notification message without details
about what happened. Sending detailed error information to clients is not recommended in production, because
malicious users might be able to use the information in attacks against your application. For troubleshooting,
you can use this option to temporarily enable more informative error reporting.
Disable automatically generated JavaScript proxy files.
By default, a JavaScript file with proxies for your Hub classes is generated in response to the URL "/signalr/hubs".
If you don't want to use the JavaScript proxies, or if you want to generate this file manually and refer to a
physical file in your clients, you can use this option to disable proxy generation. For more information, see
SignalR Hubs API Guide JavaScript Client How to create a physical file for the SignalR generated proxy
/signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/hubsapiguidejavascriptclient#manualproxy .
The following example shows how to specify the SignalR connection URL and these options in a call to the
MapSignalR method. To specify a custom URL, replace "/signalr" in the example with the URL that you want to use.
varhubConfiguration=newHubConfiguration(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubconfiguration(v=vs.111).aspx)();
hubConfiguration.EnableDetailedErrors=true;
hubConfiguration.EnableJavaScriptProxies=false;
app.MapSignalR("/signalr",hubConfiguration);

How to create and use Hub classes

To create a Hub, create a class that derives from Microsoft.Aspnet.Signalr.Hub http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubv=vs.111.aspx . The following example shows a simple Hub class for a chat
application.
publicclassContosoChatHub:Hub
{
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringname,stringmessage)
{
Clients.All.addNewMessageToPage(name,message);
}
}

In this example, a connected client can call the NewContosoChatMessage method, and when it does, the data
received is broadcasted to all connected clients.

Hub object lifetime

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You don't instantiate the Hub class or call its methods from your own code on the server; all that is done for you by
the SignalR Hubs pipeline. SignalR creates a new instance of your Hub class each time it needs to handle a Hub
operation such as when a client connects, disconnects, or makes a method call to the server.
Because instances of the Hub class are transient, you can't use them to maintain state from one method call to the
next. Each time the server receives a method call from a client, a new instance of your Hub class processes the
message. To maintain state through multiple connections and method calls, use some other method such as a
database, or a static variable on the Hub class, or a different class that does not derive from Hub. If you persist data in
memory, using a method such as a static variable on the Hub class, the data will be lost when the app domain
recycles.
If you want to send messages to clients from your own code that runs outside the Hub class, you can't do it by
instantiating a Hub class instance, but you can do it by getting a reference to the SignalR context object for your Hub
class. For more information, see How to call client methods and manage groups from outside the Hub class
#callfromoutsidehub later in this topic.

Camelcasing of Hub names in JavaScript clients

By default, JavaScript clients refer to Hubs by using a camelcased version of the class name. SignalR automatically
makes this change so that JavaScript code can conform to JavaScript conventions. The previous example would be
referred to as contosoChatHub in JavaScript code.
Server
publicclassContosoChatHub:Hub

JavaScript client using generated proxy

varcontosoChatHubProxy=$.connection.contosoChatHub;

If you want to specify a different name for clients to use, add the HubName attribute. When you use a HubName
attribute, there is no name change to camel case on JavaScript clients.
Server
[HubName("PascalCaseContosoChatHub")]
publicclassContosoChatHub:Hub

JavaScript client using generated proxy

varcontosoChatHubProxy=$.connection.PascalCaseContosoChatHub;

Multiple Hubs
You can define multiple Hub classes in an application. When you do that, the connection is shared but groups are
separate:
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All clients will use the same URL to establish a SignalR connection with your service "/signalr" or your custom
URL if you specified one, and that connection is used for all Hubs defined by the service.
There is no performance difference for multiple Hubs compared to defining all Hub functionality in a single
class.
All Hubs get the same HTTP request information.
Since all Hubs share the same connection, the only HTTP request information that the server gets is what comes
in the original HTTP request that establishes the SignalR connection. If you use the connection request to pass
information from the client to the server by specifying a query string, you can't provide different query strings to
different Hubs. All Hubs will receive the same information.
The generated JavaScript proxies file will contain proxies for all Hubs in one file.
For information about JavaScript proxies, see SignalR Hubs API Guide JavaScript Client The generated
proxy and what it does for you /signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/hubsapiguidejavascript
client#genproxy .
Groups are defined within Hubs.
In SignalR you can define named groups to broadcast to subsets of connected clients. Groups are maintained
separately for each Hub. For example, a group named "Administrators" would include one set of clients for your
ContosoChatHub class, and the same group name would refer to a different set of clients for your
StockTickerHub class.

StronglyTyped Hubs
To define an interface for your hub methods that your client can reference and enable Intellisense on your hub
methods, derive your hub from Hub<T> introduced in SignalR 2.1 rather than Hub:
publicclassStrongHub:Hub<IClient>
{
publicvoidSend(stringmessage)
{
Clients.All.NewMessage(message);
}
}
publicinterfaceIClient
{
voidNewMessage(stringmessage);
}

How to define methods in the Hub class that clients can call
To expose a method on the Hub that you want to be callable from the client, declare a public method, as shown in
the following examples.

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publicclassContosoChatHub:Hub
{
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringname,stringmessage)
{
Clients.All.addNewMessageToPage(name,message);
}
}

publicclassStockTickerHub:Hub
{
publicIEnumerable<Stock>GetAllStocks()
{
return_stockTicker.GetAllStocks();
}
}

You can specify a return type and parameters, including complex types and arrays, as you would in any C# method.
Any data that you receive in parameters or return to the caller is communicated between the client and the server by
using JSON, and SignalR handles the binding of complex objects and arrays of objects automatically.

Camelcasing of method names in JavaScript clients

By default, JavaScript clients refer to Hub methods by using a camelcased version of the method name. SignalR
automatically makes this change so that JavaScript code can conform to JavaScript conventions.
Server
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringuserName,stringmessage)

JavaScript client using generated proxy

contosoChatHubProxy.server.newContosoChatMessage(userName,message);

If you want to specify a different name for clients to use, add the HubMethodName attribute.
Server
[HubMethodName("PascalCaseNewContosoChatMessage")]
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringuserName,stringmessage)

JavaScript client using generated proxy

contosoChatHubProxy.server.PascalCaseNewContosoChatMessage(userName,message);
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When to execute asynchronously

If the method will be longrunning or has to do work that would involve waiting, such as a database lookup or a web
service call, make the Hub method asynchronous by returning a Task http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/system.threading.tasks.task.aspx in place of void return or Task<T> http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/dd321424.aspx object in place of T return type. When you return a Task object from the method, SignalR
waits for the Task to complete, and then it sends the unwrapped result back to the client, so there is no difference in
how you code the method call in the client.
Making a Hub method asynchronous avoids blocking the connection when it uses the WebSocket transport. When a
Hub method executes synchronously and the transport is WebSocket, subsequent invocations of methods on the
Hub from the same client are blocked until the Hub method completes.
The following example shows the same method coded to run synchronously or asynchronously, followed by
JavaScript client code that works for calling either version.
Synchronous
publicIEnumerable<Stock>GetAllStocks()
{
//Returnsdatafrommemory.
return_stockTicker.GetAllStocks();
}

Asynchronous
publicasyncTask<IEnumerable<Stock>>GetAllStocks()
{
//Returnsdatafromawebservice.
varuri=Util.getServiceUri("Stocks");
using(HttpClienthttpClient=newHttpClient())
{
varresponse=awaithttpClient.GetAsync(uri);
return(awaitresponse.Content.ReadAsAsync<IEnumerable<Stock>>());
}
}

JavaScript client using generated proxy

stockTickerHubProxy.server.getAllStocks().done(function(stocks){
$.each(stocks,function(){
alert(this.Symbol+''+this.Price);
});
});

For more information about how to use asynchronous methods in ASP.NET 4.5, see Using Asynchronous Methods
in ASP.NET MVC 4 /mvc/tutorials/mvc4/usingasynchronousmethodsinaspnetmvc4 .
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Defining Overloads
If you want to define overloads for a method, the number of parameters in each overload must be different. If you
differentiate an overload just by specifying different parameter types, your Hub class will compile but the SignalR
service will throw an exception at run time when clients try to call one of the overloads.

Reporting progress from hub method invocations

SignalR 2.1 adds support for the progress reporting pattern
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dotnet/archive/2012/06/06/asyncin45enablingprogressandcancellationinasync
apis.aspx introduced in .NET 4.5. To implement progress reporting, define an IProgress<T> parameter for your hub

method that your client can access:

publicclassProgressHub:Hub
{
publicasyncTask<string>DoLongRunningThing(IProgress<int>progress)
{
for(inti=0;i<=100;i+=5)
{
awaitTask.Delay(200);
progress.Report(i);
}
return"Jobcomplete!";
}
}

When writing a longrunning server method, it is important to use an asynchronous programming pattern like Async/
Await rather than blocking the hub thread.

How to call client methods from the Hub class

To call client methods from the server, use the Clients property in a method in your Hub class. The following
example shows server code that calls addNewMessageToPage on all connected clients, and client code that defines
the method in a JavaScript client.
Server
publicclassContosoChatHub:Hub
{
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringname,stringmessage)
{
Clients.All.addNewMessageToPage(name,message);
}
}

JavaScript client using generated proxy

contosoChatHubProxy.client.addNewMessageToPage=function(name,message){
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//Addthemessagetothepage.
$('#discussion').append('<li><strong>'+htmlEncode(name)
+'</strong>:'+htmlEncode(message)+'<li>');
};

You can't get a return value from a client method; syntax such as intx=Clients.All.add(1,1) does not work.
You can specify complex types and arrays for the parameters. The following example passes a complex type to the
client in a method parameter.
Server code that calls a client method using a complex object
publicvoidSendMessage(stringname,stringmessage)
{
Clients.All.addContosoChatMessageToPage(newContosoChatMessage(){UserName=name,
Message=message});
}

Server code that defines the complex object

publicclassContosoChatMessage
{
publicstringUserName{get;set;}
publicstringMessage{get;set;}
}

JavaScript client using generated proxy

varcontosoChatHubProxy=$.connection.contosoChatHub;
contosoChatHubProxy.client.addMessageToPage=function(message){
console.log(message.UserName+''+message.Message);
});

Selecting which clients will receive the RPC

The Clients property returns a HubConnectionContext http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontextv=vs.111.aspx object that provides several options for
specifying which clients will receive the RPC:
All connected clients.
Clients.All(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.all(v=vs.111).aspx)

.addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

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Only the calling client.

Clients.Caller(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.caller(v=vs.111).aspx)

.addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

All clients except the calling client.

Clients.Others(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.others(v=vs.111).aspx)

.addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

A specific client identified by connection ID.

Clients.Client(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.client(v=vs.111).aspx)

(Context.ConnectionId).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

This example calls addContosoChatMessageToPage on the calling client and has the same effect as using
Clients.Caller.
All connected clients except the specified clients, identified by connection ID.
Clients.AllExcept(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.allexcept(v=vs.111).aspx)

(connectionId1,connectionId2).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

All connected clients in a specified group.

Clients.Group(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.group(v=vs.111).aspx)

(groupName).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

All connected clients in a specified group except the specified clients, identified by connection ID.
Clients.Group(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.group(v=vs.111).aspx)(groupName,

connectionId1,connectionId2).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

All connected clients in a specified group except the calling client.

Clients.OthersInGroup(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
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us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.othersingroup(v=vs.111).aspx)

(groupName).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

A specific user, identified by userId.

Clients.User(userid).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

By default, this is IPrincipal.Identity.Name, but this can be changed by registering an implementation of

IUserIdProvider with the global host /signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/mappingusersto
connections#IUserIdProvider .
All clients and groups in a list of connection IDs.
Clients.Clients(ConnectionIds).broadcastMessage(name,message);

A list of groups.
Clients.Groups(GroupIds).broadcastMessage(name,message);

A user by name.
Clients.Client(username).broadcastMessage(name,message);

A list of user names introduced in SignalR 2.1.

Clients.Users(newstring[]{"myUser","myUser2"}).broadcastMessage(name,message);

No compiletime validation for method names

The method name that you specify is interpreted as a dynamic object, which means there is no IntelliSense or
compiletime validation for it. The expression is evaluated at run time.When the method call executes, SignalR sends
the method name and the parameter values to the client, and if the client has a method that matches the name, that
method is called and the parameter values are passed to it. If no matching method is found on the client, no error is
raised. For information about the format of the data that SignalR transmits to the client behind the scenes when you
call a client method, see Introduction to SignalR /signalr/overview/signalr20/gettingstartedwithsignalr
20/introductiontosignalr .

Caseinsensitive method name matching

Method name matching is caseinsensitive. For example, Clients.All.addContosoChatMessageToPage on the
server will execute AddContosoChatMessageToPage, addcontosochatmessagetopage, or
addContosoChatMessageToPage on the client.

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Asynchronous execution
The method that you call executes asynchronously. Any code that comes after a method call to a client will execute
immediately without waiting for SignalR to finish transmitting data to clients unless you specify that the subsequent
lines of code should wait for method completion. The following code example shows how to execute two client
methods sequentially.
Using Await .NET 4.5
publicasyncTaskNewContosoChatMessage(stringname,stringmessage)
{
awaitClients.Others.addContosoChatMessageToPage(data);
Clients.Caller.notifyMessageSent();
}

If you use await to wait until a client method finishes before the next line of code executes, that does not mean that
clients will actually receive the message before the next line of code executes. "Completion" of a client method call
only means that SignalR has done everything necessary to send the message. If you need verification that clients
received the message, you have to program that mechanism yourself. For example, you could code a
MessageReceived method on the Hub, and in the addContosoChatMessageToPage method on the client you could
call MessageReceived after you do whatever work you need to do on the client. In MessageReceived in the Hub you
can do whatever work depends on actual client reception and processing of the original method call.

How to use a string variable as the method name

If you want to invoke a client method by using a string variable as the method name, cast Clients.All or
Clients.Others, Clients.Caller, etc. to IClientProxy and then call InvokemethodName, args...
http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.iclientproxy.invokev=vs.111.aspx .
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringname,stringmessage)
{
stringmethodToCall="addContosoChatMessageToPage";
IClientProxyproxy=Clients.All;
proxy.Invoke(methodToCall,name,message);
}

How to manage group membership from the Hub class

Groups in SignalR provide a method for broadcasting messages to specified subsets of connected clients. A group
can have any number of clients, and a client can be a member of any number of groups.
To manage group membership, use the Add http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.igroupmanager.addv=vs.111.aspx and Remove http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.igroupmanager.removev=vs.111.aspx methods provided by the Groups property
of the Hub class. The following example shows the Groups.Add and Groups.Remove methods used in Hub methods
that are called by client code, followed by JavaScript client code that calls them.
Server
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publicclassContosoChatHub:Hub
{
publicTaskJoinGroup(stringgroupName)
{
returnGroups.Add(Context.ConnectionId,groupName);
}
publicTaskLeaveGroup(stringgroupName)
{
returnGroups.Remove(Context.ConnectionId,groupName);
}
}

JavaScript client using generated proxy

contosoChatHubProxy.server.joinGroup(groupName);

contosoChatHubProxy.server.leaveGroup(groupName);

You don't have to explicitly create groups. In effect a group is automatically created the first time you specify its
name in a call to Groups.Add, and it is deleted when you remove the last connection from membership in it.
There is no API for getting a group membership list or a list of groups. SignalR sends messages to clients and groups
based on a pub/sub model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish/subscribe , and the server does not maintain lists of
groups or group memberships. This helps maximize scalability, because whenever you add a node to a web farm, any
state that SignalR maintains has to be propagated to the new node.

Asynchronous execution of Add and Remove methods

The Groups.Add and Groups.Remove methods execute asynchronously. If you want to add a client to a group and
immediately send a message to the client by using the group, you have to make sure that the Groups.Add method
finishes first. The following code example shows how to do that.
Adding a client to a group and then messaging that client
publicasyncTaskJoinGroup(stringgroupName)
{
awaitGroups.Add(Context.ConnectionId,groupName);
Clients.Group(groupname).addContosoChatMessageToPage(Context.ConnectionId+"addedto
group");
}

Group membership persistence

SignalR tracks connections, not users, so if you want a user to be in the same group every time the user establishes a
connection, you have to call Groups.Add every time the user establishes a new connection.
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After a temporary loss of connectivity, sometimes SignalR can restore the connection automatically. In that case,
SignalR is restoring the same connection, not establishing a new connection, and so the client's group membership is
automatically restored. This is possible even when the temporary break is the result of a server reboot or failure,
because connection state for each client, including group memberships, is roundtripped to the client. If a server goes
down and is replaced by a new server before the connection times out, a client can reconnect automatically to the
new server and reenroll in groups it is a member of.
When a connection can't be restored automatically after a loss of connectivity, or when the connection times out, or
when the client disconnects for example, when a browser navigates to a new page, group memberships are lost. The
next time the user connects will be a new connection. To maintain group memberships when the same user
establishes a new connection, your application has to track the associations between users and groups, and restore
group memberships each time a user establishes a new connection.
For more information about connections and reconnections, see How to handle connection lifetime events in the
Hub class #connectionlifetime later in this topic.

Singleuser groups
Applications that use SignalR typically have to keep track of the associations between users and connections in order
to know which user has sent a message and which users should be receiving a message. Groups are used in one of
the two commonly used patterns for doing that.
Singleuser groups.
You can specify the user name as the group name, and add the current connection ID to the group every time
the user connects or reconnects. To send messages to the user you send to the group. A disadvantage of this
method is that the group doesn't provide you with a way to find out if the user is online or offline.
Track associations between user names and connection IDs.
You can store an association between each user name and one or more connection IDs in a dictionary or
database, and update the stored data each time the user connects or disconnects. To send messages to the user
you specify the connection IDs. A disadvantage of this method is that it takes more memory.

How to handle connection lifetime events in the Hub class

Typical reasons for handling connection lifetime events are to keep track of whether a user is connected or not, and
to keep track of the association between user names and connection IDs. To run your own code when clients connect
or disconnect, override the OnConnected, OnDisconnected, and OnReconnected virtual methods of the Hub class, as
shown in the following example.
publicclassContosoChatHub:Hub
{
publicoverrideTaskOnConnected()
{
//Addyourowncodehere.
//Forexample:inachatapplication,recordtheassociationbetween
//thecurrentconnectionIDandusername,andmarktheuserasonline.
//Afterthecodeinthismethodcompletes,theclientisinformedthat
//theconnectionisestablished;forexample,inaJavaScriptclient,
//thestart().donecallbackisexecuted.
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returnbase.OnConnected();
}
publicoverrideTaskOnDisconnected()
{
//Addyourowncodehere.
//Forexample:inachatapplication,marktheuserasoffline,
//deletetheassociationbetweenthecurrentconnectionidandusername.
returnbase.OnDisconnected();
}
publicoverrideTaskOnReconnected()
{
//Addyourowncodehere.
//Forexample:inachatapplication,youmighthavemarkedthe
//userasofflineafteraperiodofinactivity;inthatcase
//marktheuserasonlineagain.
returnbase.OnReconnected();
}
}

When OnConnected, OnDisconnected, and OnReconnected are called

Each time a browser navigates to a new page, a new connection has to be established, which means SignalR will
execute the OnDisconnected method followed by the OnConnected method. SignalR always creates a new
connection ID when a new connection is established.
The OnReconnected method is called when there has been a temporary break in connectivity that SignalR can
automatically recover from, such as when a cable is temporarily disconnected and reconnected before the connection
times out. The OnDisconnected method is called when the client is disconnected and SignalR can't automatically
reconnect, such as when a browser navigates to a new page. Therefore, a possible sequence of events for a given
client is OnConnected, OnReconnected, OnDisconnected; or OnConnected, OnDisconnected. You won't see the
sequence OnConnected, OnDisconnected, OnReconnected for a given connection.
The OnDisconnected method doesn't get called in some scenarios, such as when a server goes down or the App
Domain gets recycled. When another server comes on line or the App Domain completes its recycle, some clients
may be able to reconnect and fire the OnReconnected event.
For more information, see Understanding and Handling Connection Lifetime Events in SignalR
/signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/handlingconnectionlifetimeevents .

Caller state not populated

The connection lifetime event handler methods are called from the server, which means that any state that you put in
the state object on the client will not be populated in the Caller property on the server. For information about the
state object and the Caller property, see How to pass state between clients and the Hub class #passstate later
in this topic.

How to get information about the client from the Context property
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To get information about the client, use the Context property of the Hub class. The Context property returns a
HubCallerContext http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/jj890883v=vs.111.aspx object which provides access to
the following information:
The connection ID of the calling client.
stringconnectionID=Context.ConnectionId;

The connection ID is a GUID that is assigned by SignalR you can't specify the value in your own code. There is
one connection ID for each connection, and the same connection ID is used by all Hubs if you have multiple
Hubs in your application.
HTTP header data.
System.Collections.Specialized.NameValueCollectionheaders=Context.Request.Headers;

You can also get HTTP headers from Context.Headers. The reason for multiple references to the same thing is
that Context.Headers was created first, the Context.Request property was added later, and
Context.Headers was retained for backward compatibility.
Query string data.
System.Collections.Specialized.NameValueCollectionqueryString=
Context.Request.QueryString;
stringparameterValue=queryString["parametername"]

You can also get query string data from Context.QueryString.

The query string that you get in this property is the one that was used with the HTTP request that established
the SignalR connection. You can add query string parameters in the client by configuring the connection, which
is a convenient way to pass data about the client from the client to the server. The following example shows
one way to add a query string in a JavaScript client when you use the generated proxy.
$.connection.hub.qs={"version":"1.0"};

For more information about setting query string parameters, see the API guides for the JavaScript
/signalr/overview/signalr20/hubsapi/hubsapiguidejavascriptclient and .NET /signalr/overview/signalr
20/hubsapi/hubsapiguidenetclient clients.
You can find the transport method used for the connection in the query string data, along with some other
values used internally by SignalR:
stringtransportMethod=queryString["transport"];

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The value of transportMethod will be "webSockets", "serverSentEvents", "foreverFrame" or "longPolling". Note

that if you check this value in the OnConnected event handler method, in some scenarios you might initially get
a transport value that is not the final negotiated transport method for the connection. In that case the method
will throw an exception and will be called again later when the final transport method is established.
Cookies.
System.Collections.Generic.IDictionary<string,Cookie>cookies=
Context.Request.Cookies;

You can also get cookies from Context.RequestCookies.

User information.
System.Security.Principal.IPrincipaluser=Context.User;

The HttpContext object for the request :

System.Web.HttpContextBasehttpContext=Context.Request.GetHttpContext();

Use this method instead of getting HttpContext.Current to get the HttpContext object for the SignalR
connection.

How to pass state between clients and the Hub class

The client proxy provides a state object in which you can store data that you want to be transmitted to the server
with each method call. On the server you can access this data in the Clients.Caller property in Hub methods that
are called by clients. The Clients.Caller property is not populated for the connection lifetime event handler
methods OnConnected, OnDisconnected, and OnReconnected.
Creating or updating data in the state object and the Clients.Caller property works in both directions. You can
update values in the server and they are passed back to the client.
The following example shows JavaScript client code that stores state for transmission to the server with every method
call.
contosoChatHubProxy.state.userName="FadiFakhouri";
contosoChatHubProxy.state.computerName="fadivm1";

The following example shows the equivalent code in a .NET client.

contosoChatHubProxy["userName"]="FadiFakhouri";
chatHubProxy["computerName"]="fadivm1";

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In your Hub class, you can access this data in the Clients.Caller property. The following example shows code that
retrieves the state referred to in the previous example.
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringdata)
{
stringuserName=Clients.Caller.userName;
stringcomputerName=Clients.Caller.computerName;
Clients.Others.addContosoChatMessageToPage(message,userName,computerName);
}

Note: This mechanism for persisting state is not intended for large amounts of data, since
everything you put in the state or Clients.Caller property is roundtripped with every
method invocation. It's useful for smaller items such as user names or counters.

In VB.NET or in a stronglytyped hub, the caller state object can't be accessed through Clients.Caller; instead, use
Clients.CallerState introduced in SignalR 2.1:
Using CallerState in C#
publicvoidNewContosoChatMessage(stringdata)
{
stringuserName=Clients.CallerState.userName;
stringcomputerName=Clients.CallerState.computerName;
Clients.Others.addContosoChatMessageToPage(data,userName,computerName);
}

Using CallerState in Visual Basic

PublicSubNewContosoChatMessage(messageAsString)
DimuserNameAsString=Clients.CallerState.userName
DimcomputerNameAsString=Clients.CallerState.computerName
Clients.Others.addContosoChatMessageToPage(message,userName,computerName)
EndSub

How to handle errors in the Hub class

To handle errors that occur in your Hub class methods, use one or more of the following methods:
Wrap your method code in trycatch blocks and log the exception object. For debugging purposes you can send
the exception to the client, but for security reasons sending detailed information to clients in production is not
recommended.
Create a Hubs pipeline module that handles the OnIncomingError http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubpipelinemodule.onincomingerrorv=vs.111.aspx method. The
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following example shows a pipeline module that logs errors, followed by code in Startup.cs that injects the
module into the Hubs pipeline.
publicclassErrorHandlingPipelineModule:HubPipelineModule
{
protectedoverridevoidOnIncomingError(ExceptionContextexceptionContext,
IHubIncomingInvokerContextinvokerContext)
{
Debug.WriteLine("=>Exception"+exceptionContext.Error.Message);
if(exceptionContext.Error.InnerException!=null)
{
Debug.WriteLine("=>InnerException"+
exceptionContext.Error.InnerException.Message);
}
base.OnIncomingError(exceptionContext,invokerContext);
}
}

publicvoidConfiguration(IAppBuilderapp)
{
//Anyconnectionorhubwireupandconfigurationshouldgohere
GlobalHost.HubPipeline.AddModule(newErrorHandlingPipelineModule());
app.MapSignalR();
}

Use the HubException class introduced in SignalR 2. This error can be thrown from any hub invocation. The
HubError constructor takes a string message, and an object for storing extra error data. SignalR will auto
serialize the exception and send it to the client, where it will be used to reject or fail the hub method invocation.
The following code samples demonstrate how to throw a HubException during a Hub invocation, and how to
handle the exception on JavaScript and .NET clients.
Server code demonstrating the HubException class
publicclassMyHub:Hub
{
publicvoidSend(stringmessage)
{
if(message.Contains("<script>"))
{
thrownewHubException("Thismessagewillflowtotheclient",new{user=
Context.User.Identity.Name,message=message});
}
Clients.All.send(message);
}
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JavaScript client code demonstrating response to throwing a HubException in a hub

myHub.server.send("<script>")
.fail(function(e){
if(e.source==='HubException'){
console.log(e.message+':'+e.data.user);
}
});

.NET client code demonstrating response to throwing a HubException in a hub

try
{
awaitmyHub.Invoke("Send","<script>");
}
catch(HubExceptionex)
{
Conosle.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}

For more information about Hub pipeline modules, see How to customize the Hubs pipeline #hubpipeline later in
this topic.

How to enable tracing

To enable serverside tracing, add a system.diagnostics element to your Web.config file, as shown in this example:
<configuration>
<configSections>
<!FormoreinformationonEntityFrameworkconfiguration,visit
http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=237468>
<sectionname="entityFramework"
type="System.Data.Entity.Internal.ConfigFile.EntityFrameworkSection,EntityFramework,
Version=5.0.0.0,Culture=neutral,PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"requirePermission="false"
/>
</configSections>
<connectionStrings>
<addname="SignalRSamples"connectionString="DataSource=(local);Initial
Catalog=SignalRSamples;IntegratedSecurity=SSPI;AsynchronousProcessing=True;"/>
<addname="SignalRSamplesWithMARS"connectionString="DataSource=(local);Initial
Catalog=SignalRSamples;IntegratedSecurity=SSPI;Asynchronous
Processing=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=true;"/>
</connectionStrings>
<system.web>
<compilationdebug="true"targetFramework="4.5"/>
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<httpRuntimetargetFramework="4.5"/>
</system.web>
<system.webServer>
<modulesrunAllManagedModulesForAllRequests="true"/>
</system.webServer>
<system.diagnostics>
<sources>
<sourcename="SignalR.SqlMessageBus">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRBus"/>
</listeners>
</source>
<sourcename="SignalR.ServiceBusMessageBus">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRBus"/>
</listeners>
</source>
<sourcename="SignalR.ScaleoutMessageBus">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRBus"/>
</listeners>
</source>
<sourcename="SignalR.Transports.WebSocketTransport">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRTransports"/>
</listeners>
</source>
<sourcename="SignalR.Transports.ServerSentEventsTransport">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRTransports"/>
</listeners>
</source>
<sourcename="SignalR.Transports.ForeverFrameTransport">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRTransports"/>
</listeners>
</source>
<sourcename="SignalR.Transports.LongPollingTransport">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRTransports"/>
</listeners>
</source>
<sourcename="SignalR.Transports.TransportHeartBeat">
<listeners>
<addname="SignalRTransports"/>
</listeners>
</source>
</sources>
<switches>
<addname="SignalRSwitch"value="Verbose"/>
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</switches>
<sharedListeners>
<addname="SignalRTransports"
type="System.Diagnostics.TextWriterTraceListener"
initializeData="transports.log.txt"/>
<addname="SignalRBus"
type="System.Diagnostics.TextWriterTraceListener"
initializeData="bus.log.txt"/>
</sharedListeners>
<traceautoflush="true"/>
</system.diagnostics>
<entityFramework>
<defaultConnectionFactory
type="System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.LocalDbConnectionFactory,EntityFramework">
<parameters>
<parametervalue="v11.0"/>
</parameters>
</defaultConnectionFactory>
</entityFramework>
</configuration>

When you run the application in Visual Studio, you can view the logs in the Output window.

How to call client methods and manage groups from outside the Hub class
To call client methods from a different class than your Hub class, get a reference to the SignalR context object for the
Hub and use that to call methods on the client or manage groups.
The following sample StockTicker class gets the context object, stores it in an instance of the class, stores the class
instance in a static property, and uses the context from the singleton class instance to call the updateStockPrice
method on clients that are connected to a Hub named StockTickerHub.
//Forthecompleteexample,goto
//http://www.asp.net/signalr/overview/gettingstarted/tutorialserverbroadcastwith
aspnetsignalr
//ThissampleonlyshowscoderelatedtogettingandusingtheSignalRcontext.
publicclassStockTicker
{
//Singletoninstance
privatereadonlystaticLazy<StockTicker>_instance=newLazy<StockTicker>(
()=>newStockTicker(GlobalHost.ConnectionManager.GetHubContext<StockTickerHub>
()));
privateIHubContext_context;
privateStockTicker(IHubContextcontext)
{
_context=context;
}
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//ThismethodisinvokedbyaTimerobject.
privatevoidUpdateStockPrices(objectstate)
{
foreach(varstockin_stocks.Values)
{
if(TryUpdateStockPrice(stock))
{
_context.Clients.All.updateStockPrice(stock);
}
}
}

If you need to use the context multipletimes in a longlived object, get the reference once and save it rather than
getting it again each time. Getting the context once ensures that SignalR sends messages to clients in the same
sequence in which your Hub methods make client method invocations. For a tutorial that shows how to use the
SignalR context for a Hub, see Server Broadcast with ASP.NET SignalR /signalr/overview/signalr20/gettingstarted
withsignalr20/tutorialserverbroadcastwithsignalr20 .

Calling client methods

You can specify which clients will receive the RPC, but you have fewer options than when you call from a Hub class.
The reason for this is that the context is not associated with a particular call from a client, so any methods that require
knowledge of the current connection ID, such as Clients.Others, or Clients.Caller, or
Clients.OthersInGroup, are not available. The following options are available:
All connected clients.
context.Clients.All(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.all(v=vs.111).aspx)

.addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

A specific client identified by connection ID.

context.Clients.Client(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.client(v=vs.111).aspx)

(connectionID).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

All connected clients except the specified clients, identified by connection ID.
context.Clients.AllExcept(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.allexcept(v=vs.111).aspx)

(connectionId1,connectionId2).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

All connected clients in a specified group.

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context.Clients.Group(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.group(v=vs.111).aspx)

(groupName).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

All connected clients in a specified group except specified clients, identified by connection ID.
Clients.Group(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.hubs.hubconnectioncontext.group(v=vs.111).aspx)(groupName,

connectionId1,connectionId2).addContosoChatMessageToPage(name,message);

If you are calling into your nonHub class from methods in your Hub class, you can pass in the current connection ID
and use that with Clients.Client, Clients.AllExcept, or Clients.Group to simulate Clients.Caller,
Clients.Others, or Clients.OthersInGroup. In the following example, the MoveShapeHub class passes the
connection ID to the Broadcaster class so that the Broadcaster class can simulate Clients.Others.
//Forthecompleteexample,see
//http://www.asp.net/signalr/overview/signalr20/gettingstartedwithsignalr20/tutorial
serverbroadcastwithsignalr20
//ThissampleonlyshowscodethatpassesconnectionIDtothenonHubclass,
//inordertosimulateClients.Others.
publicclassMoveShapeHub:Hub
{
//CodenotshownputsasingletoninstanceofBroadcasterinthisvariable.
privateBroadcaster_broadcaster;
publicvoidUpdateModel(ShapeModelclientModel)
{
clientModel.LastUpdatedBy=Context.ConnectionId;
//Updatetheshapemodelwithinourbroadcaster
_broadcaster.UpdateShape(clientModel);
}
}
publicclassBroadcaster
{
publicBroadcaster()
{
_hubContext=GlobalHost.ConnectionManager.GetHubContext<MoveShapeHub>();
}
publicvoidUpdateShape(ShapeModelclientModel)
{
_model=clientModel;
_modelUpdated=true;
}
//CalledbyaTimerobject.
publicvoidBroadcastShape(objectstate)
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{
if(_modelUpdated)
{
_hubContext.Clients.AllExcept(_model.LastUpdatedBy).updateShape(_model);
_modelUpdated=false;
}
}
}

Managing group membership

For managing groups you have the same options as you do in a Hub class.
Add a client to a group
context.Groups.Add(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.igroupmanager.add(v=vs.111).aspx)(connectionID,

groupName);

Remove a client from a group

context.Groups.Remove(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en
us/library/microsoft.aspnet.signalr.igroupmanager.remove(v=vs.111).aspx)(connectionID,

groupName);

How to customize the Hubs pipeline

SignalR enables you to inject your own code into the Hub pipeline. The following example shows a custom Hub
pipeline module that logs each incoming method call received from the client and outgoing method call invoked on
the client:
publicclassLoggingPipelineModule:HubPipelineModule
{
protectedoverrideboolOnBeforeIncoming(IHubIncomingInvokerContextcontext)
{
Debug.WriteLine("=>Invoking"+context.MethodDescriptor.Name+"onhub"+
context.MethodDescriptor.Hub.Name);
returnbase.OnBeforeIncoming(context);
}
protectedoverrideboolOnBeforeOutgoing(IHubOutgoingInvokerContextcontext)
{
Debug.WriteLine("<=Invoking"+context.Invocation.Method+"onclienthub"+
context.Invocation.Hub);
returnbase.OnBeforeOutgoing(context);
}
}

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The following code in the Startup.cs file registers the module to run in the Hub pipeline:
publicvoidConfiguration(IAppBuilderapp)
{
GlobalHost.HubPipeline.AddModule(newLoggingPipelineModule());
app.MapSignalR();
}

There are many different methods that you can override. For a complete list, see HubPipelineModule Methods
http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/jj918633v=vs.111.aspx .
This article was originally created on June 10, 2014

Author Information
Tom DykstraTom Dykstra is a Senior Programming Writer on Microsoft's Web Platform &
Tools Content Team...

Patrick FletcherPatrick Fletcher is a former programmerwriter on the ASP.NET team.

Comments 14

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