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Lecture 08

1) The lecture discusses Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits, maximum power transfer, and superposition. 2) Finding the Thévenin equivalent circuit involves calculating the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. The Thévenin resistance is the ratio of these values. 3) Maximum power is transferred to a resistive load when its resistance equals the Thévenin resistance of the source circuit.

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Sarthak Mishra
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38 views8 pages

Lecture 08

1) The lecture discusses Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits, maximum power transfer, and superposition. 2) Finding the Thévenin equivalent circuit involves calculating the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. The Thévenin resistance is the ratio of these values. 3) Maximum power is transferred to a resistive load when its resistance equals the Thévenin resistance of the source circuit.

Uploaded by

Sarthak Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture #8

ANNOUNCEMENTS
HW#2 solutions, HW#3 are posted online
Change in Farhanas O.H. : Th 5-6 instead of Mo 3-4
Prof. King will be away next Monday & Wednesday
Guest lecturer: Prof. Neureuther
Prof. Kings office hour on Wed. 9/17 cancelled

OUTLINE
Thvenin and Norton equivalent circuits
Maximum power transfer
Superposition

Reading
Chapter 4.10-4.13
EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 1

Prof. King

Thvenin Equivalent Circuit


Any network of voltage sources, current sources,
and resistors can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of an independent voltage
source in series with a resistor without affecting
the operation of the rest of the circuit.
Thvenin equivalent circuit

RTh

a
+

iL

vL

RL

VTh

network
of
sources
and
resistors

iL

vL

RL

load resistor
EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 2

Prof. King

I-V Characteristic of Thvenin Equivalent


The I-V characteristic for the series combination of
elements is obtained by adding their voltage drops:
For a given current i, the voltage drop
vab is equal to the sum of the voltages
dropped across the source (VTh)
and the across the resistor (iRTh)
RTh

v = VTh+ iR

i +

VTh

vab

b
I-V characteristic of resistor: v = iR
I-V characteristic of voltage source: v = VTh

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 3

Prof. King

Finding VTh and RTh


Only two points are needed to define a line.
Choose two convenient points:
RTh
1. Open circuit across terminals a,b
i
i = 0, vab voc

VTh

2. Short circuit across terminals a,b


vab = 0, i -isc = -VTh/RTh

+
voc = VTh

voc

RTh

EECS40, Fall 2003

VTh

isc

vab

-isc
v = VTh+ iR

Lecture 8, Slide 4

Prof. King

Calculating a Thvenin Equivalent


1. Calculate the open-circuit voltage, voc
a

network
of
sources
and
resistors

+
voc

2. Calculate the short-circuit current, isc

Note that isc is in the direction of the open-circuit


voltage drop across the terminals a,b !
a

network
of
sources
and
resistors

isc

VTh = voc
RTh =

b
EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 5

voc
isc

Prof. King

Thvenin Equivalent Example


Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals a,b:

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 6

Prof. King

Alternative Method of Calculating RTh


For a network containing only independent sources
network of
and resistors:
1. Set all independent sources to zero
voltage source short circuit
current source open circuit

independent
sources and
resistors, with
each source
set to zero

Req

2. Find equivalent resistance Req between the terminals

RTh = Req
ITEST

1. Set all independent sources to zero


2. Apply a test voltage source VTEST
3. Calculate ITEST
V
RTh = TEST
I TEST
EECS40, Fall 2003

network of
independent
sources and
resistors, with
each source
set to zero

Lecture 8, Slide 7

VTEST

For a network containing dependent sources:

Prof. King

RTh Calculation Example #1

Set all independent sources to 0:

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 8

Prof. King

Comments on Dependent Sources


A dependent source establishes a voltage or current
whose value depends on the value of a voltage or
current at a specified location in the circuit.
(imaginary device, used to model behavior of transistors & amplifiers)

To specify a dependent source, we must identify:


1.
2.
3.

the controlling voltage or current (must be calculated, in general)


the relationship between the controlling voltage or current
and the supplied voltage or current
the reference direction for the supplied voltage or current

The relationship between the dependent source


and its reference cannot be broken!

Dependent sources cannot be turned off for various


purposes (e.g. to find the Thvenin resistance).

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 9

Prof. King

RTh Calculation Example #2


Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals a,b:

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 10

Prof. King

Networks Containing Time-Varying Sources


Care must be taken in summing time-varying sources!
Example:
10 sin (100t)
1 k

+
+

20 cos (100t)

1 k

VTh =

1k
[20 cos(100t )] + 10 sin(100t ) = 10 2 sin(100t + 90o )
1k + 1k

RTh = 1k 1k = 500
EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 11

Prof. King

Norton Equivalent Circuit


Any network of voltage sources, current sources,
and resistors can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of an independent current
source in parallel with a resistor without affecting
the operation of the rest of the circuit.
Norton equivalent circuit

a
network
of
sources
and
resistors

iL

vL

RL

iN

RN

iL

vL

RL

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 12

Prof. King

Finding IN and RN
We can derive the Norton equivalent circuit from
a Thvenin equivalent circuit simply by making a
source transformation:
RTh

vTh

a
+

iL

vL

RL

iN

RN

iL

vL

RL

RN
iL =
iN
RN + RL

vTh
iL =
RTh + RL

RN = RTh =
EECS40, Fall 2003

voc
v
; iN = Th = isc
isc
RTh

Lecture 8, Slide 13

Prof. King

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem


Thvenin equivalent circuit

Power absorbed by load resistor:

RTh

VTh

iL

vL

RL

VTh
RL
p = i RL =
RTh + RL
2
L

To find the value of RL for which p is maximum, set


2

dp
2 (RTh + RL ) RL 2(RTh + RL )
= VTh
=0
4
dRL
(
)
R
R
+
Th
L

dp
to 0:
dRL

(RTh + RL ) RL 2(RTh + RL ) = 0
2

RTh = RL
EECS40, Fall 2003

A resistive load receives maximum power from a circuit if the


load resistance equals the Thvenin resistance of the circuit.
Lecture 8, Slide 14

Prof. King

Superposition
A linear circuit is constructed only of linear elements

can be described by a linear differential equation

Principle of Superposition:

In any linear circuit containing multiple independent


sources, the current or voltage at any point in the
network may be calculated as the algebraic sum of the
individual contributions of each source acting alone.
Note: Superposition cannot be used to find power!

This principle is useful for analysis of op-amp circuits.

Procedure:
1. Determine contribution due to an independent source

Set all other sources to 0

2. Repeat for each independent source


3. Sum individual contributions to obtain desired
voltage or current
EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 15

Prof. King

Superposition Example
Find Vo

24 V

4V
+

4A

+
4 Vo

EECS40, Fall 2003

Lecture 8, Slide 16

Prof. King

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