Summary Notes PDF

HSC 2010
Software
Design and
Development
Summary Notes
Jamie Kennedy
HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

Summary Notes
CONTENTS
Development And Impact Of Software Solutions ............................................................................... 3
Social and ethical issues..................................................................................................................... 3
Rights And Responsibilities Of Software Developers .................................................................. 3
Software Piracy And Copyright ..................................................................................................... 4
The Software Market ..................................................................................................................... 6
Significant Social And Ethical Issues ............................................................................................. 7
Application of Software Development Approaches ........................................................................ 8
Software Development Approaches ............................................................................................ 8
Software Development Cycle...............................................................................................................15
Defining and understanding the problem .......................................................................................15
Defining the problem ....................................................................................................................15
Design Specifications ................................................................................................................... 16
Modelling...................................................................................................................................... 19
Communication Issues, Including: .............................................................................................. 20
Planning and design of software solutions ..................................................................................... 21
Standard Algorithms For Searching And Sorting ........................................................................ 21
Custom-Designed Logic Used In Software Solutions ................................................................ 24
Standard Modules (Library Routines) Used In Software Solutions .......................................... 25
Customisation of existing software solutions ............................................................................ 25
Documentation Of The Overall Software Solution .................................................................... 26
Selection Of Language To Be Used ............................................................................................. 27
Implementation of software solution ............................................................................................ 29
Interface Design In Software Solutions ...................................................................................... 29
Language Syntax Required For Software Solutions .................................................................. 29
The Role Of The CPU In The Operation Of Software ..................................................................31
Translation Methods In Software Solutions ............................................................................... 32
Program Development Techniques In Software Solutions ....................................................... 34
Documentation Of A Software Solution ..................................................................................... 38
Hardware Environment To Enable Implementation Of The Software Solution ....................... 39
Emerging Technologies ............................................................................................................... 39
Testing and evaluation of software solutions ................................................................................ 41
D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx
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Summary Notes
Testing The Software Solution .................................................................................................... 41
Reporting On The Testing Process.............................................................................................. 43
Maintenance of software solutions ................................................................................................ 45
Modification of code to meet changed requirements .............................................................. 45
Documentation Of Changes ........................................................................................................ 45
Developing a Solution Package ...........................................................................................................46
Designing and developing a software solution to a complex problem ....................................46
Defining the problem and its solution, including: ......................................................................46
Systems implementation .............................................................................................................46
The Software Developers View of the Hardware .............................................................................48
Representation Of Data Within The Computer ..........................................................................48
Electronic Circuits To Perform Standard Software Operations ................................................ 50
Programming Of Hardware Devices ........................................................................................... 53
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Summary Notes
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
Software developers and users have rights and responsibilities including:
The right to good quality software for users
The right to protection for the software creators
The Responsibility to develop and use software in a social and legally ethical manner
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

Software develops invest time and money into the development of their product. This
investment brings responsibilities to the developer but also gives them rights over the
product they develop.
Electronic material is easy to reproduce and distribute but not easy to develop. Many people
are involved in the software design process and all have rights and responsibilities.
Authorship
Right
Protection of their product against theft and
modification without their permission
Responsibility
Acknowledge the authors and sources
used in development, particularly where
there is a development team
Reliability
Right
Protection of their product against operating
system problems and other hardware and
programs which may make their product
unusable
Responsibility
Check the product works with the
hardware and operating system they
specify.
Ensure the product has no runtime
errors when installed and run as directed
Quality
Right
Codes to ensure that others develop programs
that follow the same high standard
Responsibility
Use thorough testing procedures and
error checking code
Meet the users expectations as much as
is possible
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Summary Notes
Response to Problems
Right
Not to be harassed with trivial problems that
could have been solved by reading the
documentation
Responsibility
Provide troubleshooting manuals and
online help
Provide customer support
Quick response to major or critical
problems
Make bug fixes freely available to
users
Code of Conduct
Right
All developers follow the same ethical standard
Responsibility
Adhere to the standards set by members
of the professional association to which
they belong
Viruses
Right
Protection of the developers products by
users by the user of good current AV products
Responsibility
Ensure that they do not distribute
viruses with their products or as part of
their customer contact such as via email
SOFTWARE PIRACY AND COPYRIGHT

Software piracy is the theft of computer programs. This could involve copying the program
or using a product that is installed illegally on a machine without the developers permission.
Software piracy results in the increase in the cost of software for those who follow ethical
standards and reduce user options as software developers have reduced incentive to
develop new ideas
Concepts Associated With Piracy and Copyright, Including:

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Intellectual property is personal ownership of the creative ideas that develop from an
individuals mind or intellect. It could include: patents, trademarks, designs, trade secrets
and confidential business information.
PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is the theft of the ideas and expressions of another person. Often code in a
project is accumulated from a range of other sources. If the code or design is the work of
any other developer then it must be acknowledged. Writing software using the code
developed by others is plagiarism when the code is now acknowledged as coming from
another source
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Summary Notes
SHAREWARE
Shareware is software that is distributed for trial use before purchase. Copies can be made
and distributed by users but modifications are not allowed. If the user wishes to continue to
use the software after the trial period, the shareware cost must be paid.
FREEWARE
Freeware can be copied and distributed freely and no license fee needs to be paid however
the product cannot be sold or modified and is covered by copyright.
PUBLIC DOMAIN
Public domain software is programs that are freely available for copying and modification.
The copyright owner has surrendered copyright or the product is no longer covered by
copyright.
OWNERSHIP VERSUS LICENSING
Purchasing a media that contains computer software does not mean that you own the
software. The software distribution medium is your property however you have only been
sold the right to use the software under certain conditions i.e. you have purchased a license
COPYRIGHT LAWS
Copyright is the legal protection of computer programs against illegal copying. The
Copyright Act 1968 and a series of court decisions govern copyright in Australia. The creator
of the program owns copyright; this could include any other people associated with the
development of the program,
REVERSE/BACKWARDS ENGINEERING
Reverse engineering is the process of reading source code and translating it into an
algorithm. The algorithm can then be modified and recoded in the same or another
programming language. Reverse engineering is level when the program is owned by the
developer carrying out the reverse engineering however it is illegal is someone else does.
DECOMPILATION
Decompilation is the process of translating object code (machine code) into code that can
more easily be studied by the programmer. It is legal if the developer owns the program but
is it not if they dont
LICENCE CONDITIONS
License conditions determine what can be done with software. Many developers include a
compulsory reading and acceptance of the EULA before installing can continue. This leaves
users no excuse for failure to understand the developers wishes.
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Summary Notes
NETWORK USE
Software developers have recognised the increasing popularity of networked computers.
Programs are now available for network use. They could be either a) centralised software in
which software is available as a single copy on a central server or b) distributed software
which is available on individual machines. Regardless, each machine on the network or using
the software requires a separate license.
Various National Perspectives to Software Piracy and Copyright Laws

Australia is a signatory to international agreements that recognise international copyright
laws however, although the distribution of cracked or warez programs is illegal in Australia,
it is often not the case in which these countries these programs originate from.
The Relationship between Copyright Laws and Software License Agreements

Software license agreements are contracts that protect the developers ownership of the
software they have created. Different license agreements determine the way some software
may be used such as: single use license allows the installation of one copy of the software on
one machine. A multi-use license provides one copy of the software but allows the software
to be installed on a specific number of machines. Network licenses are for networks
obviously.
THE SOFTWARE MARKET

Maintaining Market Position
The social and ethical standard of a company is important in this area. The product to be sold
must be able to meet the needs of users. Some factors have will help software developers to
maintain market position include:
Selling price
Customer support for the current and earlier version of the product
Reputation as an ethical developer
Wide distribution network
Bug-free software
The Effect on the Marketplace

All software developers want to have an effect on the marketplace. Advertising and other
forms of promotion are often used to gain audience attention and build sales. Packaging can
also be important for shelf presence as well the new move towards the distribution of
content of the internet.
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Summary Notes
SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

National and International Legal Action Resulting From Software Development
Sega vs. Accolade: Accolade wanted to enter the market to produce games that worked on
Sega hardware. To do so required certain secret code created by Sega. Sega denied access
to the code and Accolade reverse engineered the Sega code. Sega took Accolade to court
but the court ruled that Accolade had the right to reverse engineer as it has not stolen Sega
creative works and only needed the code to be competitive in the marketplace.
Whelan vs. Jaslow: Whelan developed a dental program that took a considerable amount of
time to build and market. A few years later, Jaslow released a very similar product onto the
market. Whelan sued and won because the court ruled that Jaslow had used very similar
code to Whelan.
Public Issues, Including:

THE Y2K PROBLEM
Early computers had limited memory and RAM was expensive. To save memory,
programmers developing operating systems reduced the storage of dates to a two digit
integer reducing storage needs by half. As the year 2000 approached, there was great
concern about what would happen to software that governments, banks and large
businesses depended on. Large amounts of money were spent on changing the dates to a
four digit format.
COMPUTER VIRUSES
A virus is a program that alters the functionality of a computer without the permission of the
user. Viruses are a far larger issue than the Y2K bug due to their persistent and developing
nature. Both software developers and end users have a responsibility to combat viruses.
Install and maintain a reliable AV program that is kept up to date with the latest patches.
RELIANCE ON SOFTWARE
As shown by the Y2K bug, programmers need to consider all aspects of the software they
develop particularly the needs in the future. Software reliability becomes crucial when
society relies heavily on software for many of its basic services
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Summary Notes
APPLICATION OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Approaches Used In Commercial Systems, Including:
Commercial software development falls into two main broad categories.
Off the shelf or retail programs (e.g. Microsoft Office) are sold and distributed to any user
who wishes to use them. Sometimes referred to as COTS and in many cases can be
customised to suit the need or an organisation (e.g. Google Apps for the DET)
Custom programs are commissioned by a particular organisation or individual and are
written specifically to suit the defined needs to those requiring the program.
THE STRUCTURED APPROACH
Advantages
Thoroughly tested
Should meet exact requirements of users
Uses a range of experts
Disadvantages
Costly
Time consuming
Requires a range of different skills
The structured (or waterfall) approach to software development follows the software
development cycle. It considers the whole problem and divides it into steps that can be
systematically followed to arrive at a solution. Because of the complexity of this approach,
many people can be involved.
A systems analyst is a person with the skills and knowledge to see the problem as a whole
and divide it into elements. They manage the project and are the first level of
communication between development and management teams. They are often given
control of the whole project.
Define the problem: Understand and define and problem. This is important so you know
what you are solving. It is much easier and cheaper to fix mistakes here than in any other
stage of development.
Planning the solution involves a further understanding of the needs of the users and a choice
of a method or methods to solve the problem. Data needs to be collected to provide the
basis for decisions. Planning involves designing algorithms, planning a UI, data and program
structures needed, scheduling the project, choosing a programming language. As well,
dataflow diagrams, IPO charts, Gantt charts, screen designs and storyboards are all likely
tools that will be used here.
Building the solution requires the full involvement of the team. A large and complex project
is usually broken down into smaller modules; this process is called stepwise refinement. By
breaking parts down into modules, you allow for greater efficiency, easier debugging, less
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Summary Notes
contamination of the whole project if there is badly written code and you can reuse the
modules that you create.
Checking the solution is a continuous part of the development cycle. It involves using real
data and may include beta testers. This is to make sure that the program meets the needs
and requirements determined in the defining stage. If the project passes management
approval, it can be implemented.
Sometimes it is necessary to make modifications after a program has been implemented so
that it works more effectively. The program may need to be updated to keep abreast of
hardware or software changes or may need to be expanded to cover new tasks.
PROTOTYPING
Advantages
Relatively fast development
Disadvantages
May be difficult to implement as a fully
working solution
Models a larger project, thus allowing easier

modification and visualisation of the end
product
Prototyping involves building a working model that is then evaluated by users. The model is
then usually modified and evaluated further until it becomes the solution. The prototyping
approach usually only involves a small team of programmers and one or more users. The
prototyping approach is particularly useful in the development of interactive systems and AI
but not as much where complexity and large mathematical calculations are required.
There are two type of prototyping used. Information gathering prototypes are developed to
gain information that can be used in another program. The prototype is never intended to
become the fully working solution. They are often developed in 5GL languages and use
reusable code modules that require only linking to operate.
Evolutionary prototypes become the full working program. The prototype is the first step in
the development of the final product. This prototype becomes the short term solution and
allows the product to be demonstrated before the fully working program is produced.
Prototyping focuses largely on the UI including menus, windows and IO processes. There is a
great amount of user involvement in the development process and there is reduced
amounts of documentation compared to the structured approach however this means that
the system is harder to maintain.
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Summary Notes
RAPID APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

Advantages
(RAD) Fast development
Disadvantages
Many not meet exact program
requirements
Many involve copyright and intellectual
property of others
Relatively cheap
Uses considerable amount of existing reusable
code
The rapid applications software development is any method of software design that uses
tools to quickly generate a program for a user. It uses existing modules and may reuse code,
CASE tools and templates. The developer is involved directly with the user.
END USER DEVELOPMENT
Advantages
(EUD) Should meet exact user requirements
Disadvantages
Limited to simply projects and limitations
of application programs
Quick and cheap
End user development is where the user adapts existing software tools to suit their needs or
to obtain a solution to a problem. EUD is very informal and used for very small solutions. It is
usually created in a 4GL programming environment such as in a spread sheet or database.
COMBINATIONS OF ANY OF THE ABOVE
Using combinations of any of the four approaches can make it easier to develop a program.
If different parts require different approaches then using the right approach for each part
will make the process more effective.
Methods of Implementation
DIRECT CUT OVER
Description
The new
program
immediately
replaces the old
program
Diagram
Advantages
Reduced implementation
costs compared to other
methods
Disadvantages
Data transfer from old
to new has to be done
very quickly
Less pressure on users as

only one program is in
place
Testing of new program

in operation leaves no
fall back to old program
if there are problems
User stress as training
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Summary Notes
needs to be done
before new program is
in place while old
program is still
operating
PARALLEL
Description
The old and the
new work
together over a
period of time
Diagram
Advantages
Two programs can be
compared and any
problems can be fixed to
take account of
differences
Testing and fixing of
problems in new
program is simpler as old
program is still available
for use in an emergency
Disadvantages
User stress as both old
and new programs have
to be operated for
conversion time
Confusion between
programs if close
records are not kept
If there are large

changes in operating
procedures between
the old and new
program there can be
problems for users
More expensive than
other methods due to
dual costs
PHASED
Description
One or more
tasks of the new
program are
gradually
implemented
until the new
program takes
over all tasks of
the old program
Diagram
Advantages
Each task can be
individually tested as it is
implemented
Training users is simpler

as only one new task has
to be learnt
Disadvantages
Difficult for users to
separate the old and
the new programs and
operate different tasks
in each system
Longer time frame
leads to high
implementation costs
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Summary Notes
PILOT
Description
One section of
the organisation
use the new
program and all
other sections
continue with
the old program
until a decision is
made to put the
new program
into place across
the whole
system
Diagram
Advantages
Risk is confined to one
section of an
organisation
Disadvantages
Large organisations
usually use this method
particularly multiple
sites doing the same
thing such as one bank
amount a series of
branches
Testing and fixing of

problems in the new
program is simpler as the
old program is still
available for use in other
parts of the organisation
Current Trends in Software Development, For Example:

OUTSOURCING
Outsourcing is the process where a company needing software services hires an outside
organisation to handle all or part of these services. This could include development,
implementation, and maintenance. Outsourcing is an effective use of scare technological
assets and costs savings due to economies of scale however some outsourcing companies
many not understand the ethos of the company employing it and the organisation may feel
as if it is losing control of the system.
POPULAR APPROACHES
Software of the popular approaches to software development at the moment includes:
Increasing facilities for EUD
The availability of editors to allow non-programmers to generate simple programs

such as WYSIWYG editors.
Greater distribution of code libraries
Authoring languages that guide the developer through the steps of creating
programs including markup languages
Increasing use of multimedia in programs
POPULAR LANGUAGES
4GL and 5GL languages are increasing becoming human centred to allow non-programmers
to develop customised software. SQL, is very powerful language but is limited to the domain
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Summary Notes
of databases. It can be used to someone who is relatively inexperienced to create powerful
database structures
Most of the popular languages have the same basic capabilities such as syntax, constants,
variables and operators.
EMPLOYMENT TRENDS
Technology has been a growth area in employment over the last decade and there are still
large numbers of jobs in the field despite a recent slowdown. There are increasingly high
educational requirements for those entering the industry.
NETWORKED SOFTWARE
With the increasing trend towards networks in organisational environments, there has come
a greater demand for networked software. This comes in two forms, network OSes
(Windows Server 2008, Snow Leopard Server, Ubuntu Server Edition) and network
applications (MYOB, databases).
CUSTOMISED OFF-THE-SHELF PACKAGES
COTS are readily available today and are often released as suites of programs that integrate
together do perform a wide range of tasks such as Microsoft Office, Adobe Creative Suite.
These programs can reduce costs for the end user and are more reliable than custom
software as they have been tested on a wider scale. They are modular and more easily
updated and modified to suit the users needs.
Use of Case Tools and Their Application in Large Systems Development

Software development teams often use a CASE approach to their works. CASE tools allow
the software developer to track bugs, data model, generate documentation, reverse
engineer and simulation tools. CASE tools help the maintenance team to interact with the
development team
SOFTWARE VERSIONS
When developing a full product, there will be many versions such as for different hardware,
operating systems. The number of versions leads to the need for version control and CASE
tools can be used to take over this process. CASE tools allows for strict control over the
versioning process.
DATA DICTIONARY
CASE tools can collect and track data types through multiple modules and develop concise
descriptions of each data type in a program. This can be a major time advantage.
TEST DATA
CASE tools can be used to generate test data for complex programs. This can avoid time
consuming manual testing or the generation of large test data tables by a slower input
method
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Summary Notes
PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTATION
There are a number of CASE tools available to help the documentation process with facilities
such as word processors and drawing tools. Others can produce Gantt charts, calendars and
other project management tools.
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Summary Notes
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM
DEFINING
THE PROBLEM
The programmer must have a complete understanding of the problem before developing a
solution. This will establish what needs to be done.
Identifying the Problem

This involves determining the requirements of the program to be developed. Includes:
NEEDS
It is the programmers job to determine how to solve a problem or meet the need of a user.
Requirements definition: clear statement of the requirements of the system being
developed.
OBJECTIVES
The short and long term aims and plans for the software being developed.
BOUNDARIES
The boundary is the limit to a system such as the scope of a project. It is also important to
consider any constraints
Determining the Feasibility of the Solution

A feasibility study is carried out usually after requirement definition to determine whether
the proposed solution is practical.
IS IT WORTH SOLVING?
An investigation into the problem will allow the systems analyst (or developer) to decide if
the problem can be solved or if an alternative route can be taken.
TECHNICAL
For example: what software and hardware is currently being used and if this a solution can
be built around it or if new hardware/software needs to be bought (then consider economic)
ECONOMIC/BUDGETARY
Is the solution to the problem affordable? A cost/benefit analysis of the solution will be used
to determine initial and recurring costs as well as benefits to the consumer.
SCHEDULING
Is there enough time to allow the solution to be developed? Planning tools such as Gantt
charts can be used and the developer must be able to meet these deadlines for the solution
to be achievable.
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Summary Notes
OPERATIONAL
Will the solution be usable by the target consumer? The future user of the software must be
able to use and operate the program. If training costs are required then this should be
factored into the cost (see economic)
LEGAL
Does the software comply to legal standards? For example, does it calculate GST correctly?
Does it acknowledge other authors if their code is used?
SOCIAL/ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The software must be developed in a socially responsible manner and not be socially biased.
It should be widely accessible (but this may impact on economic and technical)
POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
If the solution is determined to not be feasible, then the developer may choose to explore
alternative solutions
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The Developers Perspective in Consideration Of:
DATA TYPES
Simple data types include:
Integers: signed whole numbers (+32, -98)
Real/Floating Point: Numbers with decimals or exponents
Character: any character on the keyboard
Boolean: only two possible values (T/F)
Structured data type:
String: composed of multiple characters which can be referred to by a single name

and manipulated as a group. Also, can be seen as an array of characters.
One Dimensional Array: A number of data items of the same type referred to by the
same name. These items can be accessed by their index number. An array can also
be considered a list.
Multidimensional Array: Two or more separate arrays where elements refer to similar
data. An example of this could be a spread sheet or grid, this will have two index
positions. [Similar to dictionary in python]
Single Record: A collection of different data types that are related. Consists of a
number of fields, each accessed by name. Differ to arrays in that they can contain
different data types.
Array of Records: Single records combined together into an array and can be
accessed with an index (similar to a database)
Files: A data structure that allows data to be stored externally and may consist of any
other data type except a file
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Summary Notes
ALGORITHMS
An algorithm is a series of instructions or steps that will result in the solution to a specific
problem. It can be represented in pseudocode or in flowchart form.
Binary Selection:
IF the signal is green THEN

proceed through the intersection
ELSE
stop the vehicle
ENDIF
Multi-way selection:
CASEWHERE signal is
red
: stop the vehicle
amber
: stop the vehicle
green : proceed through the intersection
OTHERWISE : proceed with caution
ENDCASE
Pre-test (guarded) loop:
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Summary Notes
WHILE the train is still moving

keep wholly within the car
END WHILE
Post-test (unguarded) loop
REPEAT
beat the egg whites
UNTIL fluffy
VARIABLES
A variable is a pointer to an area in memory that is being used by a program to store data.
The contents are not fixed and may vary.
The Users Perspective

It is important for software developers not only to analyse the problem but to consult with
the user to ensure the task they are solving is clearly defined.
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Summary Notes
MODELLING
Representing a System Using Diagrams, Including:
System modelling tools allow the system designer to communicate and record the system so
that users and other developers can understand the system. There are three attributes that
needs to be represented. These are the function, the logic and interfaces.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT (IPO) DIAGRAMS
An IPO chart describes the system in terms of its input data, its output data and the
processes that are performed on the inputs to transfer them into the outputs.
STORY BOARDS
Storyboards give a general overview of a program. They are used to document the screens
used in a system and the flow between them. They are suited to applications with a large
number of screens of information which link to other screens. Storyboards can also be useful
in planning the flow of information between modules.
CONTEXT DIAGRAMS
Context diagrams are used to represent entire information systems. This system is shown as
a single process along with the input and output (external entities) to the system.
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS
Data flow diagrams represent the flow of data into and out of the system in terms of the
processes used. A data flow diagram provides more detail at a lower level than a context
diagram. Contains processes, data flows, external entities and data stores.
SYSTEMS FLOWCHARTS
System flow charts are a diagrammatic way of representing both the flow of data and logic
through an information system.
SCREEN DESIGNS
The screen is the first point of contact between a user and a program. Sample screens may
be developed to provide the customer with a clear idea of the final interface of the program.
CONSIDERATION OF USE OF A LIMITED PROTOTYPE
A prototype is a hands-on model of the computer system that concentrates on the design of
input and output screens. Prototypes are often concerned with the final design and can give
users a good indication of what the final program will look/feel like.
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Summary Notes
COMMUNICATION ISSUES, INCLUDING:

The Need to Empower the User
It is important to include the user in the software development process.
The Need to Acknowledge the Users Perspective

Software developers and users view the solution from different perspectives and it is
important to understand the users views. Users want operational software that does what
they want and it is up to the developers to provide this.
Enabling and Accepting Feedback

The developer must communicate regularly with the user to ensure that the solution will
meet the needs of the user. The cost to fix a program increases exponentially as the system
is developed and it is much cheaper to fix any errors earlier on than later.
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Summary Notes
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

STANDARD ALGORITHMS FOR SEARCHING AND SORTING
Standard Logic Used In Software Solutions, Namely:
FINDING MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES IN ARRAYS
Max and min values can be found by moving through each array element in a sequential
manner and comparing the current element with the value currently thought to be the max
or min. If the new value is a max or min, it now becomes the one that others are compared
against
BEGIN MAINPROGRAM
Set Max to TheArray[1]
Set Min to TheArray[1]
Index = 2
WHILE index < 100 THEN
IF TheArray[Index] > Max THEN
Max = TheArray[Index]
END IF
IF TheArray[Index] < Min THEN
Min = TheArray[Index]
END IF
Increment Index
END WHILE
Print The highest number found was: Max
Print The lowest number found was: Min
END MAINPROGRAM
PROCESSING STRINGS (EXTRACTING, INSERTING, DELETING)

A string is an array of characters and this means that they can be manipulated. Strings can be
joined together (concatenated), characters to be inserted and deleted, portions of strings to
be extracted and for the length to be calculated
FILE PROCESSING, INCLUDING SENTINEL VALUE
A file is a collection of data stored on a secondary storage device. They must be opened and
closed to be read and written to. Files often include a sentinel value which is a special symbol
that terminates the file. This symbol is usually an EOF (End of File) symbol.
LINEAR SEARCH
A linear search is used to search through a set of data sequentially. Each value is compared
to the target and if the value is not the same, the next value is compared until the target has
been found or the end of the array has been reached.
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Summary Notes
BEGIN MAINPROGRAM
Set Found to False
Ask user to enter target
Next = 1
Last = 100
WHILE Next <= Last AND Found = False
IF List[Next] = Target THEN
Found = True
FoundPosition = Next
END IF
Increment Next
END WHILE
IF Found = True THEN
Print Target was found at position FoundPosition
ELSE
Print Target was not found
END IF
END MAINPROGRAM
BINARY SEARCH
A binary search is used to search data that has been sorted. It divides the data into two parts
and determines which part the data lies in with the other part discarded. The remained is
split in two and the process is repeated again until the target is found or there are no more
items left to divide.
BEGIN MAINPROGRAM
Set Lower to 1
Set Upper to 12
Set Found to False
Get the Target value
REPEAT
Set middle value to integer of (Upper + Lower) / 2
IF Target = NumArray[Middle] THEN
Set Found to True
Set FoundPosition to Middle
ELSE
IF Target < NumArray[Middle] THEN
Set Upper to Middle 1
ELSE
Set Upper to Middle + 1
END IF
END IF
UNTIL Found OR Lower > Upper
IF Found THEN print found ELSE print not found END MAINPROGRAM
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Summary Notes
BUBBLE SORT
BEGIN MAINPROGRAM
Set End to ArrayLength
WHILE End > 1
Set Current to 1
WHILE Current < End
IF TheArray[Current] > TheArray[Current + 1] THEN
Swap(Current, Current + 1)
END IF
Increment count
END WHILE
Decrement count
END MAINPROGRAM
BEGIN SUBPROGRAM Swap(Position1, Position2)
Temp = TheArray[Position1]
TheArray[Position1] = TheArray[Position2]
TheArray[Position2] = Temp
END SUBPROGRAM Swap
INSERTION SORT
BEGIN MAINPROGRAM
Set First to 1
Set Last to ArrayLength
Set PositionOfNext to Last
WHILE PositionOfNext >= First
Next = TheArray[PositionOfNext]
Current = PositionOfNext
WHILE (Current < Last) AND (Next > TheArray[Current + 1])
{Shuffle sorted part along}
Increment Count
TheArray[Current 1] = TheArray[Current]
ENDWHILE
TheArray[Current] = Next
Decrement PositionOfNext
ENDWHILE
END MAINPROGRAM
SELECTION SORT
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Summary Notes
BEGIN MAINPROGRAM
Set EndUnsorted to ArrayLength
WHILE EndUnsorted > 1
Set Current to 1
Set Largest to TheArray[Current]
Set PositionOfLargest to Current
WHILE Current < EndUnsorted
Increment Count
IF TheArray[Current] > Largest THEN
Set Largest to TheArray[Current]
Set PositionOfLargest to Current
END IF
END WHILE
Swap (PositionOfLargest, EndUnsorted)
Decrement EndUnsorted
END WHILE
END MAINPROGRAM
BEGIN SUBPROGRAM Swap(Position1, Position2)
Temp = TheArray[Position1]
TheArray[Position1] = TheArray[Position2]
TheArray[Position2] = Temp
END SUBPROGRAM Swap
C U S T O M -D E S I G N E D L O G I C U S E D I N S O F T W A R E S O L U T I O N S
Requirements To Generate These Include:
IDENTIFICATION OF INPUTS, PROCESSES AND OUTPUTS
Here the software developer must fully describe the data and its format. It is helpful to
develop and IPO diagram to show the relationship between inputs, processes and outputs
REPRESENTATION AS AN ALGORITHM
Writing an algorithm helps the programmer to understand the logic of the problem making it
easy to convert it straight into code
DEFINITION OF REQUIRED DATA STRUCTURES
Data structures are a set of rules for storing and manipulating data. Developing a data
dictionary enables the programmer to determine the composition of data that is to be used
in the program.
USE OF DATA STRUCTURES, INCLUDING MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS, ARRAYS OF RECORDS,
FILES (SEQUENTIAL AND RELATIVE/RANDOM)
The choice of data structure is important as it will have a significant impact on the algorithm
used. There is often a trade-off between complexity of the algorithm and the data structure
used.
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Summary Notes
USE OF RANDOM NUMBERS

Random numbers are often used to allow access to unpredictable data.
THOROUGH TESTING
The amount of time spent on each of the other phases will reduce the amount of time that is
required to test. A well designed solution will require little testing time and produce an
easier to implement program. Algorithms should be desk checked before use.
STANDARD MODULES (LIBRARY ROUTINES) USED IN SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

Most programming languages have library routines that can be accessed for use in a
program such as the print statement in Python.
Requirements For Generating Or Subsequent Use Include:

Structured programming results in modular programs, each module carrying our specific
tasks
IDENTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE MODULES
Programmers will only use modules or libraries that are necessary to perform the task
required. It would be a waste of resources to include other redundant libraries that are not
accessed by the program.
CONSIDERATION OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL VARIABLES
Local variables are those which can only be accessed from within that particular subprogram
and will not be recognised outside of it.
Global variables are those that can be used from anywhere within the program.
APPROPRIATE USE OF PARAMETERS (ARGUMENTS)
A subprogram often requires arguments of parameters to be included in the subprogram call.
Parameters are data items that can be passed from one part of the program to another
where the values can be used.
APPROPRIATE TESTING USING DRIVERS
A driver is a special instance of a stub. It is a temporary section of code that is created to test
an individual procedure or module by calling it up and executing it.
THOROUGH DOCUMENTATION
Any modules of code developed should be thoroughly documented and should include
parameters, inputs, processes and output. This will allow programmers to reuse modules of
code and understand the processes being carried out in the future.
CUSTOMISATION
OF EXISTING SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS
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Summary Notes
It is much easier to develop a new program from a known working program instead of
starting from scratch.
Identification of Relevant Products

Many languages are purchased with sample programs and some programming languages
include portions of code that can be used by programmers to develop their own solutions
Customisation
Customising software involves determining the portions of the program which are relevant
to the solution that you are developing.
Cost Effectiveness
Customising software solutions often results in faster development time and lower cost but
if the original program performs insufficiently than in the long run, the newer program may
end up costing more.
DOCUMENTATION OF THE OVERALL SOFTWARE SOLUTION

Tools For Representing A Complex Software Solution Include:
ALGORITHM DESCRIPTIONS
Algorithms provide a detailed description of the logic that is carried out in a program.
SYSTEM FLOWCHARTS
System flowcharts are a graphical representation of the logic of a computer system. They
demonstrate the source and destination of data which is used by the system.
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS
Structure diagrams are a method of representing the elements of a system in a hierarchical
form. Modules are represented by a box. They are suited to top-down methods of solving
the problem.
Rectangles are used to represent tasks with lines used to show the connections between
tasks
A flag
Repetition
Data movement between tasks
A decision
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS
Data flow diagrams are useful for tracking the movement of data through a system. They
show graphically the processing which occurs in a system and indicate where data is stored
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Summary Notes
DATA DICTIONARY
Data dictionaries help the programmer and users of the system to understand the data that
will be used in a particular program
SELECTION OF LANGUAGE TO BE USED

Event-Driven Software
Event-driven software is executed in an order dependent on the events detected.
DRIVEN BY THE USER
The user determines the sequence in which the programming tasks are carries out by the
processor. Events may occur in any order and event driven software typically involves the
use of menus and buttons.
PROGRAM LOGIC
During program execution, the computers operating system polls the hardware to generate
a stream of events. An event driven program will act upon the events detecting during this
polling processes
Sequential Approach
A sequential program will execute instructions in a linear fashion one after the other until
the end of the program is reached.
DEFINED BY THE PROGRAMMER
Sequential programs must follow a predetermined order of events executing the first
statement and subsequent statements until the program is complete. While the program is
executing a statement, it cannot react to anything else. Each task is carried out in the order
as specified by the programmer.
Relevant Language Features

The programmer must carefully consider the nature of the problem before choosing a
programming language. One particular language may be more suited to a problem than
another (such as functional vs object oriented)
Hardware Ramifications
The language chosen depends on the hardware architecture. Certain programs may be more
suited to different hardware types. As well, the speed of the hardware the required
execution time would determine the final language used. For example, if execution time was
important, a fast language such as C would be used
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Graphical User Interfaces are usually made up of Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers
(WIMPs) and they display information on the screen in the way it will be printed (WYSIWYG)
- 27 -

Summary Notes
- 28 -

Summary Notes
IMPLEMENTATION OF SOFTWARE SOLUTION

INTERFACE DESIGN IN SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS
The Design of Individual Screens, Including:
As the screen is the first point of the contact between the user and the software, it is
important that the interface used does not frustrate the user, prevent the efficient entry of
data and lead to physical fatigue.
IDENTIFICATION OF DATA REQUIRED
A well laid out screen should focus the readers attention on the important areas and main
interest. Screens should be simple with enough white space around them. There should be
variety on the screen as well as consistency in the overall program. Graphic elements are also
important. Legibility refers to the ease with which a screen can be read, a program should be
legible. The positioning of text on the screen should be taken into account as to not
overwhelm the user. As well, the type of font (serif, sans serif), alignment and justification,
upper and lower case, colour of text, size and background should also be considered.
CURRENT POPULAR APPROACHES
The most popular approach today is the use of the GUI and WIMP interface. This includes
other navigational elements such as scroll bars, hypertext (links), radio buttons and dialogue
boxes.
DESIGN OF HELP SCREENS
Help screens and error messages should be non-threatening. It is important that the user not
be put down or turned off by the language of the program. Error messages should be helpful
and provide instruction on what to do. Error messages should be consistent throughout.
User prompts should be specific and appropriate.
AUDIENCE IDENTIFICATION
The language that the program uses to communicate with the intended audience should be
specifically suited to that target audience. For example the language and layout would differ
greatly between a program targeted at children compared to an engineer or a visually
impaired person.
CONSISTENCY IN APPROACH
For ease of use and to aid in navigation, it is important that the programmer maintains
consistency in screen design throughout including consistent placement of repeated
elements (such as menus), user interface (such as logical shortcuts) and fonts (same heading
font).
LANGUAGE SYNTAX REQUIRED FOR SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

The syntax of the language refers to the rules that determine whether a statement is legal
and so can be executed.
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Summary Notes
Use of BNF, EBNF and Railroad Diagrams to Describe the Syntax of New Statements in
the Chosen Language
The use of a metalanguage such as BNF to describe the syntax of a language allows users to
interpret definitions and check the legality of constructions.
BNF:
word ::= <letter><word>|<letter>
letter ::= a|b|c|d|e||y|z
Repetition is described through recursion. ::= stands for is defined as and non-terminal
elements are enclosed with <> brackets.
EBNF:
word = <letter>{<letter>}
letter = a|b|c|d|e||y|z
Symbols similar to BNF with the addition of {} for repetition, [] encloses optional elements, ()
groups elements together.
Railroad diagrams are also known as syntax diagrams or structure diagrams. They are a
method of graphically representing the syntax by tracing a one-way path or railroad track
from left to right. Branching it only permitted in the direction of motion. Terminals are
represented by circles or rounded rectangles. Rectangles represent previously defined
elements and repetition is shown by a looping structure.
Commands Incorporating the Definition and Use Of:

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
ARRAYS OF RECORDS
FILES (SEQUENTIAL AND RELATIVE/RANDOM)

Files allow for data to be stored on secondary storage devices. Traditionally stored and
accessed using sequential techniques (accessed from start to finish such as a VHS).
Random (direct) access uses indexes to identify separate items of data (such as a dictionary
in Python hashtables) which means that it can be accessed directly and quickly.
RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS
Random numbers are generated by picking a starting number (seed) and performing a
variety of mathematical operations on it. The seed is often the current time to avoid the
same random numbers being generated each time.
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Summary Notes
T H E R O L E O F T H E CP U I N T H E O P E R A T I O N O F S O F T W A R E
All modern computers are based on the ideas of input, output, memory and a central
controller.
Storage
Input
Control
Output
Processing
Machine Code and CPU Operation

Computers are run by instructions stored in binary form called machine code. Instructions
are fetched one at a time from the computers memory (RAM) and interpreted by the
control unit. Arithmetic and logic operations are performed by the ALU. Machine language is
the only language that the computer can understand without translation.
INSTRUCTION FORMAT
An instruction is a command given to the CPU by a program. The CPU uses a fetch-execute
cycle. Op codes are the machine language command for a single operation of the CPU such
as ADD or STORE. The CPU uses these to move numbers from a memory location to the
accumulator for example. Each memory location in RAM has an address and a storage
location that contains data or instructions.
USE OF REGISTERS AND ACCUMULATORS
A register is a temporary storage location that is able to hold one instruction. Everything
must pass through the buffer register.
The accumulator is a specific register in the CPU. It stores data that is about to be computed
or the results of a computation. Data must be moved to the accumulator before a
mathematical or logical operation can be performed. Data is then passed back to the
accumulator before being stored.
USE OF PROGRAM COUNTER AND FETCH-EXECUTE CYCLE
The program counter is a register that is part of the computers CPU. The program stores the
address of the next instruction to be executed. The value in the program counter is
automatically incremented when an instruction is executed.
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Summary Notes
The fetch-execute cycle is performed continually by the CPU.
Result of this
action stored
in RAM
The processor
reads an
instruction
from memory
(fetch)
Action then
executed in
the ALU
Decodes the
instruction to
determine
action to be
taken
ADDRESSES OF CALLED ROUTINES

The address of a command to be executed is stored with the op code in RAM,
LINKING, INCLUDING USE OF DLLS
Linking allows for machine code to be combined with another machine code program. The
use of a linker allows only the modules being used at any one time to be loaded into RAM.
This saves on resources.
A DLL is a collection of programs in machine code which can be accessed by other programs
to perform specific tasks. DLL files are often called device drivers because they control a
specific device.
TRANSLATION METHODS IN SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

Computers can only execute code that is in machine language. A translator converts
statements from one programming language to the format of another (eg: machine code).
This has many advantages are certain complex structures are only available in high level
languages and is far more human readable than machine language.
Different Methods Include:

COMPILATION
Compiling takes the whole source of a program and translates it producing a complete
object program that can be executed at a later stage. Once compiled, it is much more
difficult to change the program which can help protect against plagiarism and malicious
damage. The compilation process translates the program as whole and removes
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Summary Notes
redundancies resulting in more efficient code. The disadvantage is that compiling can take
some time and is testing is required at each stage during the development process than this
may waste time. As well, a program will not compile is an error has been found.
INCREMENTAL COMPILATION
An incremental compiler compiles each line of the source code as it is entered and adds it to
the object file. This has the advantage of an interpreter in error checking and the speed of a
compiler in execution.
INTERPRETATION
When the program is translated line by line is it called interpreting. Interpretation ensures
that there is no memory or resource conflicts and allows syntax errors to be identified
immediately. Examples include the Python Interactive Interpreter, but this method is the
slowest.
The Translation Process

The translation process involves four stages:
1.
Lexical Analysis: uses the delimiters (symbols such as colons or CR that indicates the
end of a syntactic unit) in the source code to break the program into single
commands. Each character in the line is scanned and redundant characters removed.
Different types of elements are labelled with a token. If there is an error in the syntax
then translation cannot continue.
2. Syntactic Analysis: examines and tests the validity of the relationships between the
elements. It is an examination of whether the identified elements of a statement are
combined together in a way that is legal according to the syntax of the language.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Method

Advantages
Disadvantages
Compiling
Fast execution of object code

Code is transportable
Security of code
Allows optimisation of object code
Permits sharing of resources and
reduces redundancy by using run-time
libraries
Modification of the problem means it

has to be completely recompiled
Compiling stops when a syntax error is
encountered
Object code duplicates space
Interpreting
Simple, rapid production of object

code
Immediate detection of syntax errors
No stored object code, so no
duplication of resources
Run-time errors can be detected and
Slow execution speed

Poor efficiency the same lines will be
reinterpreted each pass of a repetition
No reusable object code is produced
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Summary Notes
corrected quickly
Interactive programming
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES IN SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

Structured Approach to a Complex Solution, Including:
The structured approach to software development involves planning a solution by stepwise
refinement that is solving an overall problem by dividing it into smaller, more manageable
parts. The use of modules is the preferred method of achieving a solution. There are two
methods that use modules: top down design and bottom up design.
In top down design, the problem is refined into small sub-problems, which are then broken
down again into smaller problems. The program that controls these modules Is written and
tested first. Code that controls the next level of modules is then created and tested until
code for the lowest level is written.
In bottom up design, the problem is solved starting with the modules at the lowest levels.
Each module is written as a self-contained unit, which can be run and tested independently.
The modules are then put together to form the end program. This approach is usually suited
to OOP or event driven programming.
ONE LOGICAL TASK PER SUBROUTINE
When testing a program, it is usual to test the programming code of these modules
independently rather than delay testing until the whole program is complete. However,
while a module may be a part of the solution, in most cases it is not possible to run the
module as a stand-alone program. A driver is a temporary section of code that is created to
test an individual procedure or module by calling it up and executing it.
STUBS
The use of a stub is particularly important in top-down program design and testing, as a stub
allows a section of code to be tested even though it relies on other modules of the program.
A stub is effectively a temporary subprogram which usually contains very little code such as
displaying a message to indicate that a certain program has been successfully called or to
temporarily assign variables.
FLAGS
A flag is a marker placed in the code to signal a change in status. They are usually Boolean
variables that record whether a certain condition has been met and are very useful
debugging tools.
ISOLATION OF ERRORS
There are other methods that can be used to determine where errors occur in a program
such as program traces, breakpoints and commenting out sections of code.
DEBUGGING OUTPUT STATEMENTS
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Summary Notes
Debugging output statements are temporary lines of code added to a program or module to
display the value of variables at strategic places in the program. This allows the programmer
to compare actual values with expected values. Similar to stubs and flags.
ELEGANCE OF SOLUTION
An elegant solution is one that is efficient in its use of resources and data structures such as
using a loop to iterate over lists instead of manually hard coding in each input. This also
allows for much easier changes if the specifications in the future change.
WRITING FOR SUBSEQUENT MAINTENANCE
A well-structured solution with clear documentation makes the task of maintenance a much
simpler process than trying to understand a poorly documented and unstructured program.
The Process of Detecting and Correcting Errors, Including:

SYNTAX ERRORS
A syntax error is an error detected by the compiler when it is unable to match items in the
source code to syntactic entries in the language. The syntax analyser takes the lexical units
(tokens or words) from the lexical analysis stage and from the constructs hierarchical
structures called parse trees.
LOGIC ERRORS
A logical error means that the program will perform an incorrect action or give the wrong
output. They are usually caused by an error in the design of the program so that although
the program will run, it will produce an incorrect output. Logic errors are detected through
careful checking use selected test data (desk check etc).
PEER CHECKING
Peer checking is a process in which programmers not involved with the original design are
asked to check the logic of an algorithm or program.
DESK CHECKING
In desk checking, test data is used to compare the actual result with expected results. The
programmer uses a structured walkthrough using pen and paper to step through the code
to find where the error has occurred.
USE OF EXPECTED OUTPUT
In choosing the test data, the following needs to be considered:
Should test a range of values
Values between expected limits (ie: middle values)
Values on the limit of expected values (ie: boundary values)
Non-valid values.
RUN TIME ERRORS, INCLUDING:
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Summary Notes
Run-time testing involves the use of live data real that is supplied by the client. Run-time
errors are problems that appear when a translated program is executed.
ARITHMETIC OVERFLOW
Overflow errors involves the incorrect use of data types and data structures. Arithmetic
overflow errors occur when the computer is unable to store or process the number of digits
being manipulated. Floating point overflow may occur when performing calculations using
large numbers. The result may be either out of the range of values able to be stored or the
precision may be inaccurate. Range errors occur when a value is too large to be stored using
the number of bits allocated.
DIVISION BY ZERO
Errors may also be caused by performing an undefined arithmetic operation such as dividing
a number by 0 (which is arithmetically impossible!)
ACCESSING INAPPROPRIATE MEMORY LOCATIONS
Errors will also occur if the program attempts to access an inappropriate or privileged
memory location.
The Use of Software Debugging Tools, Including:

Debugging is the process of removing bugs from your program. Translation will detect
syntax errors however other errors need to be removed using a systematic approach. This
process requires the use of good test data and desk checking. Many programming languages
allow the setting of break points and the tracing of variables, otherwise, the method of using
stubs, flags and debugging statements can also be used.
USE OF BREAKPOINTS
Setting breakpoints is the simple technique of stopping the program part way through the
execution. This allows the programmer to examine the contents of variables or to only run
certain portions of code.
RESETTING VARIABLE CONTENTS
The value stored in a variable can be changed over the duration of the execution of the
program. It is helpful to change and print the contents of variables to determine if in fact
that a certain portion of code is being executed.
PROGRAM TRACES
When tracing a program, the actual line of the program that is being run will be displayed
instead of this output. The values of variables can be seen which the program is running. This
is particularly useful when running nested loops or complicated selections.
SINGLE LINE STEPPING
- 36 -

Summary Notes
Single line stepping allows the programmer to step through the code, one line at a time to
ensure that each line of the source code is being executed correctly. The values of variables
can be traced as well as the flow of control throughout the program.
- 37 -

Summary Notes
DOCUMENTATION OF A SOFTWARE SOLUTION

Forms of Documentation, Including:
PROCESS DIARY
Design documentation specifies the development process and the specifications for the
design of the software. A process diary is used to document program development.
Programmers and system developers monitor the progress of a new system and document
changes in the system as they occur by using the process diary. Also known as a logbook.
USER DOCUMENTATION
The main volume of documentation is use documentation. This should be clear and nontechnical. It includes such documentation as: installation guides, troubleshooting guides,
online help, user manuals and reference manuals.
SELF-DOCUMENTATION OF THE CODE
Intrinsic documentation refers to the use of a self-explanatory, easy to follow coding style.
This includes such facets as clarity of layout using indentation to show repetition and
selection structures, clear declaration of variables, use of meaningful identifier names that
are self-explanatory.
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION, INCLUDING SOURCE CODE, ALGORITHMS, DATA DICTIONARY
AND SYSTEMS DOCUMENTATION
Source code is the programming code that makes up a particular program. It is sometimes
helpful to print out source code to make it easier to read. This allows programmers a greater
depth of understanding as to the how the program works and how to solve problems.
Algorithms are primarily used during program design to provide a clear description of the
steps carried out to solve the problem. They allow maintenance programmers to determine
the structure of the program.
Data dictionaries describe each data item as fully as possible. It usually includes the data
names, length, data type, description and an example and/or default value.
Systems documentation should provide a description of the operation of the program
including the use of subprograms and any special features of the code. It should include
documentation on how to configure the hardware and software required.
DOCUMENTATION FOR SUBSEQUENT MAINTENANCE OF THE CODE
It is important to document a program in a way that will make it easy to modify if a bug is
found of an improvement is required. Internal documentation is documentation that forms
part of the programming code. Intrinsic documentation and comments in the code are
examples of internal documentation. Changes made during maintenance should be
documented for future reference.
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Summary Notes
Use of Application Software to Assist In the Documentation Process

Application software is used to structure and clearly present documentation. Application
software ranges from simple word processors with a template to CASE tools that will
automatically generate portions of the documentation
USE OF CASE TOOLS
CASE tools provide programmers with a range of tools to aid in the development process
including documentation. CASE tools can sometimes automatically generate some forms of
documentation such as data dictionaries or provide a structured way of entering data.
HARDWARE ENVIRONMENT TO ENABLE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOFTWARE

SOLUTION
Hardware Requirements
During development, it is important to determine the hardware specifications of the
computers that will be used to run the program such as Pentium 4+, Intel Core2 Duo, ARM
Cortex.
MINIMUM CONFIGURATION
Commercial software products will usually have a minimum configuration on which the
software will run reliably. This will usually specify:
What type of computer: Pentium, Macintosh
The amount of hard disk space required for the program
The amount of RAM required for the program to run
The OS under which the software will run: Windows XP+, OS X 10.5
POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL HARDWARE

As programs become more complex, they require greater hardware requirements. This
could come in the form of needing more RAM or a discrete graphics card. Some programs
may also require other IO devices such as a barcode scanner or Bluetooth connectivity.
APPROPRIATE DRIVERS OR EXTENSIONS
Extensions and drivers are software programs that enable common tasks to be accessed
from many programs. Drivers and extensions act as a interface between software (ie: the OS)
and the IO device being accessed. For example, a driver that allows programs to output to a
printer would convert the output signals into a format that is understood by the printer. It is
sometimes necessary to install additional drivers as the OS only comes with a limited number.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Hardware
Computer hardware is constantly improving and new hardware devices are being developed
that allows users to operate in completely different ways. Processor speed, storage and
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Summary Notes
communication speeds have increased dramatically and new markets are constantly being
created particularly with the advent of internet-enabled mobile devices such as the iPhone
and the movement to the cloud. Furthermore, Moores law states that computer power will
double every 18 months and costs for such technology is dropping rapidly as we refine
manufacturing techniques.
Software
Wirths law states that software gets slower faster than hardware gets faster. As we
continue to improve computer hardware, applications continue to be developed that require
every increasing processing speeds. Compare the CLI programs of 10-15 years ago with
todays modern 3D games and photo/video manipulation programs. Current hardware
limitations will restrict the type of software that can be developed. There has also been an
emerging trend in mobile operating systems with the iPhone and iOS revolutionising the
smart phone market as well as the emergence of Android that provides users with an
experience ever close to that of a desktop computer (multi-tasking, video conferencing,
games, email, word processing etc).
Their Effect On:

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
Internet-enabled mobile devices allow for greater access and portability to information
however with GPS becoming standard in phones and services such as social networking
broadcasting your location to your social network, it raises concerns over privacy with
people being able to effectively track your location through social networking. Geolocation
could also allow advertisers to target you such as sending you a text message if you are close
to a restaurant.
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
With the emergence of new technologies, the types of programs being developed will
change. Devices such as the iPad blur the line between mobile, desktop and laptop. They
provide users with an experience that is as close to a computer as a mobile device ever has
done before. With the Smartphone becoming more and more accessible to the common
user, developers have a whole new market than they previously had before when a
Smartphone was targeted as a business user.
- 40 -

Summary Notes
TESTING AND EVALUATION OF SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

TESTING THE SOFTWARE SOLUTION
Comparison of the Solution with the Original Design Specifications
It is no use if the program runs but does not meet the original design specifications for which
it is meant to solve! Developers must continually ensure that the original specifications are
being met in the product being developed.
Generating Relevant Test Data for Complex Solutions

Test data should be generated during analysis and design stages of the software
development cycle when the algorithms are created to determine IPO and ensure the
correctness of an algorithm or program.
Levels of Testing
Test data must be sufficient to ensure the program is completely operational and free from
logic errors. To do so, a set of test data must test:
All parts of a program: Test data must test every part of a program, including the mainline of
the program and any modules used by the program.
Each path of execution: Must test every logical pathway in the algorithm. Data must be
chosen which will execute every possible alternative in a selection control structure. Should
also test the termination and correct exit of repetition control structures.
Boundary conditions: Boundary conditions are the values of variables or expressions that
determine the choice of available options to be taken. Values between boundary conditions
are called middle values.
UNIT OR MODULE
It is possible to develop computer programs that can be easily tested. In structured
programming, each module performs a simple task. Subprograms can be tested as a black
box where only the inputs and outputs are checked and the processes ignored or they can
be tested as a white box where the algorithm of the subprogram is understood and each
path of execution tested appropriately.
A driver program may be developed to test modules in a program, this substitutes for the
main program calling the subprogram and supplying the necessary values for any variables.
PROGRAM
To completely test a program, it is a minimum requirement that the test data tests each
logical pathway and program branch that can be entered. This may not always be feasible
and in such cases test data should be selected which tests scenarios of expected and
possible system use.
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Summary Notes
Once all modules have been tested, it is necessary to ensure that they interface with each
other correctly and that the main program from which the modules are called functions as
expected. All user interfaces should be tested during program testing.
SYSTEM
During system testing, the program is tested in a variety of operating environments. The
effect of hardware, operating systems and other software may create errors that have not
been previously detected. The system testers treat the program as a black box.
The Use of Live Test Data to Test the Complete Solution:

Live data is real data supplied by the client that will be used on the new system. It is only by
using the new system as it is intended to run that bugs will often be detected. Live test data
is used to ensure that a program works under real-life conditions. Live test data will help to
test the performance of the software and hardware under expected loads. Stress testing
involves increasing the load on a program in an attempt to make it fail.
LARGER FILE SIZES
A program developed to access files should be tested with a range of file types and files of
varying sizes a large file may create errors due to the method of storage for example.
MIX OF TRANSACTION TYPES
A program may process data correctly when it is entered in a consistent and logical way. In a
live situation, data may not be processed in the sequence expected by the software
developer. A different variety of different transaction types and sequences of data entry
should be tested with live data.
RESPONSE TIMES
Live data is used to ensure that the system response times are appropriate. Increasing the
frequency at which test data is processed may create problems that were otherwise hidden.
Software developed on the most modern computer may respond very quickly to commands
from the user however, in real life, it may be slowed down by older computers and slower
networks.
VOLUME DATA
It is important to test a system using expected loads however it is also important to test the
system under heavy loads as, over time, the loads on the system may increase.
INTERFACES BETWEEN MODULES
The interface of a module must be tested to ensure that data is correctly transferred to the
module and also that data and control is transferred correctly back to the part of the
program from which the module was called. Interface tests will ensure that the correct
numbers of parameters are sent to and from the module and that the format is correct.
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Summary Notes
COMPARISON WITH PROGRAM TEST DATA

Live data is extremely helpful in detecting errors that will be frequently encountered in a
program. The use of live test data also tests how the system responds to the procedures
carried out by the users of the program.
Benchmarking
A benchmark is a standard against which performance of a computer program can be
assessed. This standard may be a set of performance criteria that should be met by the
program. Benchmarking can be used to determine the real improvements when
upgrading a system.
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is a set of procedures used to certify that a generated product meets
specified criteria with respect to quality and reliability. Quality control involves periodically
performing inspections, reviews and tests on the system being developed. Regression
testing is the process of re-testing a program to ensure that the changes made have not
affected a previously working part of the program.
After a programmer has tested the program, end users may perform alpha testing in a
controlled environment to see if the requirements are met. Following this, beta testing may
be performed at the clients own site under normal working conditions. Once a program
passes beta testing it is ready for acceptance by the client.
REPORTING ON THE TESTING PROCESS

A test specification or test plan is often created to describe the methods that will be used to
test the program. Software testers can follow the stages outline to ensure that all aspects of
the program have been tested. During the testing process, documentation should be
created the software developer and others testing the program to describe the tests
performed and errors corrected.
Documentation of the Test Data and Output Produced

Test data should be used for a purpose. It is of limited use if test data is randomly selected. A
test data table should be created to show the test data to be used and the reason why this
item of test data was selected. A desk-check table is used to document the test data used
and compare the expected output with the actual output of the algorithm or program.
USE OF CASE TOOLS
Computer aided software engineering tools provide a number of helpful tools to test a
computer program as well as tools which simplify the documentation process. Computer
aided prototyping tools allow software developers to simulate software performance under
real-life situations. Documentation of the testing process is simplified through the use of test
management tools.
- 43 -

Summary Notes
Communication with Those for Whom the Solution Has Been Developed, Including:
The testing process should never be carried out in isolation. The software developer often
approaches testing with the aim of demonstrating how well the program works. This is why
it is important to have other people involved in the testing process. It is essential that the
end user is provided with the opportunity to evaluate the solution that has been developed.
TEST RESULTS
Results of the testing process should be summaries for the user. This empowers the user
and provides an opportunity for them to evaluate and discuss the function of the new
system.
COMPARISON WITH THE ORIGINAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
After testing, users are given an opportunity to use the program and test that it meets the
initial requirements of the problem. After a customer has approved a program, it can be
released to the market.
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Summary Notes
MAINTENANCE OF SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

MODIFICATION
OF CODE TO MEET CHANGED REQUIREMENTS
Software maintenance involves making changes to meet change requirements or correct

problems in the software solution. Is it important to create documentation to enable others
to understand the structure of the program and the commands that are executed.
Modification involves: problem definition, planning the solution, building the solution,
checking the solution and modifying the solution.
Identification of the Reasons for Change in Code, Macros and Scripts

Maintenance may be carried out because of an error being detected, changes in the
programs operating environment or because of increased functionality required by the user.
Location of Section to Be Altered

After an error has been detected or it is determined that a change is to be made, the
programmer must determine which section of the source code must be altered to allow for
the change. Well structured code and extensive documentation simplifies the process of
isolating and correcting errors.
Determining Changes to Be Made

Once the section of code requiring change has been located, the programmer must decide
how to change the program in a way that will not create new problems. One technique is
known as the software patch. This is a small piece of code that is added to the compiled
program that avoids the error in some way. Once all errors have been detected, a new
version of the program will be released.
Over time, small patches can make a program quite inefficient and slow. Software reengineering is the process of using modern technology to rebuild or redesign an out of date
program.
Implementing and Testing Solution

Modifications made to an existing program must be tested to ensure that the changes are
not going to negatively affect other areas of the program. Regression testing is the process
of re-testing a program to ensure that the changes made have not affected a previously
working part of the program.
DOCUMENTATION OF CHANGES
Documentation should be created during every stage of the program development cycle.
Source Code, Macro and Script Documentation

Modification of Associated Hard Copy Documentation and Online Help
Use of Case Tools to Monitor Changes and Versions
- 45 -

Summary Notes
DEVELOPING A SOLUTION PACKAGE

DESIGNING
DEFINING
AND DEVELOPING A SOFTWARE SOLUTION TO A COMPLEX PROBLEM
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION, INCLUDING:
Defining the Problem

IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
IDEA GENERATION
COMMUNICATION WITH OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
Understanding
INTERFACE DESIGN
COMMUNICATION WITH OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
REPRESENTING THE SYSTEM USING DIAGRAMS
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE DATA STRUCTURES
APPLYING PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
CONSIDERATION OF ALL SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
Planning and Design

INTERFACE DESIGN
SELECTION OF SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
IDENTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE HARDWARE
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE DATA STRUCTURES
PRODUCTION OF DATA DICTIONARY
DEFINITION OF REQUIRED VALIDATION PROCESSES
DEFINITION OF FILES RECORD LAYOUT AND CREATION
ALGORITHM DESIGN
INCLUSION OF STANDARD OR COMMON ROUTINES
USE OF SOFTWARE TO DOCUMENT DESIGN
IDENTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE TEST DATA
ENABLING AND INCORPORATING FEEDBACK FROM USERS AT REGULAR INTERVALS
SYSTEMS
IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation
PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF DATA DICTIONARY
INCLUSION OF STANDARD OR COMMON ROUTINES
USE OF SOFTWARE TO DOCUMENT DESIGN
TRANSLATING THE SOLUTION INTO CODE
CREATING ONLINE HELP
PROGRAM TESTING
REPORTING ON THE STATUS OF THE SYSTEM AT REGULAR INTERVALS
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Summary Notes
ENABLING AND INCORPORATING FEEDBACK FROM USERS AT REGULAR INTERVALS
COMPLETING ALL USER DOCUMENTATION FOR THE PROJECT
COMPLETING FULL PROGRAM AND SYSTEMS TESTING
Maintenance
MODIFYING THE PROJECT TO ENSURE AN IMPROVED SOLUTION
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Summary Notes
THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS VIEW OF THE HARDWARE

REPRESENTATION OF DATA WITHIN THE COMPUTER
A computer can only process binary data (0 or 1). Humans work in decimal numbers and
hence we need to convert decimal to binary and vice versa. There are limitations on
representation of data which the programmer needs to determine.
The range of acceptable integers (16, 32 or 64 bits)
Maximum size of a real number and how many decimal places that can be used.
The disk space that can be used
The amount of Ram available for data storage.
Character Representation, Namely:

Characters are letters, digits or other symbols from the keyboard. They have to be changed
into binary numbers to be stored and processed by the computer. Characters can be
grouped together to form strings to allow for easier manipulation and storage (ie: and array
of individual characters)
ASCII
ASCII: American Standard Code for information Interchange.
Allows data to be stored in binary form using7 buts to encode 2^7 (128) different characters.
Or EBCDIC which uses 8-biuts can be encoded.
HEXADECIMAL
Hexadecimal numbers are base 16 (0-9, A-F). One hexadecimal digit can be used to represent
4 binary digits. One byte (8-bits) can be written using two hexadecimal numbers. You can
break a byte in half (nibble) and convert these halves into hexadecimal.
Integer Representation, Including:

Integers are positive or negative whole numbers. They are usually stored as 32-bits.
SIGN AND MODULUS
Sign and modulus: this method uses the left-most bit to represent the sign (0=+, 1=-). The
remaining bits give the modulus or magnitude of the number.
ONES COMPLEMENT
Ones complement: depicts negative numbers by replacing all the ones in the positive form
with zeros and all the zeros with ones
TWOS COMPLEMENT
Twos complement: represents a negative number by adding 1 to the ones complement of
the number.
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Summary Notes
Representation of Fractions, Namely:

Binary fractions are represented as negative powers of 2 such as 2^-1=1/2 etc. The decimal
number 0.3125 can be converted to binary by repeatedly multiplying by 2 and removing the
digit to the left of the decimal place and then reading off the whole numbers.
FLOATING POINT OR REAL
Real numbers are presented as floating point numbers made up of a sign bit, mantissa and
exponent. They are usually stored as 32-bits. Real numbers allow for a greater range of
numbers to be represented however the accuracy of large numbers may not be sufficient
because there is a limited number of decimal places. Double precision reals (using 64-bits)
are often used to represent numbers more accurately.
Problems of inaccuracy can occur when using real data types. Some numbers cannot be
accurately represented as exact binary fractions which can lead to truncation where the
number of cut off at a certain number of decimal places without rounding it up or down. This
can cause errors in high precision calculations.
BOOLEAN DATA
Boolean data only has two values either true or false. Data can be stored as only one bit
and it is the simplest data type.
Binary Arithmetic, Including:

ADDITION
Addition is the basis of all arithmetic operations inside the computer and is carried out by the
special ALU. The rules are simple:
SUBTRACTION USING TWOS COMPLEMENT REPRESENTATION

Rules:
Subtraction is too hard for computers to perform so instead they add negatives.
Essentially they add the first number to the twos complement of the second number
MULTIPLICATION, SHIFT AND ADD
The multiplication of two binary numbers is performed using addition. Each successive bit of
the multiplier is looked at. If it is a 1, then the multiplicand is written down. If it is a 0 then all
- 49 -

Summary Notes
zeros are written down. The numbers in successive lines are shifted one place to the left of
the previous number and then they are all added together.
DIVISION, SHIFT AND SUBTRACT
Division of binary numbers can be carried out using long division. This process involves:
Subtracting the divisor
Shifting the next digit into the remainder until the divider can be subtracted again.
Repeat above
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS TO PERFORM STANDARD SOFTWARE OPERATIONS

Computers perform operations on binary data. In a computer, a 0 represents off and a 1
represents on.
Logic Gates, Including:

Logic gates are hardware circuits that produce a 1 or a 0 output signal if the input
requirements are satisfied. Logic gates are usually implemented in the computer using ICs.
THE AND FUNCTION
Involves two input variables to produce one output. If both input variables are 1, then the
output will be 1 otherwise the output will be 0.
THE OR FUNCTION
Involves two input variables to produce one output. If either or both of the input variables
are 1, then the output will be 1.
THE NOT FUNCTION
Involves a single input and output. The state of the output is opposite the state of the input.
THE NAND (NOT AND) FUNCTION
Is the inverse of the AND function ie: the output is 1 expect if both inputs are 1.
THE NOR (NOT OR) FUNCTION
Is the inverse of the OR function ie: the output will be 1 if both of the inputs are 0
THE XOR (EXCLUSIVE OR) FUNCTION
Will output a 1 if either of the inputs are 1 but NOT both.
- 50 -

Summary Notes
Truth Tables
Name
AND
Description
The output value of C
is 1 when both input
values A and B are 1
OR
If either of the input

values are 1 then the
output will be 1.
NOT
The state of the

output is the inverse
of the input
NAND
Not AND. The output

value C is 1 except
where both A and B
are 1
NOR
The output C is 1
when both inputs A
and B are 0
XOR
The output C is 1
except when both
inputs A and B are
the same
Logic Gate
Truth Table
Input
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Input
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Input
A
0
1
Input
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Input
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Input
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Output
C=A+B
0
0
0
1
Output
C=A+B
0
1
1
1
Output
C=A
1
0
Output
C=(AB)
1
1
1
0
Output
C=A+B
1
0
0
0
Output
C=A+B
0
1
1
0
Circuit Design Steps

IDENTIFY INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
The number of inputs into the circuit must be determined, as well as the number of output.
IDENTIFY REQUIRED COMPONENTS
The circuit designer must then determine which logic gates will be needed.
CHECK SOLUTION WITH A TRUTH TABLE
- 51 -

Summary Notes
Once a possible solution has been developed, it must be tested to ensure it works as
required.
EVALUATE THE CIRCUIT DESIGN
Specialty Circuits, Including:

All circuits within the computer are made from a combination of the basic logic gates.
Circuits can be designed to perform addition, subtraction and comparisons. Combination
circuits produce instant results as determined by a combination of logic gates. Sequential
circuits contain memory cells as well as logic gates.
HALF ADDER
A Half adder is a combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits.
Input
X
0
0
1
1
Y
0
1
0
1
Output
Carry
0
0
0
1
Sum
0
1
1
0
The half adder is made by combining the AND and XOR gates
FULL ADDER
A full adder is a combinational circuit that can be used to add three binary digits. It consists
of three inputs and two outputs.
Input
X
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Y
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
Z
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
Output
Carry
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Sum
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
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Summary Notes
A full adder can be implemented by combining two half adders.
FLIP-FLOPS AS A MEMORY STORE

A flip-flop is a circuit that can store a binary value as long as power is supplied to the circuit.
A flip-flop can store the binary values 1 and 0. When a value has been set, the flip-flop
remains in this state until it is told to change states.
A flip-flop has two outputs, A and NOT Q, and two inputs, set (S) and reset (R).
If the set input is 1 and the reset input is 0, gate 2 (bottom) will have an output of 1. But if
either of the NOR inputs are 1, then the output has to be 0 regardless of the other input.
PROGRAMMING OF HARDWARE DEVICES

For a computer to be able to communicate with other computers or with input and output
devices, the data transmissions must be structured. The way that the data is structured
varies with different communications protocols (a set of rules that governs the transmission
of data between computers).
The Input Data Stream from Sensor and Other Devices

Data read into the computer is accessed as a sequence of zeros and ones. The computer
must be programmed to interpret these bits of data to produce useful information. A
protocol must be established before two hardware devices can exchange data. The protocol
used will determine the rules for structuring data packets.
- 53 -

Summary Notes
HEADER INFORMATION
The header contains a set sequence of bits to indicate the start of a block of data. The
header may also specify how much data is to be transmitted. Headers often contain errorchecking data such as parity bits or cyclic redundancy check characters.
DATA CHARACTERS
The body of data will contain the instructions that are to be processed by the CPU.
TRAILER INFORMATION
The trailer contains data bits to indicate the end of a block of data. The use of a trailer and a
header help the CPU to manage the data that it receives. Data for error checking may be included
in the trailer (CRC, hash etc)
CONTROL CHARACTERS
Control characters permit the checking and correct reassembling of a message. A packet
contains control characters to enable correct interpretation of the packet.
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
The input data stream will be structured according to the standards or protocol followed by
the hardware developer. Driver or extension software such as DLLs may be required to
enable an operating system to communicate with a particular hardware device.
DOCUMENTATION
Technical documentation accompanying hardware should specify the communication
protocols used for that device and the format of data, at the very least; the documentation
should contain a description of the protocol used.
Processing Of Data Stream

THE NEED TO RECOGNISE AND STRIP CONTROL CHARACTERS
The protocol used for data transfer will determine how control characters are recognised
and stripped from the body of data.
COUNTING THE DATA CHARACTERS
Header fields may contain information concerning how much data is being transmitted.
EXTRACTING THE DATA
The hardware device connected to the CPU is responsible for extracting and using data sent
to it from the computer.
Generating Output to an Appropriate Output Device

The output data stream functions similarly to the input data stream. The CPU sends
information to connected devices. Output includes acknowledging that data has been
received successfully and data packets to print information or control peripheral devices etc.
- 54 -

Summary Notes
Output data packets must specify the device to which the information is being transmitted.
REQUIRED HEADER INFORMATION
REQUIRED CONTROL CHARACTERS
DATA
REQUIRED TRAILER INFORMATION
Control Systems
A computer-controlled system is a combination of hardware and software designed to
instruct that computer to control a connected device.
Sensors (input): Sensors are used to capture information from the environment. They are a
form of transducer as they convert one form of energy into another.
Instructions (input as well): Instructions control the actuators and effects and allow the
controller to interpret the input from the sensors in an appropriate way.
Process Controller (processing): may be a computer or a specially designed circuit built into
an appliance to allow stand-alone applications.
Effectors and actuators (output): perform the actions of modifying the environment such as
motors, relays etc.
RESPONDING TO SENSOR INFORMATION
Sensors are used to record both analogue and digital data. Analogue signals are
continuously variable with the signals having any value within a particular range. Digital
signals have discrete levels only (0 or 1)
SPECIFYING MOTOR OPERATIONS
Printer Operation
CONTROL CHARACTERS FOR FEATURES, INCLUDING PAGE THROW, FONT CHANGE, LINE
SPACING
Specialist Devices with Digital Input and/or Output
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HSC 2010

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

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HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

The right to good quality software for users

The right to protection for the software creators

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

SOFTWARE PIRACY AND COPYRIGHT

Concepts Associated With Piracy and Copyright, Including:

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

Various National Perspectives to Software Piracy and Copyright Laws

The Relationship between Copyright Laws and Software License Agreements

THE SOFTWARE MARKET

Reputation as an ethical developer

Wide distribution network

The Effect on the Marketplace

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

Public Issues, Including:

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

APPLICATION OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

Models a larger project, thus allowing easier

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

RAPID APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

Quick and cheap

Less pressure on users as

Testing of new program

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

If there are large

Training users is simpler

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

Testing and fixing of

Current Trends in Software Development, For Example:

Increasing facilities for EUD

The availability of editors to allow non-programmers to generate simple programs

Greater distribution of code libraries

Increasing use of multimedia in programs

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

Use of Case Tools and Their Application in Large Systems Development

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HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

D:\Documents\School\School Work\SDD\Software Summary Notes.docx

HSC 2010 Software Design and Development

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE