Seismic Design of RC Structures Using UBC - ACI Provisions

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧــﺊ و اﻟﺠﻤﺎرك واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘــﺔ اﻟﺤــﺮة ‐ ﺗــــﺮاﺧﻴﺺ‬
TRAKHEES ‐ Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corporation
Seismic Design of RC Structures

Using
UBC / ACI Provisions
By Dr. S. K. Ghosh
Organised by
TRAKHEES
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT – WHITBY & BIRD
Dubai – November 2008

1. AN OVERVIEW OF CODES AND STANDARDS
2. COMPUTATION OF GRAVITY LOAD EFFECTS AND

DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS
3. COMPUTATION OF DESIGN WIND FORCES
4. AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

AND THE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS OF THE 1997
UBC
5. EASY, STEP-BY-STEP DETERMINATION OF DESIGN BASE

SHEAR
6. 1997 UBC COMPUTATION OF DESIGN SEISMIC FORCES
7. SEISMIC DETAILS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE

BUILDINGS IN MODERATE SEISMIC APPLICATIONS
8. DESIGN OF TYPICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
9. CODE SUPPORT SERVICES, CODE CHANGE PROCESS,

AND PLAN REVIEW
10. OVERVIEW OF THE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS OF THE

2006 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE
11. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS UNDER

THE 1997 UBC
12. EARTHQUAKE DESIGN - EXAMPLE
1
S. K. Ghosh Associates, Inc.
AN OVERVIEW OF CODES
AND STANDARDS
S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Palatine, IL
www.skghoshassociates.com
CONSTRUCTION PERMIT
Application for permit for
proposed construction
Plans and Specs approved for

code compliance?
Redesign
No and resubmit
Lose
Yes
Appeal
Win
Permit issued
2
1
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY
Construction inspections
approved for code
compliance?
Reconstruct
and correct
No
Lose
Yes Appeal
Win
Certificate of
occupancy issued
BUILDING CODE - AUTHORITY
• State legislature has sole authority to

enact and enforce building codes.
• State may choose to delegate a

portion of this power to constituent
local government units, such as cities.
3
2
BUILDING CODE
• Enacted by a state or local government’s

legislative body to regulate construction
within its jurisdiction.
• Minimum acceptable requirements

necessary to preserve public health, safety,
and welfare in the built environment.
• Primary application to new or proposed

construction.
APPLICABILITY OF STATEWIDE
BUILDING CODE
• Buildings based on construction methods
such as factory-manufactured buildings,
• All construction except single-family

dwellings,
• A single or narrow aspect of building

construction such as fire safety,
• All construction.
4
3
ADMINISTRATION AND
ENFORCEMENT
• Local government responsibility, subject

to varying degrees of state agency
supervision and oversight.
MODEL BUILDING CODES
• State and local governments adopt model

building codes, rather than relying on
custom-drafted building codes.
5
4
MODEL CODES
• Originally promulgated by:
the National Board of Fire Underwriters,

later to become American Insurance
Association
• New editions at approximately 10-year

intervals.
• Withdrawn in 1984.
MODEL CODES AND

THEIR AREAS OF INFLUENCE
Locally
Written Code
UBC BOCA
Standard
UBC &
Standard
6
5
MODEL CODES
• A new edition every three years, with

annual supplements.
• Annual code change cycle.
The International Code Council:

A REBIRTH OF THE MODEL BUILDING
CODE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
7
6
FORMATION OF ORGANIZATIONS
Model Code Organizations:
• BOCA – 1915
• CABO – 1972
• ICBO – 1923
• ICC – 1994
• SBCCI - 1940
INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL
• The International Code Council (ICC) was

formed in December 1994 with the purpose
of developing a single set of
comprehensive and technical codes.
• The International Codes provide a complete

set of construction codes without regional
limitations.
8
7
IBC
2006
9
8
NFPA 5000 BUILDING CODE
from
National Fire Protection Association
Quincy, MA
First (2003) Edition Published in 2002
NFPA
5000
10
9
National Standards:
• ACI - 1905
• AFPA - 1993 (NFoPA 1902)
• ASCE - 1892
• ANSI - 1918
• ASHRAE - 1895
• ASTM - 1898
National Standards:
• AWS - 1919
• Factory Mutual - 1835
• Gypsum Asscn. - 1930
• NFPA - 1896
• UL - 1894
11
10
ASCE 7
ACI 318
12
11
STANDARDS
• Standards reference other standards.

For instance, ACI 318 references a
whole host of ASTM standards.
RESOURCE DOCUMENTS
13
12
ICC EVALUATION SERVICE
A nonprofit, public-benefit corporation, ICC-ES

does technical evaluations of building products,
components, methods, and materials.
The evaluation process culminates with the

issuance of reports on code compliance, which
are made available free of charge to code
officials, contractors, specifiers, architects,
engineers, and anyone else with an interest in
the building industry and construction.
ICC-ES evaluation reports provide evidence that

products and systems meet code requirements.
For more information…
14
13
Computation of Gravity Load

Effects and Design Load
Combinations

Palatine, IL
Dead Loads
• 1997 UBC Section 1606 – Movable

partition loads of 0.96 kN/m2 included
in dead loads for floors in office
buildings
15
1
Live Loads
• 1997 UBC Section 1607

Table 16-A: Uniform and Concentrated
Loads
Table 16-B: Special Loads
Table 16-C: Minimum Roof Live Loads
UBC 1607.5 Reduction of Live

Loads
• Applies to live loads set forth in Table 16-A
for floors and Table 16-C, Method 2, for
roofs
1. Reduction not permitted in Group A
(assembly) occupancies
2. Reduction not permitted when live load
exceeds 4.79 kN/m2, except design live load
from storage for columns may be reduced by
20%
16
2

Loads
• Applies to live loads set forth in
Table 16-A for floors and Table 16-C,
Method 2, for roofs
3. The live load reduction shall not
exceed 40 percent in garages for the
storage of private pleasure cars
having a capacity of not more than
nine passengers per vehicle

Loads
For live loads not exceeding 100 psf, design live loads
for any member supporting 13.94 m2 or more may be
reduced by
R (%) = r (A − 13.64)
where r = 0.861 percent for floors, given in Table
16-C for roofs
Such reduction shall not exceed 40% for horizontal members, 60% for
vertical members, nor R (%) = 23.1 (1 + D/Lo)
17
3
Floor Live Load Reduction
Percent of Live Load

100
60
40
18.6 37.2 55.8 74.4 93.0

Tributary Area, A, m2
Floor Members
UBC 1607.6 Alternate Floor Live

Load Reduction
• ASCE 7
For KLL AT > 37.16 m2
⎛ 4.57 ⎞⎟
L = L0 ⎜ 0.25+
⎜ KLLAT ⎟⎠
⎝
L shall not be less than 0.50Lo for

members supporting one floor nor than
0.40Lo for members supporting two or
more floors
18
4
Influence Areas
Interior supporting member
Edge supporting member
Corner supporting member
Influence and Tributary Areas
Limits of
Influence Area
Limits of
Tributary Area
19
5
Live Load Element Factor, KLL

Element KLL
Interior Columns 4
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs 4
Edge columns with cantilever slabs 3
Corner columns with cantilever slabs 2

Edge beams without cantilever slabs 2
Interior beams 2
All other members not identified above including:

- Edge beams with cantilever slabs
- Cantilever beams
- Two-way slabs 1
- Members without provisions for continuous shear transfer
normal to their span
Limitations on Live Load

Reductions
• ASCE 7-05
4.8.2 – Live loads that exceed 4.79 kN/m2 shall not
be reduced, except live loads for members
supporting two or more floors may be reduced by
20%
4.8.3 – Live loads shall not be reduced in passenger
car garages, except live loads for members
supporting two or more floors may be reduced by
20%
20
6
Limitations on Live Load

Reductions
• ASCE 7-05
4.8.4 – Live loads of 4.79 kN/m2 or less shall not be
reduced in public assembly occupancies
4.8.5 – Live loads shall not be reduced for one-way
slabs except as permitted in 4.8.2. Live loads of
4.79 kN/m2 or less shall not be reduced for roof
members except as specified in 4.9
Snow Loads
• UBC left it to local jurisdictions

(sections 1908, 1914)
• ASCE 7 has detailed provisions
• Of little interest in Dubai
21
7
Wind Loads
• 1997 UBC Section 1609. Refers to

Sections 1615 – 1625.
• Simplified version of wind design
provisions from ASCE 7-88
• Wind design in Dubai by ASCE 7-05
Typical Plan of Example Building
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m
A
6.71 m 6.71 m
B N
C
6.71 m
22
8
Typical Elevation of Example Building

12
11
10
11 @ 3.66 m = 40.26 m 9
2
4.88 m
Design Data
• Building Location
Dubai, UAE
• Material Properties
Concrete: fc’ = 30 N/mm2, wc = 23.55 kN/m3
Reinforcement: fy = 415 N/mm2
23
9
Design Data
• Service Loads
Live loads: roof = 957.6 N/m2
floor = 2394 N/m2
Superimposed dead loads:

roof = 478.8 N/m2 + 889.64 kN for
penthouse
floor = 1436.4 N/m2 (957.6 N/m2 permanent
partitions + 478.8 N/m2 ceiling, etc.)
Design Data
• Member Dimensions
Slab: 205 mm
Beams: 560 × 560 mm
Interior columns: 660 × 660 mm
Edge columns: 610 × 610 mm
Wall thickness: 305 mm
24
10
Beam C4 – C5
4 5
3.35m 1.22 m 3.35m
6.71 m
3.35m
6.71 m
7.92 m
Tributary area = 2 ×(0.5 × 3.35 × 3.35 × 2 + 1.22 × 3.35) = 30.62 m2
Beam C4 – C5
• Dead load:
Beam self weight:
23.55 × 0.560 × 0.355 = 4.68 kN/m
Slab self weight within the tributary area:
23.55 × 0.205 = 4.78 kN/m2
4.78 × 30.62 m2 = 146.39 kN
146.39 KN / 7.92 m = 18.48 kN/m
Superimposed dead load:
1436.4 N/m2 × 30.62 m2 × 1/1000 = 43.98 kN
43.98 KN / 7.92 m = 5.55 kN/m
wD = 4.68 + 18.48 + 5.55 = 28.71 kN/m
25
11
Beam C4 – C5
Bending moments and shear forces:
From ACI 318 Section 8.3.3:

Negative moment at the supports:
(wD × ln2) / 11 = (28.71 × 7.262) / 11 = 137.63 m-kN
Positive moment at midspan:
(wD × ln2) / 16 = (28.71 × 7.262) / 16 = 94.62 m-kN
Shear force = (wD × ln) / 2 = (28.71 × 7.26) / 2

= 104.27 kN
ln is clear span length (7.92 × 1000– 660 = 7260 mm = 7.26 m)
Beam C4 – C5
• Live load:
Lo = 2.394 kN/m2
kLL = 2, AT = 30.62 m2 kLLAT = 61.24 m2 > 37.16 m2
Therefore, live load reduction is permitted.
L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57 / (61.24)0.5 ) = 2.394 × 0.834
= 1.997 kN/m2 > 0.5 Lo
wL = (1.997 × 30.62) / 7.92 = 7.721 kN/m
26
12
Beam C4 – C5
Bending moments and shear forces:
From ACI 318 Section 8.3.3:

Negative moment at the supports:
(wL × ln2) / 11 = (7.721 × 7.262) / 11 = 37.0 m-kN
Positive moment at midspan:
(wL × ln2) / 16 = (7.721 × 7.262) / 16 = 25.43 m-kN
Shear force = (wL × ln) / 2 = (7.721 × 7.26) / 2

= 28.03 kN
ln is clear span length (7.92 ×1000 – 660 = 7260 mm = 7.26 m)
Beam C4 – C5
Summary of Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for
Beam C4-C5 at the Second Floor Level
Load Case Location Bending Shear Force

Moment (m-kN) (kN)
Dead (D) Support –137.6 104.3
Midspan 94.6
Live (L) Support –37.0 28.0
Midspan 25.4
27
13
1612.2.1 Strength Design or

LRFD Load Combinations (1997 UBC)
1.4D (Equation 12-1)
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S) (Equation 12-2)
1.2D +1.6(Lr or S) + (f1L or 0.8W) (Equation 12-3)
1.2D + 1.3W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or S) (Equation 12-4)
1.2D + 1.0E + (f1L + f2S) (Equation 12-5)
0.9D ± (1.0E or 1.3W) (Equation 12-6)
f1 = 0.5 except in special circumstances

f2 = 0.2 except in special situations
Note exceptions for concrete structures

1612.2.2 Other Loads. Where F, H, P or

T are to be considered in design, each
applicable load shall be added to the
above load combinations factored as
follows: 1.3F, 1.6H, 1.2P and 1.2T
28
14

LRFD Load Combinations
(ASCE 7-05)
1. 1.4(D + F)
2. 1.2(D + F + T) +1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + [1.0]L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
7. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
2.3.2 Strength Design or LRFD Load

Combinations (ASCE 7-05)
Exceptions:
• Now: Identify directionality effect explicitly in Kd. Round

load factor from 1.53 to 1.6.
1. The load factor on L in combinations (3), (4), and (5) is
permitted to equal 0.5 for all occupancies in which L0 is
less than or equal to 100 psf, with the exception of
garages or areas occupied as places of public assembly.
2. The load factor on H shall be set equal to zero in
combinations (6) and (7) if the structural action due to H
counteracts that due to W or E.
29
15
ASCE 7-05
6.5 Analytical Procedure
• Directionality factor Kd introduced in 1998
– Added to velocity pressure equation
• qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I
– Separate out effect of wind load factor
– Requires adjustment to wind load factor ( 1.3 → 1.6 )
– Table 6-4
Reason: Explicitly identify directionality effect in future
editions.
ASCE 7-05
2.3.2 Strength Design Load Combinations
Wind load factor:

• Old (1995): LF = 1.3 → included
directionality effect
0.85 (directionality) x 1.53 (LF w/o

directionality) = 1.3
30
16
Seismic Strength Design Load

Combinations (1997 UBC)
• 1.2D + 1.0E + (f1L + f2S) Equation (12-5)

• 0.9D ± 1.0E Equation (12-6)
• E = ρEh + 0.5CaID in Equation (12-5)
• E = ρEh - 0.5CaID in Equation (12-6)
• ρ = 1 in Seismic Zones 1 and 2
Seismic Strength Design Load

Combinations (2006 IBC, ASCE 7-05)
• 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L + f2S Equation (16-5)

• 0.9D + 1.0E Equation (16-7)
• E = ρQE + 0.2SDSD in Equation (16-5)
• E = ρQE - 0.2SDSD in Equation (16-7)
• ρ = 1 in Seismic Design Category (SDC) A, B and C
31
17
Eh (UBC) Δs (UBC)
QE (IBC) δxe (IBC)
Effect of Vertical Earthquake

Ground Motion (1997 UBC)
• Gravity and Earthquake Effects Additive

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L +0.2S
= 1.2D + (ρEh + 0.5CaID) + 0.5L + 0.2S
= (1.2 + 0.5CaI)D + ρEh + 0.5L + 0.2S
32
18

Ground Motion (ASCE 7-05)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L +0.2S
= 1.2D + (ρQE + 0.2SDSD) + 0.5L + 0.2S
= (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ρQE + 0.5L + 0.2S

• Gravity and Earthquake Effects Counteractive

U = 0.9D - 1.0E
= 0.9D - (ρEh + 0.5CaID)
= (0.9 - 0.5CaI)D - ρEh
33
19

Ground Motion (ASCE 7-05)

U = 0.9D - 1.0E
= 0.9D - (ρQE + 0.2SDSD)
= (0.9 - 0.2SDS)D - ρQE
Beam C4 – C5
Summary of Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Beam C4-C5
at the Second Floor Level
Load Location Bending Moment Shear Force
combination (m –KN) (KN)
1.4D Support -192.6 146.0
Midspan 132.4
1.2D + 1.6L Support -224.3 167.0
Midspan 154.2
34
20
Column C4
3 4 5
7.92 m
6.71 m
6.71 m
C
6.71 m
7.92 m 7.92 m
Tributary area = 7.92 × 6.71 = 53.14 m2
Column C4
• Dead load:
Column self weight:
0.66 × 0.66 × 11 × (3.66 – 0.560) × 23.55 = 349.92 kN
4.781 ×53.14 × 11 = 2794.69 kN
Beam self weight within the tributary area:
(0.560×0.355 ×7.92+0.560×0.355×(6.71-0.560))×23.55= 65.94 kN
11 × 65.94 = 725.34 kN
Roof: 0.479 + 889.64 / (20.73×56.08)* = 1.244 kN/m2
Floor: 1.436 kN/m2
1.244 × 53.14 + 1.436 × 53.14 × 10 = 829.20 kN
*Done this way only because location of penthouse is not
included
D = 349.92 + 2794.69 + 725.34 + 829.20 = 4699.15 kN
35
21
Column C4
• Live load:
Story supporting roof:

R1 = 1.2 – 0.011 At = 1.2 – 0.011 × 53.14 = 0.615
R2 = 1.0
957.6 N/m2 × 0.615 × 1.0 = 588.92 N/m2
0.589 × 53.14 = 31.3 kN
Column C4
Story supporting floor 11:
AT = 53.14 + 53.14 = 106.28 m2

kLL = 4
kLLAT = 425.12 m2 > 37.16 m2, therefore live load
reduction is permitted.
Lo = 2.394 × 53.14 = 127.22 kN
L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57 / (4 ×106.28)0.5)
= 127.22 × 0.472 > 0.40 Lo
L = 60.05 kN
36
22
Column C4
AT = 53.14 × 3 = 159.42 m2
kLL = 4
L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57 / (4 ×159.42)0.5)
= 127.22 × 0.431 = 54.83 > 0.40 Lo

AT = 53.14 × 4 = 212.56 m2
kLL = 4
L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57 / (4 ×212.56)0.5)
= 127.22 × 0.407 = 51.78 > 0.40 Lo
Column C4

AT = 53.14 × 5 = 265.7 m2
kLL = 4
L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57 / (4 ×265.7)0.5)
= 127.22 × 0.39 < 0.40 Lo
= 0.4 × 127.22 = 50.89 kN
Total live load:

L = 31.3 + 60.05 + 54.83 + 51.78 + 7 × 50.89
= 554.19 kN
37
23
Column C4
Summary of Design Axial Forces, Bending Moments, and Shear Forces on
Column C4 Supporting the Second Floor Level
Axial Bending Shear

Force (KN) Moment Force
Load Case (m-KN) (KN)
Dead (D) 4699 0 0
Live (L) 554 0 0
Column C4
Summary of Design Axial Forces, Bending Moments, and Shear
Forces on Column C4 Supporting the Second Floor Level
Axial Bending Shear

Force Moment Forces
Load combination (KN) (m-KN) (KN)
1.4D 6579 0 0
1.2D + 1.6L 6525 0 0
38
24
Shear wall B7 – C7
6 7 8
A
7.92 m
6.71 m
13.42 m 6.71 m
6.71 m
7.92 m 7.92 m
Tributary Area = 7.92 × 13.42 = 106.29 m2
• Dead load:
shear wall self weight (base):
(2×0.66×0.66+0.305×6.05)×(45.14-0.560×12)×23.55 = 2458.59 kN
4.781 × 106.29 × 12 = 6098.07 kN
Beam self weight within the tributary area:
(0.560×0.355×13.42+2×0.560×0.355×(7.92-0.560))×23.55 = 131.89 kN
12 × 131.89 = 1582.68 kN
Roof: 0.479 + 889.64 / (20.73×56.08)* = 1.244 kN/m2
Floor: 1.436 kN/m2
1.244 × 106.29 + 1.436 × 106.29 × 11 = 1811.18 kN
* Done this way only because location of penthouse is not
included
D = 2458.59 + 6098.07 + 1582.68 + 1811.18 = 11,950.5 kN
39
25
• Live load:
Story supporting roof:

R1 = 0.6 (At > 55.74 m2)
R2 = 1.0
957.6 N/m2 × 0.6 × 1.0 = 574.56 N/m2
0.575 × 106.29 = 61.12 kN
AT = 106.29 + 106.29 = 212.58 m2

kLL = 3
kLLAT = 637.74 m2 > 37.16 m2, therefore live load
reduction is permitted.
Lo = 2.394 × 106.29 = 254.46 kN
L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57 / (3 ×212.58)0.5)
= 254.46 × 0.431 > 0.40 Lo
L = 109.67 kN
40
26

AT = 106.29 × 3 = 318.87 m2
kLL = 3
L = Lo (0.25 + 4.57 / (3 ×318.87)0.5)
= 254.46 × 0.398 < 0.40 Lo
= 0.4 × 254.46 = 101.78 kN
Total live load

L = 61.12 + 109.67 + 101.78 ×10 = 1188.59 kN
Summary of Design Axial Forces, Bending Moments, and
Shear Forces at Base of Shear Wall on Line 7 (SDC C)
Load Case Axial Bending Shear

Force (kN) Moment Forces (kN)
(m-kN)
Dead (D) 11,951 0 0
Live (L) 1189 0 0
41
27
Load combination Axial Bending Shear
Force Moment Force
(kN) (m-kN) (kN)
1.4D 16,731 0 0
1.2D + 1.6L 16,244 0 0
42
28
Computation of Design Wind

Forces
S. K. Ghosh
Palatine, IL
Wind Flow Around Building
43
1
External Pressure due to Wind
External Pressure due to Wind

V2
ps = pa + ρ
2
V2
p's = p s − pa = ρ
2
ps = pressure at stagnation point, psf (N/m2)

pa = ambient pressure, psf (N/m2)
ρ = air density, lb-sec2/ft4 (kg-sec2/m4)
V = ambient wind speed, ft/sec (m/sec)
44
2
Velocity Pressure (ASCE 7-05)

( )
qz = 0.613 V 2 K zK ztK dI
qz in N/m2 , V in m/sec
• ASCE 7 includes two factors:
– Topographic Factor - Kzt
• Hills and Escarpments
• Complex Equations
– Directionality Factor - Kd
• 0.85 for all building structures
Fastest-mile Wind
Instantaneous velocity of wind at a point as a
function of time:
45
3
Fastest-mile Wind
• VT = max. wind speed based on averaging

time of T sec
• VH = max. wind speed based on averaging
time of 1 hour
Fastest-mile Wind
• Max. wind speed averaged over one mile of

wind passing through anemometer.
• Averaging time of fastest-mile wind: T(sec)
3600/Vf
Vf – fastest-mile wind speed in mph
For Vf = 60 mph, T = 3600/60 = 60 sec
For Vf = 120 mph, T = 3600/120 = 30 sec
46
4
Return Period
• Also known as mean recurrence interval (MRI).
• Used for the statistical determination of the
predicted wind speed.
• Most U.S. inland locations, MRI of 50 years is used
for normal use structures.
• MRI for critical use facilities such as hospitals is
100 years.
• MRI for low risk buildings such as barns is 25
years.
Importance Factor
• For MRI of 25, 50 , and 100 years -
• 3 Maps???? - No!
• MRI is adjusted by using importance factor, I.
• Ratio of difference in velocity pressure from one
MRI to another is a fairly consistent ratio for non-
hurricane locations.
• Inclusion of “I” in the wind pressure equation has
the mathematical effect of adjusting the wind
speed up or down.
47
5
Variation of Wind Velocity with

Height for a Steady Wind
Gust
• Rapid fluctuation of wind
• Ordinary structures sensitive to peak gusts of
about 1 sec duration.
• Use of fastest-mile wind in design inadequate
Gust speed, Vg = Gv V
• Pressure generated by gust, pg = Gp p
p ∝V 2 ∴ Gp = Gv2
• Flexible structures more sensitive to gust.
48
6
Gust Effect Factor

• Accounts for the loading effects in the along-wind
direction (parallel to the direction of the wind) due to
wind turbulence-structure interaction.
• Also accounts for along-wind loading effects due to
dynamic amplification for flexible structures.
• Does not account for other dynamic effects such as
across-wind Loads.
Dimensionless Pressure or
Pressure Coefficient
p − pa p'
Cp = = p = actual pressure at any
( 1 2 )ρV 2 ( 1 )ρV 2
2
arbitrary point on building, psf
49
7
Internal Pressure
Basic Wind Equation
• For buildings with External and Internal

Pressure:
p = qGCp − qiGCpi
qi = Velocity pressure calculated for

internal pressure.
50
8
ASCE 7-05
6.2 Definitions
• Basic Wind Speed V : 3-second gust speed at
10 m above the ground in Exposure C.
– Removed reference to “50-yr mean recurrence
interval”
– Loads calculated from the wind speed map, when
multiplied by the wind load factor, represent an
“ultimate load” having approximately a 500 year
return period.
– Map contours include hurricane importance factor
51
9
ASCE 7-05
Mean Roof Height
ASCE 7-05
6.5 Method 2: Analytical Procedure
• Design Pressure – MWFRS –

Rigid Buildings of All Height (6.5.12.2.1):
p = q GCp - qi (GCpi)
Velocity Pressure (6.5.10):
qz = 0.613KzKztKdV2I N/m2, V in m/sec
52
10
ASCE 7-05
• Design Pressure – MWFRS – Rigid Buildings of All

Height (6.5.12.2.1):
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls,
and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative
pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
qi = qz for positive pressure evaluation in partially
enclosed buildings at height z from the ground. Can be
conservatively taken as qh
Wind-resistant Design
• Wind Pressures on a Building
53
11
ASCE 7-05
• Design Procedure (6.5.3):
1. Wind Speed V (Figure 6-1 map), Wind
Directionality Factor Kd (6.5.4.4, Table 6-4)
2. Importance Factor I (6.5.5, Table 6-1)
3. For each wind direction:
Exposure Category (6.5.6)
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
Kh, Kz (6.5.6.6, Table 6-3)
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-1 Basic Wind Speed
54
12
Basic Wind Speed
Dubai
45 m/sec
(100 mph)
ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4 Wind Directionality

Factor, Kd
55
13
ASCE 7-05
Table 6-1 Importance Factor, I
100 mph = 45 m/sec
ASCE 7-05
6.5.6.2 Surface Roughness Categories
• A ground surface roughness within

each 45-degree sector shall be
determined for a distance upwind of
the site as defined ….
56
14
ASCE 7-05
• Surface Roughness B:
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas
or other terrain with numerous closely
spaced obstructions having the size of
single-family dwellings or larger.
ASCE 7-05
• Surface Roughness C:
Open terrain with scattered obstructions
having heights generally less than 9.1 m.
This category includes flat open country,
grasslands, and all water surfaces in
hurricane-prone regions
57
15
ASCE 7-05
6.5.6.2 Roughness Categories
• Surface roughness D:
Flat, unobstructed areas and water
surfaces outside hurricane-prone regions.
This category includes smooth mud flats,
salt flats, and unbroken ice
ASCE 7-05
6.5.6.3 Exposure Categories
• Exposure B:
Shall apply where Surface Roughness B
prevails in the upwind direction for at least
792 m or 20 times the building height,
whichever is greater
Exception. For buildings with h ≤ 9.1 m, the
upwind distance may be reduced to 457 m.
58
16
ASCE 7-05
• Exposure C:
Shall apply for all cases where
Exposure B or D does not apply
ASCE 7-05
• Exposure D:
shall apply where Surface Roughness D
prevails in the upwind direction for at least
1524 m or 20 times the building height,
whichever is greater. Exposure D shall extend
into downwind areas of Surface Roughness B
or C for a distance of 200 m or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater.
59
17
ASCE 7-05
Table 6-3
Velocity
Pressure
Exposure
Coefficients,
Kh and Kz
ASCE 7-05 Table 6-3 Velocity Pressure

Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz
Table 6-2 Terrain Exposure Constants
The velocity pressure exposure coefficient
may be determined from the following formulas:
For 4.6 m ≤ z ≤ zg, Kz = 2.01(z/zg)2/α
For z < 4.6 m, Kz = 2.01(4.6/zg)2/α
Note: z shall not be taken less than 9.1 m for Case 1 in Exp. B
Exposure α Zg, m
B 7.0 366
C 9.0 274
D 11.5 213
60
18
ASCE 7-05
(Continued from Slide 23)
• Design Procedure (6.5.3):

4. Topographic Factor, Kzt (6.5.7, Figure 6-4)
5. Gust Effect Factor G or Gf (6.5.8)
6. Enclosure Classification (6.5.9)
7. Internal Pressure Coefficient GCpi (6.5.11.1, Figure 6-5)
8. External Pressure Coefficients Cp, GCpf (6.5.11.2) or
force coefficients Cf (6.5.11.3)
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-4 Topographic Factors, Kzt
61
19
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-4 Topographic Factors, Kzt
ASCE 7-05
6.5.8 Gust Effect Factor, G or Gf
• For rigid structures as defined in Section 6.2,

G shall be taken as 0.85 or calculated by Eqs.
6-4, 6-5, 6-6 and 6-7, using Table 6-2.
• For flexible or dynamically sensitive
structures as defined in Section 6.2, Gf shall
be calculated by Eqs. 6-8, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11, 6-12,
6-13a, 6-13b and 6-14, using Table 6-2.
62
20
ASCE 7-05
6.2 Definition-Enclosure Classification
• Buildings, Open:
A building having each wall at least 80% open.
Mathematically, Ao > 0.8Ag where:
Ao = Total area of openings in a wall that receives
positive external pressure, in m2
Ag= Gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified, in
m2
ASCE 7-05
Buildings, Partially Enclosed:
If the following two conditions are satisfied:
1. Ao > 1.1Aoi
2. Ao > 0.37 m2 or >0.01Ag, whichever is smaller, &
Aoi < 0.2Agi
where:
Aoi = The sum of the areas of openings in the
building envelope (walls & roof) not including Ao, in
m2
Agi = The sum of the gross surface areas of the
building envelope (walls & roof) not including Ao, in
m2
63
21
ASCE 7-05
• Buildings, Enclosed:
A building that does not comply with

the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.
ASCE 7-05
6.5.9.3 Wind Borne Debris Regions
– Glazing in lower 18.3 m or within

9.2 m above aggregate surface
roofs located within 458 m of a
Category II, III, IV building requires
impact resistant glazing or
covering
64
22
ASCE 7-05
Figure 6-5 Internal Pressure Coefficients,
GCpi
ASCE 7-05
External Pressure Coefficients
Cp for main wind force resisting systems –
Fig. 6-6
GCpf for low-rise buildings – Fig. 6-10
GCp for components & cladding – Fig. 6-11
through 6-17
CN for main wind force resisting systems – Fig. 6-18
for components & cladding – Fig. 6-19
Cf - Figs. 6-20 through 6-23
65
23
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-6
External
Pressure
Coefficient,
Cp for
MWFRS
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-6 Cp for MWFRS: Walls
66
24
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-6 Cp for MWFRS: Roofs
ASCE 7-05
Fig. 6-6 Cp for MWFRS
67
25
ASCE 7-05
(Continued from Slide 37)
• Design Procedure (6.5.3)
9. Velocity Pressure qz, qh (6.5.10)

qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I Eq. 6-15
ASCE 7-05

10. Design wind pressure p (6.5.12, 6.5.13)
Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Buildings, MWFRS:

Rigid, All heights: p = q GCp - qi(GCpi) Eq. 6-17
Parapets: pp = qp GCpn Eq. 6-20
68
26
ASCE 7-05 6.5 Analytical Procedure

10.Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings - C & C
(6.5.12.4):
– Low rise and buildings with h ≤ 18.3 m
p = qh[(GCp) - (GCpi)] Eq. 6-22
– Buildings with h > 18.3 m
p = q(GCp) - qi(GCpi) Eq. 6-23
– Parapets
p = qp(GCp - GCpi) Eq. 6-24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m
A
6.71 m 6.71 m
B N
C
6.71 m
69
27

12
11
10
11 @ 3.66 m = 40.26 m 9
2
4.88 m
Design Data
Dubai, UAE
Concrete: fc’ = 30 MPa, wc = 23.55 KN/m3
Reinforcement: fy = 415 MPa
70
28
Design Data
• Service Loads
floor = 2394 N/m2

roof = 478.8 N/m2 + 889.64 KN for
penthouse
Design Data
• Wind Design Data

Basic wind speed V = 45 m/sec for
Dubai
Exposure B (IBC 1609.4, ASCE
6.5.6.3)
For Occupancy Category II, I = 1.0
(IBC Table 1604.5, ASCE Table 6-1)
71
29
Design Data
Slab: 205 mm
Beams: 560 × 560 mm
Wind Load Analysis
1. Basic wind speed, V, and wind

directionality factor, Kd
V = 45 m/sec at location of structure per IBC

Figure 1609 or ASCE Figure 6-1.
The wind directionality factor, Kd = 0.85 for

main wind-force-resisting systems of
buildings per ASCE Table 6-4.
72
30
Wind Load Analysis
2. Importance factor, I
I = 1.0 per ASCE Table 6-1 for Occupancy
Category II
Wind Load Analysis

3. Exposure category and velocity
pressure exposure coefficient, Kz
Values of Kz are to be determined from
ASCE Table 6-3. In lieu of linear
interpolation, Kz may be calculated at any
height z ft above ground level by the
following equations:
2 /α
⎧ ⎛4.6
15 ⎞
⎪2.01 ⎜ ⎟ for z < 4.6 m
⎪⎪ ⎜z ⎟
⎝ g⎠
Kz = ⎨ 2 /α
⎪ ⎛ z ⎞
⎪2.01⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ for 4.6 m ≤ z ≤ z g
⎪⎩ ⎝ zg ⎠
73
31
Wind Load Analysis
α = 3-second gust speed power law exponent

from ASCE Table 6-2
= 7.0 for Exposure B
Zg = nominal height of the atmospheric

boundary layer from ASCE Table 6-2
= 366 m for Exposure B
Wind Load Analysis

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient Kz
Level Height above Kz

ground level, z (m)
12 45.14 1.106
11 41.48 1.079
10 37.82 1.051
9 34.16 1.021
8 30.50 0.989
7 26.84 0.953
6 23.18 0.914
5 19.52 0.870
4 15.86 0.820
3 12.20 0.761
2 8.54 0.687
1 4.88 0.586
74
32
Wind Load Analysis
4. Topographic factor, Kzt
Assuming the example building is situated

on level ground and not on a hill, ridge, or
escarpment, Kzt is equal to 1.
Wind Load Analysis
5. Gust effect factors, G and Gf

Gust effect factor depends on whether a
building is rigid or flexible (ASCE 6.5.8). A
rigid building has a fundamental natural
frequency n1 greater than or equal to 1 Hz,
while a flexible building has a fundamental
natural frequency less than 1 Hz (ASCE
6.2).
75
33
Wind Load Analysis

N-S direction:
Ta = 1/n1 = 0.0488 (hn)3/4 = 0.0488 (45.14)3/4

= 0.85 sec < 1 sec
So building is rigid and G = 0.85
See ASCE 7-05 Commentary Section C6.5.8
Wind Load Analysis
E-W direction:
Ta = 1/n1 = 0.0466 (hn)0.9 = 1.44 sec > 1

sec
So building is flexible.
Extensive calculation using n1 = 1/1.44 =

0.7Hz yields Gf = 0.93
See ASCE 7-05 Commentary Section C6.5.8
76
34
Wind Load Analysis
6. Enclosure classification
It is assumed in this example that the

building is enclosed per IBC 1609.2, ASCE
6.5.9.
Wind Load Analysis
7. Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi
For an enclosed building, GCpi = ± 0.18.
77
35
Wind Load Analysis

8. External pressure coefficients, Cp
For wind in the N-S direction (ASCE Figure 6-6) :
Windward wall: Cp = 0.8
Leeward wall (L/B = 20.7/56.1 = 0.37): Cp = -0.5
Side wall: Cp = - 0.7
Roof (h/L = 45.1/20.7 = 2.18):
Cp = -1.3 over entire roof (20.7 m < h/2 = 22.6 m).
May be reduced to 0.80 × -1.3 = -1.04 for area
greater than 93 m2 per Figure 6-6.
Wind Load Analysis
For wind in the E-W direction:

Windward wall: Cp = 0.8
Leeward wall (L/B = 56.1/20.7 = 2.70):
Cp = -0.26
Side wall: Cp = -0.7
Roof (h/L = 45.1/56.1 = 0.80):
Cp = -1.14 from windward edge to h/2 = 22.6 m
Cp = -0.78 from 22.6 m to h = 45.1 m
Cp = -0.62 from 45.1 m to 56.1 m
78
36
Wind Load Analysis
9. Velocity pressure, qz
The velocity pressure at height z is determined by

Eq. 6-15 in ASCE 6.5.10:
qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I N/m2, V in m/sec
where all terms have been defined previously.
Wind Load Analysis

Velocity Pressure qz (V = 45 m/sec)
Level Height above ground level, z (m) Kz qz
(N/m2)
12 45.14 1.106 1167
11 41.48 1.079 1138
10 37.82 1.051 1110
9 34.16 1.021 1077
8 30.50 0.989 1044
7 26.84 0.953 1006
6 23.18 0.914 964
5 19.52 0.870 918
4 15.86 0.820 865
3 12.20 0.761 803
2 8.54 0.687 725
1 4.88 0.586 618
where q = qz for windward walls at height z above ground
q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roof, evaluated at height h
qi = qh for all walls and roofs of enclosed buildings
79
37
Wind Load Analysis
10. Design wind pressure, p
For rigid buildings of all heights, design

wind pressures on the main wind-force-
resisting system are calculated by Eq. 6-17:
p = q GCp – qi (GCpi)
Wind Load Analysis

Design Wind Pressure in N-S Direction (V = 45 m/sec)
Height External Pressure Internal Pressure
above
Location Level ground q G Cp qGCp qi GCpi qiGCpi
level, (N/m2) (N/m2) (N/m2) (N/m2)
z(m)
12 45.14 1167 0.85 0.80 794 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
11 41.48 1138 0.85 0.80 774 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
10 37.82 1110 0.85 0.80 755 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
9 34.16 1077 0.85 0.80 732 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
8 30.50 1044 0.85 0.80 710 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
7 26.84 1006 0.85 0.80 684 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Windward
6 23.18 964 0.85 0.80 656 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
5 19.52 918 0.85 0.80 624 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
4 15.86 865 0.85 0.80 588 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
3 12.20 803 0.85 0.80 546 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
2 8.54 725 0.85 0.80 493 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
1 4.88 618 0.85 0.80 420 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Leeward --- All 1167 0.85 -0.5 -496 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Side --- All 1167 0.85 -0.7 -694 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Roof --- 45.14 1167 0.85 -1.04 -1032 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
80
38
Wind Load Analysis

Design Wind Pressure in N-S Direction (V = 45 m/sec)
Height Tributary Windward Leeward Total
above External Design External Design Design
Level ground Height Wind
level, z Design Wind Wind Design Wind Wind Force
(m) Pressure, Force, Pressure, Force, P* (kN)
(m) qzGfCp P* (kN) qhGfCp (kN)
(N/m2) (N/m2)
12 45.14 1.83 794 81.5 -496 50.9 132.4
11 41.48 3.66 774 158.9 -496 101.8 260.7
10 37.82 3.66 755 155.0 -496 101.8 256.8
9 34.16 3.66 732 150.3 -496 101.8 252.1
8 30.50 3.66 710 145.8 -496 101.8 247.6
7 26.84 3.66 684 140.4 -496 101.8 242.2
6 23.18 3.66 656 134.7 -496 101.8 236.5
5 19.52 3.66 624 128.1 -496 101.8 229.9
4 15.86 3.66 588 120.7 -496 101.8 222.5
3 12.20 3.66 546 112.1 -496 101.8 213.9
2 8.54 3.66 493 101.2 -496 101.8 203.0
1 4.88 4.27 420 86.2 -496 118.8 205.0
*P = qGCp × Tributary height × 56.1 m Σ 2702.6
Wind Load Analysis
For flexible buildings, Eq. 6-19 is to be used:
p = q GfCp – qi (GCpi)
81
39
Wind Load Analysis

Design Wind Pressure in E-W Direction (V = 110 mph)
Height External Pressure Internal Pressure
Location Level above q G Cp qGCp qi GCpi qiGCpi
ground 2 (N/m2) (N/m2) (N/m2)
level,z(m) (N/m )
12 45.14 1167 0.93 0.80 868 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
11 41.48 1138 0.93 0.80 847 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
10 37.82 1110 0.93 0.80 826 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
9 34.16 1077 0.93 0.80 801 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
8 30.50 1044 0.93 0.80 777 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Windward
7 26.84 1006 0.93 0.80 748 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
6 23.18 964 0.93 0.80 718 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
5 19.52 918 0.93 0.80 683 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
4 15.86 865 0.93 0.80 643 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
3 12.20 803 0.93 0.80 597 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
2 8.54 725 0.93 0.80 539 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
1 4.88 618 0.93 0.80 459 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Leeward --- All 1167 0.93 -0.26 -282 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Side --- All 1167 0.93 -0.70 -760 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
Roof --- 45.14* 1167 0.93 -1.14 -1237 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
--- 45.14† 1167 0.93 -0.78 -847 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
--- 45.14‡ 1167 0.93 -0.62 -673 1167 ± 0.18 ± 210
* from windward edge to 22.6 m, † from 22.6 m to 45.1 m, ‡ from 45.1 m to 56.1 m
Wind Load Analysis

Design Wind Pressure in E-W Direction (V = 110 mph)
Height Tributary Windward Leeward Total
above External Design External Design Design
Level ground Height Wind
level, z Design Wind Wind Design Wind Wind Force
(m) Pressure, Force, Pressure, Force, (kN)
(m) qzGfCp P* (kN) qhGfCp P* (kN)
(N/m2) (N/m2)
12 45.14 1.83 868 32.9 -282 10.7 43.6
11 41.48 3.66 847 64.2 -282 21.4 85.6
10 37.82 3.66 826 62.6 -282 21.4 84.0
9 34.16 3.66 801 60.7 -282 21.4 82.1
8 30.50 3.66 777 58.9 -282 21.4 80.3
7 26.84 3.66 748 56.7 -282 21.4 78.1
6 23.18 3.66 718 54.4 -282 21.4 75.8
5 19.52 3.66 683 51.7 -282 21.4 73.1
4 15.86 3.66 643 48.7 -282 21.4 70.1
3 12.20 3.66 597 45.2 -282 21.4 66.6
2 8.54 3.66 539 40.8 -282 21.4 62.2
1 4.88 4.27 459 40.6 -282 24.9 65.5
*P = qGCp × Tributary height × 20.7 m Σ 867.0
82
40
Wind Load Analysis

Design Wind Force in N-S and E-W Direction (V = 45 m/sec)
Level Height above ground Total Design Wind Total Design Wind
Level, z (m) Force N-S (kN) Force E-W (kN)
12 45.14 132.4 43.6
11 41.48 260.7 85.6
10 37.82 256.8 84.0
9 34.16 252.1 82.1
8 30.50 247.6 80.3
7 26.84 242.2 78.1
6 23.18 236.5 75.8
5 19.52 229.9 73.1
4 15.86 222.5 70.1
3 12.20 213.9 66.6
2 8.54 203.0 62.2
1 4.88 205.0 65.5
Σ 2702.6 867.0
Wind Load Analysis
The stiffness properties of the members were

input assuming cracked sections. The
following cracked section properties were
used:
Beam: Ieff = 0.5 Ig
Column: Ieff = 0.7 Ig
Shear walls: Ieff = 0.5 Ig
where Ig is the gross moment of inertia of
section.
83
41
Wind Load Analysis

According to ASCE 6.5.12.3, the main wind-force-
resisting systems of buildings of all heights, whose
wind loads have been determined according to
ASCE 6.5.12.2.1 and 6.5.12.2.3, must be designed
for the full and partial wind load cases of Figure 6-9
(Cases 1 through 4). These four cases were
considered in the three-dimensional analyses.
Wind Load Analysis

Results of 3-D Analysis under Wind Force in E-W Direction for
Frame C (V = 45 m/sec)
12 1 -1 2 -2 2 -2 2 12 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2

11 4 -4 5 -5 5 -5 5 11 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
10 7 -7 8 -8 8 -8 8 10 -0.6 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7
9 11 -10 12 -12 12 -12 12 9 -0.9 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
8 15 -14 15 -15 15 -15 15 8 -1.2 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3
7 18 -18 19 -19 19 -19 19 7 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6
6 21 -21 21 -22 22 -22 22 6 -1.8 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9
5 25 -24 25 -25 25 -25 25 5 -2.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.1
4 28 -28 28 -28 28 -28 28 4 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4
3 31 -31 31 -31 31 -31 31 3 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6
2 34 -33 33 -33 33 -33 33 2 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8
1 35 -34 33 -33 33 -33 33 1 -2.9 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8
Bending Moments in Beams (m-kN) Shear Forces in Beams

(kN)
84
42
Wind Load Analysis

Results of 3-D Analysis under Wind Force in E-W Direction for Frame C
(V = 45 m/sec)
12 -2 -3 -4 -4 12 12
-2 0 0 0 -0.1 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 -6 -6 -9 -9 11 11
-1 2 2 2 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
10 -8 -9 -12 -12 10 10
1 5 5 5 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
9 -10 -12 -16 -16 9 9
2 7 9 9 1.2 1.9 2.4 2.4 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0
8 -11 -15 -19 -19 8 8
4 10 12 12 1.5 2.4 3.1 3.1 3.1 0.2 0.0 0.0
7 -13 -17 -21 -21 7 7
6 13 15 15 1.9 2.9 3.7 3.7 4.6 0.2 0.0 0.0
6 -14 -20 -25 -25 6 6
8 15 19 19 2.1 3.4 4.3 4.3 6.4 0.3 0.0 0.0
5 -15 -21 -27 -27 5 5
10 18 21 21 2.5 3.9 4.9 4.9 8.5 0.3 0.0 0.0
4 -17 -24 -30 -30 4 4
11 20 25 25 2.7 4.4 5.5 5.5 10.9 0.3 0.0 0.0
3 -18 -25 -32 -32 3 3
15 22 27 27 3.2 4.8 5.9 5.9 13.5 0.3 0.1 0.0
2 -17 -26 -33 -33 2 2
14 26 33 33 3.0 5.3 6.6 6.6 16.4 0.2 0.1 0.0
1 -17 -21 -27 -27 1 1
5.4 4.8 6.4 6.4 19.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
64 50 69 69
Bending Moments in Shear Forces in Axial Forces in
Columns (m-kN) Columns (kN) Columns (kN)
Wind Load Analysis

Results of 3-D Analysis under Wind Force in N-S Direction for
Frame 4 (V = 45 m/sec)
12 23 -22 25 12 -2.3 -2.6

11 31 -30 35 11 -3.1 -3.5
10 33 -32 36 10 -3.3 -3.7
9 37 -36 39 9 -3.7 -4.0
8 40 -39 43 8 -4.0 -4.3
7 43 -42 45 7 -4.3 -4.6
6 46 -44 47 6 -4.6 -4.8
5 47 -45 47 5 -4.7 -4.8
4 46 -45 47 4 -4.7 -4.8
3 44 -43 44 3 -4.4 -4.4
2 39 -38 39 2 -3.9 -3.9
1 32 -30 30 1 -3.1 -3.1
Bending Moments in Shear Forces in

Beams (m-kN) Beams (kN)
85
43
Wind Load Analysis

Results of 3-D Analysis under Wind Force in N-S Direction for Frame 4
(V = 45 m/sec)
12 -23 -45 12 12
3.5 7.4 2.3 0.2
12 30
11 -16 -30 11 11
2.8 5.8 5.5 0.7
12 28
10 -19 -36 10 10
3.2 6.8 8.8 1.1
14 31
9 -21 -39 9 9
3.6 7.3 12.5 1.4
16 34
8 -22 -41 8 8
3.9 7.9 16.6 1.8
18 38
7 -23 -43 7 7
4.2 8.4 20.7 2.0
20 41
6 -23 -44 6 6
4.4 8.7 25.4 2.3
21 43
5 -22 -43 5 5
4.5 8.8 30.1 2.4
23 44
4 -20 -41 4 4
4.4 8.6 34.7 2.6
24 45
3 -16 -35 3 3
4.2 7.8 39.2 2.6
26 43
2 -11 -28 2 2
3.3 6.9 43.1 2.7
23 41
1 -6 -15 1 1
3.2 4.1 46.2 2.6
41 46
Bending Moments in Shear Forces in Axial Forces in
Wind Load Analysis

Results of 3-D Analysis under Wind Forces in N-S Direction for
Wall on Column Line 7 (V = 45 m/sec)
Axial Forces Bending Moment (m-kN) Shear Force
Level (kN) (kN)
Top Bottom
12 0 343 -1383 285
11 0 1772 -1929 43
10 0 2539 -2093 -68
9 0 2359 -1829 -196
8 0 2308 -1153 -318
7 0 1662 -52 -442
6 0 582 1499 -572
5 0 -963 3545 -709
4 0 -3022 6143 -587
3 0 -5660 9376 -1021
2 0 -8966 13,360 -1206
1 0 -13055 20,045 -1438
86
44
87
45
An Overview of the Design Load

Combinations and the Seismic Design
Provisions of the 1997 UBC

Palatine, IL
88
1
Referenced Standards
Design Loads and

Load Combinations ASCE 7-95
Concrete ACI 318-95
Masonry None
Steel Multiple
Wood AF&PA NDS - 91
Referenced Steel Standards

1997 UBC
AISC LRFD 1993
AISC ASD 1989
AISC Seismic 1992
AISI LRFD 1991

AISI ASD 1986 (with 1989
addendum)
None
89
2
Structural Design Requirements

1997 UBC
Chapter 16 – Design Loads

Chapter 17 – Inspections / Testing
Chapter 18 – Foundations
Chapter 19 – Concrete
Chapter 20 – Aluminum
Chapter 21 – Masonry
Chapter 22 – Steel
Chapter 23 – Wood

U= 1.4D (12-1)
U= 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (Lr or S) (12-2)
U= 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S) + (f1L or 0.8W) (12-3)
U= 1.2D + 1.3W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or S) (12-4)
U= 1.2D + 1.0E + (f1L + f2S) (12-5)
U= 0.9D ± (1.0E or 1.3W) (12-6)
E = Design earthquake force (strength-level)
90
3

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + (f1L + f2S) (12-5)

U = 0.9D ± (1.0E or 1.3W) (12-6)
E = ρEh + Ev in (12-5), (12-6)
Ev = 0.5CaID
• ρ = 1 in Seismic Zones 0,1,2
Eh Δs
91
4
Effect of Vertical Earthquake Ground

Motion

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L +0.2S
= 1.2D + (ρEh + 0.5CaID) + 0.5L + 0.2S
= (1.2 + 0.5CaI)D + ρEh + 0.5L + 0.2S
Effect of Vertical Earthquake Ground

Motion

U = 0.9D - 1.0E
= 0.9D - (ρ Eh + 0.5CaID)
= (0.9 - 0.5CaI)D - ρEh
92
5
Strength Design or LRFD Load

Combinations - Exceptions
UBC Exceptions for concrete

structures
1612.3.1 ASD Load Combinations -

Basic (1997 UBC, from ASCE 7-95)
D (12-7)
D + L + (Lr or S) (12-8)
D + (W or E/1.4) (12-9)
0.9D + E/1.4 (12-10)
D + 0.75[L + (Lr or S) + (W or E/1.4)] (12-12)
E = ρEh + 0
93
6
ASD Load Combinations - Basic

(ASCE 7-95) – Allowable Stress Increase
• 1/3 stress increase not permitted

• Load duration increase permitted
1612.3.2 ASD Load Combinations -

Alternate Basic (1997 UBC)
D + L + (Lr or S) (12-12)
D + L + (W or E/1.4) (12-13)
D + L + W + S/2 (12-14)
D + L + S + W/2 (12-15)
D + L + S + E/1.4 (12-16)
0.9D + E/1.4 (?)
E = ρEh + 0
94
7
ASD Load Combinations -

Alternate Basic (1997 UBC) – Allowable
Stress Increase
• When using these alternate basic load

combinations that include wind or seismic
loads, allowable stresses are permitted to
be increased or load combinations reduced,
where permitted by the material chapter of
this code or referenced standard.
1612.4 Special Seismic Load

Combinations (1997 UBC)
• 1.2D + f1L + 1.0Em (12-17)

• 0.9D + 1.0Em (12-18)
Em = Ω0Eh, while
E = ρEh + Ev
95
8
1997 UBC Seismic Design Provisions
Introduction and
Basic Principles
Based on 1996 SEAOC Blue Book,
influenced by the1994 NEHRP Provisions
96
9
1626.1 Purpose
The purpose of the earthquake provisions

herein is primarily to safeguard against
major structural failures and loss of
life…not to limit damage or maintain
function.
Purpose
SEAOC “Blue Book” Commentary…

• Resist minor ground motion without damage
• Resist moderate ground motion without structural
damage but with some nonstructural damage
• Resist major ground motion without collapse but
with possible structural / nonstructural damage
• Provisions will not prevent damage from earth
faulting, slides or similar movements, nor soil
liquefaction
97
10
1997 UBC Design Earthquake Ground

Motion
• Approximately 90% probability of

non-exceedance in 50 years (approx.
475 yr. return period)
Idealized Force-Displacement
98
11
Idealized Relationship between Base

Shear and Drift
Earthquake-Induced Forces
• FM ≈ ΩoFS
» FM = Maximum inelastic response force
» FS = Code-prescribed force
» Ωo = Seismic force amplification factor
Ωo gives a reasonable approximation of

actual forces acting in an inelastically
responding structure
99
12
EQ Design Considerations
• Seismic Zone
• Proximity to known Faults
• Site Geology and soil characteristics
• Building Occupancy
• Structural framing system
• Structural configuration… regular or
irregular
• System redundancy
• Building height
• Lateral force procedure
• Framing system limitations
• Special strength and detailing
1626.3 Earthquake vs. Wind
1. Code-Prescribed Forces
2. Exposed Area vs. Mass
3. Design for Larger Force
4. Provide Seismic Detailing
100
13
EQ Design Procedure
• Step 1 – Select basic structural system
• Step 2 – Identify lateral force-resisting
system
• Step 3 – Identify structural
irregularities and any framing system
limitations
• Step 4 – Select lateral force procedure
• Step 5 – Calculate total design base
shear and distribute over height of
structure
EQ Design Procedure
• Step 6 – Elastically analyze building,

including torsional effects. Include P-Δ
effects, if necessary
• Step 7 – Check story drift limitations
• Step 8 – Calculate redundancy (ρ) of lateral
force-resisting system and increase
earthquake forces as necessary
• Step 9 – Design elements of lateral force-
resisting system for required strength and do
special detailing
• Step 10 – Confirm complete load path to
resist earthquake forces
101
14
Sec 1702
Structural Observation
Required for:
1. Essential facilities, hazardous

facilities and special occupancy
structures (Table 16-K)
2. “High-rise” office building, hotels and
apartments (Section 403)
3. Seismic Zone 4… Near-Source Factor
(Na) greater than 1.0
Sec 1702
Structural Observation
4. When designated by A/E of record or building
official
• Seismic Zones 3 and 4 only
• Structural system only
• Performed by A/E of record or designated A/E
• Periodic site visits
• Compliance with plans and specifications
• Final report to building official
Note: Structural Observations does not waive

inspections by Section 108 and 1701
102
15
Structural Systems
103
16
1997 UBC Fig. 16-3

Design Response Spectra
1997 UBC Sec. 1630.2 Static Force

Procedure
104
17
Response Modification Factor, R
8.5 > R > 2.2
IBC vs. UBC

Response Modification Factor, R
• 1997 UBC (Strength-level
earthquake forces)
Table 16-N
Bearing wall system

R = 4.5
Special moment resisting frame

system
R = 8.5
105
18
Table 16-N – Structural Systems1
Footnote for Table 16-N

N.L. – no limit
1 See Section 1630.4 for combination of structural systems.
2 Basic structural systems are defined in Section 1629.6.
3 Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 and 4.
4 Includes precast concrete conforming to Section
1921.2.7.
5 Prohibited in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, except as permitted
in Section 1634.2.
6 Ordinary moment-resisting frames in Seismic Zone 1
meeting the requirements of Section 2211.6 may use a R

value of 8.
7 Total height of the building including cantilevered
columns.
8 Prohibited in Seismic Zones 2A, 2B, 3 and 4. See Section
1633.2.7.
106
19
Sec 1630.4.2
Vertical Combinations
Sec 1630.4.2
Vertical Combinations
1. Design structure for lowest (R) for

structural systems used… or
2. Two-stage analysis permitted for
structures with flexible upper portion
supported by rigid lower portion (Sec
1629.8.3 Item 4)
3. In Seismic Zones 3 & 4, dynamic
analysis required for structures > 5
stories or 19.8 m in height with
vertical combinations (Sec 1629.8.4
Item 3)
107
20
Sec 1630.4.3
Combinations Along Different Axes
• With bearing wall system in only one

direction, (R) not greater in orthogonal
direction (Zones 3 and 4 only)
Sec 1630.4.3
Combinations Along Different Axes
• Structures < 48 m
» Bearing wall system
» Building frame system
» Moment-resisting frame system
» Dual system
• Structures > 48 m (Zones 3 and 4 only)

» Special moment-resisting frames
» Dual systems
108
21
Sec 1630.4.4
Combinations Along Same Axes
• With different structural systems in

same direction, value of (R) in that
direction to be taken as least (R) for
structural systems utilized
• Dual systems…and shear wall-frame

interactive systems in Seismic Zones 0
& 1…excluded
Sec 1630.4.4
Combinations Along Same Axes
109
22
Static Force Procedure
1997 UBC Fig. 16-3

110
23

Procedure
Terms to Calculate Earthquake Load
111
24
UBC Seismic Zones
Table 16-I
Seismic Zone Factor
Seismic Zone Z
4 0.4
3 0.3
2B 0.2
2A 0.15
1 0.075
112
25
Table 16-1
Seismic Zone Factor
• Accounts for geographical variations in

expected levels of earthquake ground
shaking
• Seismic zone map (Fig 16-2) estimates
effective peak horizontal acceleration on rock
with a 10 percent probability of being
exceeded in a 50-year period
• See Appendix 1A – Seismic Zone
Coefficient… in 1996 SEAOC “Blue Book”
Soil Profile Types / Site Classes
Soil Profile Soil Profile Description Site Class

Type
SA Hard Rock (east coast rock) A
SB Rock (west coast rock) B
SC Very Dense Soil and Soft Rock C
SD Stiff Soil Profile D
SE Soft Soil Profile E
Soil Requiring Site-Specific

SF F
Evaluation
113
26
Table 16-J – Soil Profile Types

Soil Soil Profile Average Soil Properties for Top 30,480 mm of
Profile Name/ Soil Profile
Type Generic Shear Wave Standard Penetration Undrained
Description velocity Test, N [or NCH for Shear
(m/sec) cohesionless soil Strength
layers] (blows/foot) (kPa)
SA Hard Rock > 1,500
SB Rock 760 to
1,500
SC Very Dense Soil 360 to 760 > 50 > 100
and Soft Rock
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
SE1 Soft Soil Profile < 180 < 15 < 50
SF Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See Section 1629.3.1.
Default Soil Profile Type
• Soil Profile Type SD must be used

when the soil properties are not known
in sufficient detail, unless the building
official determines that Soil Profile
Type SE or SF is likely to be present at
the site
114
27
Soil-Modification of Short-Period
Soil-Modification of Long-Period
115
28
SEISMIC GROUND MOTION AMPLIFICATION

DUE TO SOIL, Ca / Z (1997 UBC)
SOIL SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR - Z

PROFILE
Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.20 Z = 0.30 Z = 0.40
TYPE
SA 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Na
SB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Na
SC 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0Na
SD 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1Na
SE 2.5 2.0 1.7 2.2 0.9Na
SF * * * * *
* Site specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis

required
SEISMIC GROUND MOTION AMPLIFICATION

DUE TO SOIL, Cv / Z (1997 UBC)
SOIL SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR - Z

PROFILE
Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.20 Z = 0.30 Z = 0.40
TYPE
SA 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Nv
SB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Nv
SC 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4Nv
SD 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6Nv
SE 3.5 3.3 3.2 2.8 2.4Nv
SF * * * * *
* Site specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis

required
116
29
TABLE 16-S NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR Na

(1997 UBC)
Seismic Closest Distance to Known

Source Seismic Source
Type ≤ 2 km 5 km ≥ 10 km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
TABLE 16-T NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR Nv

(1997 UBC)
Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source

Source
Type ≤ 2 km 5 km 10 km ≥ 15 km
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
117
30
Design Spectrum

Procedure
118
31
Table 16-K
Occupancy Category
Occupancy Occupancy or Function of Seismic Seismic
Category Structure Importance Importance
Factor I Factor Ip
1. Essential Hospitals; Fire/Police 1.25 1.50
facilities Stations; Emergency
Shelters
2. Hazardous Dangerous Toxic or 1.25 1.50
facilities Explosive Substances
3. Special Public Assembly; 1.00 1.00
occupancy Schools; Day-Care
structures Centers; Nurseries;
Nursing Homes; Jails
4. Standard Hotels; Apartments; 1.00 1.00
occupancy Dwellings;
structures Wholesale/Retail; Office
Bldgs
5. Miscellaneous Factories; Private 1.00 1.00
structures Garages; Carports/Sheds 63
Seismic Importance Factor, I
• Used to amplify….design forces

as a means of controlling damage
and producing “enhanced”
performance in Occupancy
Categories 1 and 2
119
32
Minimum Design Base Shear

• All Seismic Zones
Vmin = 0.11 Ca I W 1997 UBC
Minimum Design Base Shear
• Seismic Zone 4
0.8ZNV I
Vmin = W 1997 UBC
R
120
33
Structure Period
Calculated by……
1) Approximate Formulae
2) Rational Analysis using

structural properties and
deformational characteristics
of resisting elements in a
properly substantiated
analysis
Approximate Period Formulae
Ta = CT (hn)3/4 1997 UBC (30-8)

Lateral Force Resisting System CT
Steel Moment Frames 0.0853
Concrete Moment Frames
Eccentrically Braced Steel 0.0731
Frames
All other buildings 0.0488
121
34
Approximate Period Formula

(Optional – 1997 UBC )
For structures with concrete or masonry shear

walls,
Ct = 0.0743/√Ac
Ac = ΣAe[0.2 + (De/hn)2]
Replaced by a different formula in ASCE 7-05
ΣwΔ2
T = 2π
g ( FtΔt + ΣFΔ )
Rayleigh Formula
ΣwΔ2
T = 2π
g ( FtΔt + ΣFΔ )
(30-10)
70
122
35
Upper Limit on T by "Rational

Analysis"
1997 UBC
T ≤ 1.3 Ta, Zone 4
≤ 1.4 Ta, Zones 1,2,3
1997 UBC 1630.1.1 Effective Seismic

Weight
V = CSW
W = total dead load + ……
• Warehouses………………..…………..25% live
• Buildings with partitions……………….0.48 kN/m2
• Design snow load > 1.44 kN/m2………… ≥ 25% design snow load **
• Permanent equipment…………………100% dead
** UBC leaves this up to local jurisdictions
123
36
IBC vs. UBC

Vertical Force Distribution
1997 UBC
w xh x
Fx = (V - Ft )
∑ wh
where
T ≤ 0.7 sec....Ft = 0
T > 0.7 sec....Ft = 0.07TV ≤ 0.25V
Vertical Force Distribution

1997 UBC
124
37
125
38
1997 UBC 1630.6 Horizontal

Distribution of Forces
• Rigid diaphragms
» Seismic story shear is to be distributed to
elements of seismic-force-resisting system
based on stiffness of vertical-resisting
elements
• Flexible diaphragms
» Seismic story shear is to be distributed to
elements of seismic-force-resisting system
based on tributary areas
Sec 1630.6
Diaphragm Flexibility
• Diaphragm considered flexible if… Max.

diaphragm deflection Δ > 2 (Average
story drift)
126
39
Sec 1630.6
Diaphragm Flexibility
• Compare midpoint in-plane deflection of
diaphragm (Δ) with average story drift of
adjoining vertical resisting elements
1997 UBC 1630.6 Horizontal

Distribution of Forces
• Torsion
» Torsional moment due to difference in location
of center of mass and center of resistance
must be considered for rigid diaphragms
• Accidental torsion
» For rigid diaphragms, must be included in
addition to the torsional moment
• Displacement of center of mass = 5% building dimension
perpendicular to direction of applied forces
127
40
Sec 1630.1.2
Modeling Requirements
“Accuracy of Results”
Mathematical model of physical structure to
include…
• All elements of lateral-force-resisting system
• All stiffness and strength significant to force
distribution…representation of spatial distribution of
mass and stiffness of structure
• Effects of “cracked sections” for concrete and
masonry
• Contribution of panel zone deformation to story drift
for steel moment frames
Even with new guidelines for structure

modeling…structure period (T) calculated by
“rational analysis” still RESTRICTED
1997 UBC 1630.9 Story Drift

Determination (Δ)
Lateral displacement of one level relative to
the next level above or below
128
41
Eh ΔS
1997 UBC 1630.10 Story Drift

Limitation
1997 UBC
Δx = ΔM,x - ΔM,x-1 ≤ Δa
where….
ΔM,x = 0.7R Δs,x
129
42
Allowable Story Drift (Δa )

1997 UBC
Δa = 0.020 hsx for T ≥ 0.7 sec.

= 0.025 hsx for T < 0.7 sec.
hsx = Story height below level x
REDUNDANCY
130
43
Redundancy
ρ = 1 in Seismic Zones 1 and 2
ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
131
44
Static vs. Dynamic Analysis (1997 UBC)
What 3 or 4
1
Seismic Is Bldg.
Zone? 1, 2, 3 Irregular
2
What Table 16-L
Occupancy 1, 2, 3?
4, 5 Table 16-K No
?
Is Yes
Yes Bldg. Height
< 73 m
Is No. of
No
Use Dynamic Analysis No Stories ≤ 5 and
Ht. ≤ 19.8 m
?
Yes
Use Static Analysis
Building Configuration
• Plan Structural Irregularities (1997 UBC
Table 16-M)
» Torsional irregularity
» Re-entrant corners
» Diaphragm discontinuity
» Out-of-plane offsets
» Nonparallel systems
132
45
Building Configuration
• Vertical Structural Irregularities (1997 UBC
Table 16-L)
» Stiffness irregularity – soft story
» Weight (mass) irregularity
» Vertical geometric irregularity
» In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting
elements
» Discontinuity in lateral strength – weak story
EXEMPTIONS FROM SEISMIC

DESIGN
133
46
1997 UBC Exemption from Seismic

Design
1629.1 … One- and two-family

dwellings in Seismic Zone 1 need
not conform to the provisions of
this section.
SIMPLIFIED STATIC LATERAL

FORCE PROCEDURE
134
47
1997 UBC Sec. 1629.8.2
• Applicable to following structures in

Occupancy Category 4 or 5:
» Buildings not more than 3 stories in
height excluding basements, that use
light-frame construction
» Other buildings not more than 2 stories in
height excluding basements
1997 UBC Sec. 1630.2.3.2
• Seismic Base Shear, V (Eq. 30-11):
V = 3.0 Ca W / R
135
48
1997 UBC Sec. 1630.2.3.3
• Vertical Distribution (Eq. 30-12)
Fx = 3.0 Ca wx / R
1997 UBC Sec. 1630.2.3.4
• Where used, ΔM shall be taken equal

to 0.01 times the story height of all
stories
136
49
137
50
Easy, Step-by-Step
Determination of
Design Base Shear
1997 UBC
138
1
1997 UBC Division IV: Earthquake

Section Title Design Page
1626 General 2-9
1627 Definitions 2-9
1628 Symbols and Notation 2-10
1629 Criteria Selection 2-11
1630 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related 2-13
Effects
1631 Dynamic Analysis Procedures 2-16
1632 Lateral Forces on Elements of Structures, 2-18
Nonstructural Components and Equipment
Supported by Structures
1633 Detailed Systems Design Requirements 2-19
1634 Nonbuilding Structures 2-21
What is Design Base Shear?
FR
F2
F1
"Base"
V
(Design Base Shear)
139
2
STEP 1:
DETERMINE SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR,
Z
Dubai: Seismic Zone 2A
UBC Seismic Zones
140
3
UBC Seismic Zones

Appendix Chapter 16
Division III: Seismic Zone Tabulation
Section 1653 – FOR AREAS OUTSIDE THE
U.S.
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi…..Zone 0
Dubai……..…Zone 0
7
STEP 1:
DETERMINE SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR,
Z
Seismic Zone Z
1 0.075
2A 0.15
2B 0.20
3 0.30
4 0.40
141
4
STEP 2:
DETERMINE IMPORTANCE
FACTOR, I (Table 16-K)
Occupancy Category Seismic Importance
Factor, I
Essential Facilities 1.25
Hazardous Facilities 1.25
Special Occupancy Structures 1.00
Standard Occupancy 1.00

Structures
Miscellaneous Structures 1.00
STEP 3:
DETERMINE IF STATIC FORCE
PROCEDURE is OK
CED – Structural Design Guidelines
VS.
1997 UBC
142
5
STEP 3:
PROCEDURE is OK
• CED Section 3.2
All structures and buildings exceeding 12

stories in height shall be analyzed by
employing Response Spectrum Analysis
STEP 3:
PROCEDURE is OK (97 UBC Section
1629.8)
What Seismic
Zone ? Does building have
an irregularity as
described in Item 1, 2
or 3 of Table 16-L ?
What
Occupancy ?
Table 16-K
Is
Building Height
< 73.2 m ?
Is No. of
Stories ≤ 5
USE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
and Ht ≤ 19.8 m ?
USE STATIC ANALYSIS
143
6
STEP 3:
PROCEDURE is OK
Irregularities in Items 1, 2 and 3
1. Stiffness Irregularity 2. Weight (Mass) 3. Vertical Geometric
- Soft Story Irregularity Irregularity
Heavy Mass
Stiff Resisting Elements
Soft
“Soft Story” Stiffness Story Mass > 150% Adjacent Story Dimension > 130% Adjacent
< 70% Story Stiffness Story Mass Story Dimension
Above or Exception: Lighter Roof is Exception: One-Story Penthouse
< 80% (Avg. Stiffness Acceptable Acceptable
of 3 Stories above)
STEP 4:
DETERMINE SOIL PROFILE TYPE
Section 1636 and Table 16-J
Soil Profile Type Soil Profile Description
SA Hard rock
SB Rock
SC Very dense soil and soft rock
SD Stiff soil profile
SE Soft soil profile
SF Soil requiring site-specific evaluation.
See UBC Section 1629.3.1.
144
7
STEP 4:
DETERMINE SOIL PROFILE TYPE
Section 1629.3
EXCEPTION: When the soil properties

are not known in sufficient detail to
determine the soil profile type, Type
SD shall be used….
STEP 5:
DETERMINE Ca and Cv
Ca
• Function of Z and Soil Profile Type
• Represents site-dependent effective
peak acceleration at grade.
• Used in base shear equation
145
8
STEP 5:
DETERMINE Ca and Cv
Response Spectrum
Spectral Acceleration
Ca
Period (T)
STEP 5:
DETERMINE Ca and Cv
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT Ca
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Type Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na
SF See Footnote 1
1 Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response
analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients
for Soil Profile Type SF.
146
9
STEP 5:
DETERMINE Ca and Cv
Cv
• Function of Z and Soil Profile Type
• Represents the value of acceleration
response at a 1.0 second period.
• Cv is significantly > Z for soft soil
sites.
STEP 5:
DETERMINE Ca and Cv
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Spectral Acceleration
Cv
T = 1.0 second
Period (T)
147
10
STEP 5:
DETERMINE Ca and Cv
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT CV
Type Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Na
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Na
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Na
SF See Footnote 1
1Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response
analysis shall be performed to determine seismic
coefficients for Soil Profile Type SF.
STEP 6:
DETERMINE BUILDING PERIOD, T
Section 1630.2.2:
T = Ct (hn) ¾
148
11
STEP 6:
DETERMINE BUILDING PERIOD, T
Structural System Ct
Steel moment resisting frames 0.0835
Reinforced concrete moment resisting frame 0.0731
and eccentrically braced frames
All other systems 0.0488*
*C for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls may

t
alternatively be computed using UBC formula (30-9).
Alternative methods for calculating the period of a structure are found
in UBC Section 1630.2.2. Periods may be computed by any rational
procedure that is in conformance with the principles of mechanics.
Rationally computed period may not be taken any larger than 1.3 times
the period given by the above formula in Zone 4, or 1.4 times the
period obtained from the above formula in Zones 1, 2 and 3.
STEP 7:
DETERMINE SYSTEM RESPONSE
FACTOR, R
Table 16-N: STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1. Bearing Wall System
2. Building Frame System
3. Moment-Resisting Frame System
4. Dual System
5. Cantilevered Column Building System
6. Shear Wall-Frame Interaction System
7. Undefined System
149
12
STEP 7:
FACTOR, R
Bearing Wall Building Frame Moment-Resisting
System System Frame System
Gravity Loads
Gravity Loads Gravity Loads Lateral
Lateral Lateral
Forces Forces Forces
Stiff Resisting Elements… Stiff Resisting Elements…

Shearwalls or Braced Frames Shearwalls or Braced Frames
STEP 7:
FACTOR, R
Dual System Cantilevered Column Shear Wall-Frame
Building System Interaction System
Gravity Loads
Lateral
Gravity Loads
Lateral Forces
Forces
Stiff Resisting Elements… Zero Moment Fixed Concrete only

Shearwalls or Braced Restraint Base
Frames (See Section
1629.6.5 for requirements)
150
13
STEP 8:
Calculate W
Seismic Dead Load, W, per Section
1630.1.1:
Description Load
Warehouses 25% Live Load
Buildings with Min. 0.48 kN/m2
Partitions
Snow Load > 1.44 kN/m2, include
Permanent Equipment 100% Dead Load
STEP 9:
Calculate Design Base Shear
Section 1630.2…
Description and Equation Equation No.
“Long Period” Structures: 30-4
C I
V= v W
RT
“Short Period” Structures: 30-5
2.5 C a I
V = W
R
Design Base Shear Minimum: 30-6
V = 0.11 Ca I W
151
14
STEP 9:
Calculate Design Base Shear
“Short period” Design Response Spectrum
structures
“Long period”
structures 2.5 C a I
V= W
R
Design Base shear
Cv I
V= W
RT
Vmin
Cv
Ts =
2.5 C a
Ts Period (T)
STEP 10:
Distribute Design Base Shear
Section 1630.5
w x hx When T ≤ 0.7 sec, Ft = 0
Fx = (V − Ft )
∑ wi hi When T > 0.7 sec, Ft = 0.07TV ≤ 0.25V
Ft = 0.07TV n
Fx x wx
hn
hx
152
15
EXAMPLE
SKGA California Office Relocated

to Dubai, “Regular”
Plan Dimension of Example Building
9.14 m
7.62 m
153
16
Elevation of Office
3
2.74 m
2
2.74 m
1
2.74 m
Design Data
Dubai (Seismic Zone: 2A)
154
17
EXAMPLE: Step 1
Step 1: Determine Seismic Zone Factor
Z = 0.15 (Seismic Zone: 2A)
EXAMPLE: Step 2
Step 2: Determine Importance Factor
I = 1.0 (Standard Occupancy Structure

in Table 16-K)
155
18
EXAMPLE: Step 3
Step 3: Determine If Static Procedure is OK
What Seismic
Zone ? Does building have
an irregularity as
described in Item 1, 2
or 3 of Table 16-L ?
What
Occupancy ?
Table 16-K
Is
Building Height
< 73.2 m ?
Is No. of
Stories ≤ 5
USE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
and Ht ≤ 19.8 m ?
USE STATIC ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE: Step 4
Step 4: Determine Soil Profile Type
Assume SD Soil (Stiff Soil Profile)
156
19
EXAMPLE: Step 5
Step 5: Determine Ca and Cv
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT Ca
Type Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4

SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na
SF See Footnote 1
EXAMPLE: Step 5
Step 5: Determine Ca and Cv
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT CV
Type Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4

SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Na
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Na
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Na
SF See Footnote 1
157
20
EXAMPLE: Step 6
Step 6: Determine Building Period T
9.14 m
7.62 m 0.2 m
0.2 m
EXAMPLE: Step 6
Direction 1:
Direction of lateral seismic load is parallel to the longer
dimension of the shear wall (9.14 m)
ΣAe = 9.14 × 0.2 × 2 + (7.62-0.4) ×0.2 ×2 = 6.54 m2

De = 9.14 (the length of a shear wall in loading direction)
De/hn = 9.14 / 8.22 = 1.11 > 0.9, therefore De/hn = 0.9
Ac = ΣAe [0.2 + (De/hn)2] = 6.54 × [0.2+0.92] = 6.61 m2
Ct = 0.0743 / Ac0.5 = 0.0743 / (6.61)0.5 = 0.0289
T = Ct (hn)0.75 = 0.0289 × (8.22)0.75 = 0.14 sec
158
21
EXAMPLE: Step 6
Direction 2:
Direction of lateral seismic load is parallel to the shorter
dimension of the shear wall (7.62 m)
ΣAe = 9.14 × 0.2 × 2 + (7.62-0.4) ×0.2 ×2 = 6.54 m2
De = 7.62 (the length of a shear wall in loading direction)
De/hn = 7.62 / 8.22 = 0.927 > 0.9, therefore De/hn = 0.9
Ac = ΣAe [0.2 + (De/hn)2] = 6.54 × [0.2+0.92] = 6.61 m2
Ct = 0.0743 / Ac0.5 = 0.0743 / (6.61)0.5 = 0.0289
T = Ct (hn)0.75 = 0.0289 × (8.22)0.75 = 0.14 sec
Therefore, T = 0.14 sec in both directions
EXAMPLE: Step 7
Step 7: Determine System Response Factor
Basic Structural Lateral-Force-Resisting System Description R
Systems
1. Bearing Wall System 1. Light-framed walls with shear panels
Gravity Load a. Wood Structural panel walls for structures three stories or less 5.5
Lateral
Forces b. All other light-framed walls 4.5
2. Shear walls
a. Concrete 4.5
b. Masonry 4.5
3. Light steel-framed bearing walls with tension-only bracing 2.8
4. Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load
Stiff Resisting Elements… a. Steel 4.4
Shearwalls or
Braced Frames b. Concrete 2.8
c. Heavy timber 2.8
159
22
EXAMPLE: Step 8
Step 8: Calculate W
Level Story weight, wx (kN)
3 (Roof) 510
2 681
1 681
Σ 1872
EXAMPLE: Step 9
Step 9: Calculate design base shear
Ts = Cv/(2.5 × Ca) = 0.32/(2.5 × 0.22)
= 0.582 sec > T (= 0.14 sec)
Vmin = 0.11 ×Ca × I × W

= 0.11 × 0.22 ×1.0 × 1872 = 45.3 kN
V = (2.5 × Ca × I)/R × W
= (2.5 × 0.22 ×1.0)/4.5 × 1872 = 228.8 kN > Vmin
160
23
Seismic Design Forces

Step 10: Distribute design base shear
Story hx (m) wx (kN) hxwx Fx (kN)

(m-kN)
3 (Roof) 8.22 510.0 4192.2 97.97
2 5.48 681.0 3731.9 87.22
1 2.74 681.0 1865.9 43.61
Σ 1872.0 9790.0 228.8
Fx = (wxhx)/(Σwihi) × V when T ≤ 0.7 sec
EXAMPLE: Step 10
97.97 kN 3
87.22 kN 2
43.61 kN 1
161
24
Computation of Design Seismic

Forces

Palatine, IL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m
A
6.71 m 6.71 m
B N
C
6.71 m
162
1

12
11
10
11 @ 3.66 m = 40.26 m 9
2
4.88 m
Design Data
Dubai (Seismic Zone 2A)
163
2
Design Data
• Service Loads
floor = 2394 N/m2

roof = 478.8 N/m2 + 889.64 KN for
penthouse
Design Data
• Seismic Design Data

Zone 2A: Z = 0.15
Soil Profile Type: SD (stiff soil profile; UBC
Table 16-J)
For Occupancy Category 4, I = 1.0 (UBC
Table 16-K)
164
3
Design Data
Slab: 205 mm
Beams: 560 × 560 mm
Values of Ca as Function of Soil Profile

Type and Z (Table 16-Q)
Soil Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Profile
Type Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na
SF See Footnote 1
1:Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic
165
4
Values of Cv as Function of Soil Profile

Type and Z (Table 16-R)
Soil Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Profile
Type Z = 0.075 Z = 0.15 Z = 0.2 Z = 0.3 Z = 0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Nv
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Nv
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Nv
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Nv
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1
1:Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic
Seismic Forces
The equivalent lateral force procedure of 1997 UBC Section
1630.2 is used to compute the seismic base shear. In a given
direction, V is determined by UBC Eqs. 30-4 – 30-7:
V = Cs W
where Cs is the seismic response coefficient determined in

accordance with UBC 1630.2.1 and W is the total dead load of
the structure and applicable portions of other loads as
indicated in UBC 1630.1.1. For the member sizes and
superimposed dead loads, W = 121,107 kN.
166
5
Seismic Forces in N-S Direction
In the N-S direction, a dual system is utilized.

As a minimum, the dual system must have
intermediate reinforced concrete moment
frames and ordinary reinforced concrete shear
walls in a building in Zone 2A. For this system,
the response modification coefficient R = 6.5
(see UBC Table 16-N).

• Approximate period (Ta)
The fundamental period of the building T is determined in
accordance with UBC 1630.2.2. In lieu of a more exact
analysis, an approximate fundamental period Ta is
computed by UBC Eq. 30-8 for the dual system:
Building height hn = 45.14 m

Approximate period parameter Ct = 0.0488 (1630.2.2 Method
A)
Period Ta = Cthn3/4 = 0.0488 × (45.14)3/4 = 0.85 sec
No further refinement of the period is made in this example.
167
6
• Seismic base shear (V)

The seismic response coefficient Cs is
determined by UBC Eq. 30-4:
Cs = CvI / RT
= 0.32x1 / (6.5x0.85)
= 0.058
The value of Cs need not exceed that from UBC

Eq. 30-5:
Cs = 2.5CaI / R = 2.5x0.22 / 6.5 = 0.085
Also, Cs shall not be less than the value given by

UBC Eq. 30-6:
Cs = 0.11CaI = 0.024
168
7
Thus, the value of Cs from UBC Eq. 30-4

governs and the base shear in the N-S
direction is:
V = 0.058 W = 0.058 × 121,107

= 7024 kN

• Vertical distribution of seismic forces
The total base shear is distributed over the height of the building
in conformance with UBC Eqs. 30-14 and 30-15:
w h
Fx = ( V − Ft ) n x x
∑ w ihi
i=1
where Fx is the lateral force induced at level x, wx and wi are the
portions of W assigned to levels x or i.
Ft = 0.07TV ≤ 0.25 V for T > 0.7 sec
Concentrated force Ft is applied at the top floor and accounts for

the higher mode effects in tall buildings
169
8
For T = 0.85 sec, Ft = 0.07x0.85x7024.2 = 418 kN
V – Ft = 7024 - 418 = 6606 kN

Seismic Forces and Story Shears in N-S Direction
Story
Height, Lateral Force, Story Shear,
Level Weights, wx wxhx
hx (m) Fx+Ft (kN) Vx (kN)
(kN)
12.00 9261.20 45.14 417,776 1336 1336
11.00 10146.39 41.45 420,596 924 2261
10.00 10146.39 37.80 383,485 843 3104
9.00 10146.39 34.14 346,373 761 3866
8.00 10146.39 30.48 309,262 680 4546
7.00 10146.39 26.82 272,150 598 5144
6.00 10146.39 23.16 235,039 516 5661
5.00 10146.39 19.51 197,927 435 6096
4.00 10146.39 15.85 160,816 353 6450
3.00 10146.39 12.19 123,704 272 6722
2.00 10146.39 8.53 86,593 190 6912
1.00 10382.15 4.88 50,631 111 7024
Σ 121107 3,004,357 7024
170
9
Seismic Forces in E-W Direction
In the E-W direction, a moment-resisting

frame system is utilized. As a minimum,
this must be an intermediate reinforced
concrete moment frame in a building in
Zone 2A. For this system, the response
modification coefficient R = 5.5 (UBC Table
16-N).

• Approximate period (Ta)
The fundamental period of the building T is determined in
accordance with UBC 1630.2.2. In lieu of a more exact
analysis, an approximate fundamental period Ta is
computed by UBC Eq. 30-8 for the intermediate RC moment
frame:
Building height hn = 45.14 m

Approximate period parameter Ct = 0.0731
Period Ta = Cthn3/4 = 0.0731 × (45.14)3/4 = 1.27 sec
No further refinement of the period is made in this example.
171
10
• Seismic base shear (V)

The seismic response coefficient Cs is
determined by UBC Eq. 30-4:
Cs = CvI / RT
= 0.32x1 / (5.5x1.27)
= 0.05
The value of Cs need not exceed that from UBC

Eq. 30-5:
Cs = 2.5CaI / R = 2.5x0.22 / 5.5 = 0.10
Also, Cs shall not be less than the value given by

UBC Eq. 30-6:
Cs = 0.11CaI = 0.024
172
11
Thus, the value of Cs from UBC Eq. 30-4

governs and the base shear in the E-W
direction is:
V = 0.05 W = 0.05 × 121107

= 6055 kN

The total base shear is distributed over the height of the building
in conformance with UBC Eqs. 30-14 and 30-15:
w h
Fx = ( V − Ft ) n x x
∑ w ihi
i=1
where Fx is the lateral force induced at level x, wx and wi are the
portions of W assigned to levels x or i.
Ft = 0.07TV ≤ 0.25 V for T > 0.7 sec
Concentrated force Ft is applied at the top floor and accounts for

the higher mode effects in tall buildings
173
12
For T = 1.27 sec, Ft = 0.07x1.27x6055.35 = 538 kN
V – Ft = 6055 – 538 = 5517 kN

Seismic Forces and Story Shears in E-W Direction
Story Height,
Lateral Force, Story Shear,
Level Weights, hx wxhx Fx+Ft (kN) Vx (kN)
wx (kN) (m)
12.00 9261.20 45.14 417,776 1305 1305
11.00 10146.39 41.45 420,596 772 2077
10.00 10146.39 37.80 383,485 704 2782
9.00 10146.39 34.14 346,373 636 3418
8.00 10146.39 30.48 309,262 567 3986
7.00 10146.39 26.82 272,150 499 4485
6.00 10146.39 23.16 235,039 431 4917
5.00 10146.39 19.51 197,927 363 5280
4.00 10146.39 15.85 160,816 295 5576
3.00 10146.39 12.19 123,704 227 5803
2.00 10146.39 8.53 86,593 159 5962
1.00 10382.15 4.88 50,631 92 6055
Σ 121107 3,004,357 6055
174
13
Method of Analysis
A three-dimensional analysis of the building was performed in the N-
S and E-W directions for the seismic forces using SAP2000. In the
model, rigid diaphragms were assigned at each floor level, and rigid-
end offsets were defined at the ends of the horizontal members so
that results were automatically obtained at the faces of the supports.
The stiffness properties of the members were input assuming
cracked sections. The following cracked section properties were
used:
Beams: Ieff = 0.5 Ig

Columns: Ieff = 0.7 Ig
Shear walls: Ieff = 0.5 Ig
where Ig is the gross moment of inertia of the section. P-delta effect

were also considered in the analysis.
Method of Analysis
In accordance with UBC 1630.6, the center of
mass was displaced each way from its actual
location a distance equal to 5 percent of the
building dimension perpendicular to the
applied forces to account for accidental
torsion in seismic design.
175
14
Method of Analysis
In a dual system, an additional safeguard is
provided by requiring that moment-resisting
frames be capable of resisting at least 25% of
the design forces without the benefit of shear
walls (UBC 1629.6.5). Thus, the building was
also analyzed in the N-S direction using 25% of
the design forces without the shear walls
present, including torsional effects.
Method of Analysis
Results of 3-D Analysis under Seismic Force in E-W Direction for
Frame C
12 51 -48 68 -67 64 -64 65 12 14 19 18 18
11 91 -90 112 -112 110 -110 110 11 25 31 30 30
10 137 -135 156 -156 153 -153 153 10 37 43 42 42
9 179 -176 197 -196 194 -194 194 9 49 54 53 53
8 217 -213 233 -233 231 -229 231 8 59 64 64 63
7 250 -246 266 -265 263 -263 263 7 68 73 72 72
6 280 -276 294 -294 291 -291 291 6 76 81 80 80
5 306 -301 317 -317 315 -315 315 5 83 87 87 87
4 328 -323 337 -337 335 -335 335 4 89 93 92 92
3 345 -339 351 -350 349 -348 349 3 94 97 96 96
2 353 -348 357 -357 356 -356 356 2 96 98 98 98
1 355 -347 348 -348 347 -347 347 1 96 96 95 95
Bending Moment in Beams (m-kN) Shear Forces in Beams (kN)
176
15
Method of Analysis
Results of 3-D Analysis under Seismic Force in E-W Direction for Frame C
12 -51 -84 -129 -127 12 12

-6 22 39 38 15 34 54 53 13 11 -1 0.0
11 -90 -118 -167 -166 11 11
22 56 81 78 36 56 80 79 38 22 -1 0.0
10 -103 -145 -205 -204 10 10
43 88 125 124 47 75 107 106 75 23 -2 0.0
9 -120 -170 -237 -236 9 9
65 118 165 164 60 93 130 129 124 18 -3 0.0
8 -133 -191 -265 -264 8 8
85 146 201 200 70 109 150 150 182 9 -3 0.0
7 -144 -210 -289 -288 7 7
103 170 233 232 80 123 169 168 250 -6 -4 0.0
6 -154 -225 -309 -308 6 6
118 192 262 261 88 135 184 184 327 -25 -5 0.0
5 -162 -238 -325 -324 5 5
134 210 287 285 95 145 197 197 410 -50 -5 0.0
4 -167 -247 -336 -335 4 4
144 227 308 307 100 153 208 207 499 -79 -6 0.0
3 -171 -252 -340 -340 3 3
165 243 326 326 109 160 215 215 593 -114 -6 0.0
2 -159 -246 -333 -333 2 2
157 256 351 351 102 162 221 221 689 -154 -6 0.0
1 -158 -207 -286 -286 1 1
517 537 747 747 147 162 225 225 786 -211 -7 0.0
Bending Moment in Shear Forces in Axial Forces in

Method of Analysis
Results of 3-D Analysis under Seismic Force in N-S Direction for
Frame 4
12 109 18 -104 -17 118 26 12 35 6 39 9
11 145 33 -142 -33 160 42 11 47 11 53 14
10 147 48 -144 -47 161 56 10 48 16 53 19
9 155 63 -152 -62 168 71 9 51 21 56 24
8 161 76 -158 -75 173 84 8 53 26 57 29
7 165 88 -162 -86 176 95 7 54 29 58 32
6 166 98 -162 -96 175 104 6 54 33 58 36
5 162 107 -159 -105 170 112 5 53 36 56 38
4 153 114 -150 -112 159 118 4 50 38 53 41
3 138 119 -135 -117 142 123 3 45 40 47 42
2 115 122 -113 -121 118 125 2 38 41 39 43
1 84 122 -81 -119 84 120 1 27 41 28 41
Bending Moment in Beams (m-kN) Shear Forces in Beams (kN)

Italic denotes results with 25% of design base shear applied to the frame.
177
16
Method of Analysis
Results of 3-D Analysis under Seismic Force in N-S Direction for
Frame 4
12 -105 -18 -214 -42 12 12
67 1 147 15 56 9 117 20 35 6 4 2
11 -65 -28 -132 -51 11 11
61 9 131 27 41 13 85 27 83 17 10 5
10 -76 -34 -156 -65 10 10
67 16 143 42 46 17 96 38 131 34 15 7
9 -77 -39 -158 -76 9 9
71 23 150 55 48 22 99 46 181 55 21 10
8 -79 -43 1-61 -86 8 8
76 29 157 67 50 26 103 54 234 80 26 13
7 -79 -47 -156 -94 7 7
79 35 162 78 51 29 104 60 288 110 30 15
6 -75 -50 -155 -100 6 6
82 40 164 87 50 32 103 66 342 143 34 17
5 -69 -53 -144 -106 5 5
82 45 162 95 49 34 99 71 395 179 38 19
4 -59 -54 -128 -110 4 4
81 49 156 103 45 36 92 74 445 217 41 21
3 -47 -55 -104 -110 3 3
77 54 143 106 40 38 80 76 490 257 43 23
2 -29 -53 -74 -112 2 2
70 54 130 121 32 38 66 82 528 298 44 24
1 -9 -50 -27 -91 1 1
81 149 120 217 20 45 32 69 555 339 45 24
Bending Moment in Shear Forces in Axial Forces in

Results of 3-D Analysis under Seismic Forces in N-S

Direction for Wall on Column Line 7
Axial Forces Bending Moment (m – kN) Shear Force
Level (kips) (kN)
Top Bottom
12 0 1296 -3611 632
11 0 5060 -4047 277
10 0 5530 -3273 617
9 0 4818 -1103 1016
8 0 2694 2286 1362
7 0 -672 6841 1686
6 0 -5236 12,523 1992
5 0 -10,970 19,335 2287
4 0 -17,886 27,309 2576
3 0 -26,029 36,538 2873
2 0 -35,502 47,057 3159
1 0 -46,345 63,925 3605
178
17
Story Drift and P-Delta Effects
• Story drift determination
ΔM = 0.7RΔs
Story Drift = ΔM(x) - ΔM(x-1)

Lateral Displacements and Interstory Drifts due to Seismic Forces
in N-S and E-W Directions
N-S Direction E-W Direction

Story
Story Story
Δs ΔM Δs ΔM
Drift Drift
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
12 71.1 323.5 26.8 147.3 567.2 15.4
11 65.2 296.7 28.7 143.3 551.8 23.5
10 58.9 268.0 30.0 137.2 528.2 31.1
9 52.3 238.0 30.9 129.1 497.1 38.2
8 45.5 207.0 31.4 119.2 458.9 44.2
7 38.6 175.6 31.9 107.7 414.7 49.7
6 31.6 143.8 31.4 94.8 365.0 54.2
5 24.7 112.4 29.6 80.7 310.8 58.2
4 18.2 82.8 27.3 65.6 252.6 61.2
3 12.2 55.5 23.7 49.7 191.4 63.6
2 7 31.9 18.2 33.2 127.8 63.1
1 3 13.7 13.7 16.8 64.7 64.7
179
18
The design story drifts must not exceed the

allowable story drift from 1997 UBC 1630.10.2 -
for Occupancy Category II, Δa = 0.020hsx where
hsx is the story height below level x. Thus, for
the 12-ft story heights, Δa = 0.020 × 3.66 × 1000 =
73.2 mm, and for the 4.88-m story height at the
first level, Δa = 97.5 mm. It is evident the limits
are satisfied in both directions.
• P-delta effects
As noted above, P-delta effects were

automatically considered in the analysis
using SAP2000. The provisions of P-delta
effects are given in 1997 UBC 1630.1.3.
180
19
181
20
Seismic Details for

Reinforced Concrete Buildings
in Moderate Seismic Applications

Palatine, IL
ACI 318-05 Chapter 21
Applicability of Requirements
182
1
Flexural Members
Beams of Intermediate Moment Frames –

Longitudinal Reinforcement
ρmin = 0.25√f’c/fy, 1.4/fy
εt ≥ 0.004
M-n,r
M-n,l
Sect. 7.13
M+n,l ≥ M-n,l/3 M+n,r ≥ M-n,r/3
M-n or M+n ≥ (max. Mn at either joint)/5
(10.3.5, 10.5.1, 21.12.4.1)
183
2
Beams of Intermediate Moment Frames–

Transverse Reinforcement
d/4
8 × smallest long. bar dia.
s≤
24 × hoop bar dia.
≤ 50 300 mm
mm Hoops Stirrups
h
≥ 2h
s ≤ d/2
Trans. reinf. based on Mn

and factored tributary gravity load
(21.12.3, 21.12.4.2, 21.12.4.3)
Hoop Reinforcement
(≥ 75 mm)
(21.3.3.6)
184
3
Intermediate Moment Frames –

Two-way Slabs
h = slab thickness
½ Middle strip
All reinforcement necessary

Column strip c2 c2 + 3h to resist Ms to be placed in
column strip
½ Middle strip
Reinforcement necessary to resist γfMs

As ≥
Reinforcement in column strip/2
Note: Applies to both top and bottom reinforcement
(21.12.6)
185
4
Banded Column Strip Reinforcement
Longitudinal Reinforcement in
21.10.6.5, 21.10.6.7
Column - of Slab
Strip
186
5
Longitudinal Reinforcement in Middle

Strip of Slab
21.12.6.8 – Shear Strength of Two-

Way Slabs without Beams in
Intermediate Moment Frames
• Slab-column frames are susceptible to
punching-shear failures during
earthquakes if the shear stresses due to
gravity loads are high
187
6

• At the critical sections for columns
defined in 11.12.1.2, two-way shear
caused by factored gravity loads shall
not exceed 0.4φVc, where Vc shall be
calculated as defined in 11.12.2.1 for
nonprestressed slabs and 11.12.2.2
for prestressed slabs

• It shall be permitted to waive this
requirements if the contribution of the
earthquake-induced factored two-way
shear stress transferred by eccentricity of
shear in accordance with 11.12.6.1 and
11.12.6.2 at the point of maximum stress
does not exceed one-half of the stress φVn
permitted by 11.12.6.2
188
7
Members Subjected to Bending

and Axial Load
Columns of Intermediate Moment

Frames– Transverse Reinforcement
h1
Hoops
Joint reinf.
≤ so/2 per 11.11.2
lo h2
Trans. reinf. based on Mn and

factored tributary gravity load
8 × smallest long. bar dia.

24 × hoop bar dia.
so ≤
0.5 × min. (h1 or h2)
300 mm
Larger of h1 or h2
lo ≥ Clear span/6
s to conform to 7.10 and 11.5.5.1
450 mm
(21.12.3, 21.12.5)
189
8
190
9
Design of Typical Structural

Members

Palatine, IL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m 7.92 m
A
6.71 m 6.71 m
B N
C
6.71 m
191
1

12
11
10
11 @ 3.66 m = 40.26 m 9
2
4.88 m
Design Data
Dubai (Seismic Zone 2A)
192
2
Design Data
• Service Loads
floor = 2394 N/m2

roof = 478.8 N/m2 + 889.64 KN for
penthouse
Design Data
• Seismic Design Data

Zone 2A: Z = 0.15
Soil Profile Type: SD (stiff soil profile; UBC
Table 16-J)
For Occupancy Category 4, I = 1.0 (UBC
Table 16-K)
193
3
Design Data
Slab: 205 mm
Beams: 560 × 560 mm
Load Combination
The seismic load effect E for use in the basic strength
design load combinations is the combined effect of
horizontal and vertical earthquake-induced forces. The E for
use in Eq. (9-5) is computed by UBC Eq. 30-1:
E = ρEh + Ev
where
Eh = effect of horizontal seismic forces
Ev = effect of vertical seismic forces
ρ = redundancy factor
= 1.0 for structures in Seismic Zones 1 and 2
194
4
Load Combination
where the effects of gravity and seismic

ground motion are additive:
E = ρ Eh + 0.5 Ca I D
Load Combination
Similarly, where the effects of gravity and

seismic ground motion counteract:
E = Eh - Ev = ρ Eh - 0.5 Ca I D
195
5
Load Combination
Substituting Ca = 0.22 and ρ = 1.0 into the

equations for E, and then substituting E into
Eqs. (12-5) and (12-6) above results in the
following:
U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0Eh + (0.5 × 0.22)D

= 1.31D + 0.5L + Eh
U = 0.9D +1.0 Eh - (0.5 × 0.22)D = 0.79D + Eh
Beam C4 – C5
Summary of Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for
Beam C4-C5 at the Second Floor Level (SDC C)
Bending Shear
Load Case Location Moment (m-kN) Force (kN)
Dead (D) Support -137.6 104.3
Midspan 94.6
Live (L) Support -37.0 28.0
Midspan 25.4
Wind (W) Support ± 33 ± 2.8
Seismic (QE) support ± 356 ± 98.0
196
6
Beam C4 – C5
Summary of Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Beam C4-C5
at the Second Floor Level (SDC C)
Load Location Bending Moment Shear Force

combination (m –KN) (KN)
1.4D Support -192.6 146.0
Midspan 132.4
1.2D + 1.6L Support -224.3 167.0
Midspan 154.2
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.8W Support -251 172
1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W Support -236 144
0.9D – 1.6W Support -71 89
1.31D + 0.5L + QE Support -555 249
0.79D - QE Support 247 -16
Beam C4 – C5
1. Flexural design
The factored axial load on the member, which
is negligible, is less than Agfc’/10; thus, the
provisions of ACI 21.12.4 for beams must be
satisfied.
All other applicable provisions in Chapters 1
through 18 of ACI 318-05 are to be satisfied as
well.
197
7
Beam C4 – C5
Minimum flexural reinforcement:
0.25 fc′ b w d 0.25 30 × 560 × 495 2

A s, min = = = 914 mm
fy 415
1.4b w d 1.4 × 560 × 495 2

= = = 935 mm (governs)
fy 415
Beam C4 – C5
Maximum flexural reinforcement:
0.85β1fc′ b w d 0.003
A =
s, max fy 0.003 + 0.004
0.85 × 0.85 × 30 × 560 × 495 0.003

= ×
415 0.007
2
= 6204 mm
198
8
Beam C4 – C5
Required Flexural Reinforcement for Beam C4-C5 at the
Second Floor Level (SDC C)
Location Mu As (mm2) Reinforcement φ Mn

(m-kN) (m-kN)
Support - 461.4 3235 5 – No 29 541
1161 3 - No 22 207
Midspan 154.2 1161 3 - No 22 207
Beam C4 – C5
ACI 21.12.4.1: the positive moment

strength at the face of the joint be greater
than or equal to 33% of the negative
moment strength at that location. This is
satisfied, since 207 m-KN > 541/3 = 180.3
m-KN.
199
9
Beam C4 – C5
The negative or positive moment strength at any
section along the length of the member must be
greater than or equal to 20% of the maximum
moment strength provided at the face of either joint.
541/5 = 108.2 m-KN

Providing 2- No. 29 bars ( = 230 m-KN) or 2- No. 22
bars ( = 140 m-KN) satisfies this provision.
Minimum of 2 – No. 29 bars (= 1294 mm2) or 3 – No.

22 bars (= 1161 mm2) must be provided to satisfy
minimum reinforcement requirement of ACI 10.5
Beam C4 – C5
2. Shear design
Shear demand from nominal flexural capacity
Vu = (541 + 207) / 7.26 = 103.03 kN
Shear demand from gravity load
Wu =1.31wD + 0.5wL
= 1.31 × 28.724 + 0.5 × 7.721 = 41.49 kN/m
Vu = wuln / 2 = (41.49 × 7.26) / 2 = 150.61 kN
Vu = 103.03 + 150.61 = 253.64 kN
200
10
Beam C4 – C5
The nominal shear strength provided by
concrete (Vc)
Vc = 0.17 × (fc’)0.5 × bw × d Eq. (11-3)

= 0.17 × (30)0.5 × 560 × 495 / 1000 = 258.1 kN
Beam C4 – C5
Vu (= 253.6 KN) > φVc (0.75 ×258.1 = 193.6 kN)
Provide shear reinforcement in accordance with

ACI 11.5.6. Assuming No. 10 hoops, the required
spacing s is determined by Eq. (11-15):
s = (Av × fy × d) / Vs
= (142 ×415 ×495) / (253,600/0.75 –258,100)
= 364.5 mm
201
11
Beam C4 – C5
ACI 21.12.4.2: the maximum spacing of hoops over
the length 2h = 2 × 560 = 1120 mm from the face of
the support at each end of the member is the
smallest of the following:
(1) d / 4 = 495 / 4 = 123.8 mm (governs)

(2) 8 (diameter of smallest longitudinal bar)
= 8 × 22.2 = 177.6 mm
(3) 24 (diameter of hoop bar) = 24 × 9.5 = 228 mm
(4) 305 mm
Beam C4 – C5
Use 10-No. 10 hoops at each end of the beam
spaced at 120 mm on center with the first
stirrup located 50 mm from the face of the
support.
For the remainder of the beam, the maximum

stirrup spacing is d / 2 = 247.5 (ACI 21.12.4.3).
Use No. 10 stirrups @ 240 mm for the
remainder of the beam.
202
12
Beam C4 – C5
660 mm 660 mm
1830 mm 5-No.29 5-No.29 5-No.29
560 mm
3-No.22
50 mm No.10 hoops @ 240mm
10-No.10 hoops @ 120mm

7264 mm
Design of Column C4 at 2nd Floor

Axial Force Bending Moment Shear Force
Load Case
(kips) (ft-kips) (kips)
Dead (D) 4699 0 0
Live (L) (reduced) 554 0 0
E-W 0 ± 33 ± 6.6
Wind (W)
N-S ± 3.0 ± 41 ± 6.9
Seismic (QE) E-W ± 0.1 ± 351 ± 221
Load Combination
1.4D 6579 0 0
1.2D + 1.6L 6525 0 0
E-W 6525 26 5
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.8W
N-S 6528 33 6
E-W 5916 53 11
1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W
N-S 5921 66 11
E-W 4229 -53 -11
0.9D – 1.6W
N-S 4224 -66 -11
1.31D + 0.5L + Eh 6433 351 221
0.79D – Eh 3712 -351 -221
203
13
Design of Column C4
Design for Axial Force and Bending
Based on the governing load combinations in the
table, a 660 × 660 mm column with 12-No. 32 bars
(ρg = 2.25%) is adequate for column C4 supporting
the second floor level. The interaction diagram for
this column is given below. Slenderness effects need
not be considered, since P-delta effects were
included in the analysis. Also, the provided
reinforcement ratio is within the allowable range of
1% and 8% (ACI 10.9.1).
Design of Column C4
16000
14000
12000
Axial Force (kN)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Bending Moment (m-kN)
204
14
Design of Column C4
ACI 7.6.3 requires that the clear distance between
longitudinal bars shall not be less than
1.5db = 1.5 × 32.3 = 48.5 mm
nor 40mm. In this case, assuming No. 10 hoops and

ties, the clear distance is equal to the following:
⎛ 32.3 ⎞
660 − 2⎜ 40 + 9.5 + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
− 32.3 = 143.9 mm > 48.5 mm O.K.
3
Design of Column C4
Design for Shear
Columns in intermediate moment frames must satisfy

the shear requirements in ACI 21.12.3. The first of the
two options in that section is utilized here to
determine the design shear strength:
The sum of the shear associated with development of

nominal moment strengths of the member at each
restrained end of the clear span and the shear
calculated for the factored gravity loads
205
15
Design of Column C4
Design for Shear
Because the column is at the 2nd floor, and the

moment at any column end cannot exceed the
average of the nominal moment strengths of the
beams framing into that end, shear demand from the
seismic forces is calculated from the nominal flexural
strengths of the beams.
Design of Column C4
Design for Shear
Vu = (541+207)/3.1 + 0 = 241.3 kN > 221 kN
206
16
Design of Column C4
Design for Shear
The shear capacity of the column will be checked in
accordance with ACI Eq. (11-4) for members subjected to
axial compression:
⎛ Nu ⎞⎟
Vc = 0.17⎜ 1 + fc′ b w d
⎜ 14 A g ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 3712000 ⎞
= 0.17⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟⎟ 30 × 660 × 538 / 1000 = 531.9 kN
⎝ 14 × 6602 ⎠
where Nu = 3712 kN is the smallest axial force corresponding

to the largest shear force on the section (see Table) and d =
538 mm was obtained from a strain compatibility analysis.
Design of Column C4
Design for Shear
Since Vu > ΦVc/2 = 0.75x531.9/2 = 199.5 kN, by ACI 318-05

Section 11.5.6.1, minimum transverse reinforcement
would be required.
0.062 fc′ b w s
A v,min =
fyt
With No. 10 hoops with one cross-tie, Av = 213 mm2

=> s = 394.4 mm > d/2 = 269 mm (ACI 318 11.5.5.1)
Thus, srequired = 269 mm
207
17
Design of Column C4
Design for Shear
For intermediate moment frames, the

requirements in ACI 21.12.5.1 aims primarily to
confine the concrete within the core and provide
lateral support for the longitudinal
reinforcement.
Design of Column C4
ACI 21.12.5.1:
For No. 10 rectangular hoops, the vertical spacing s0
must not exceed the smallest of the following :
• 8 (smallest longitudinal bar diameter) = 8 × 32.3 = 258.4 mm

• 24 (hoop bar diameter) = 24 × 9.5 = 228 mm (governs)
• Least column dimension/2 = 660/2 = 330 mm
• 300 mm
208
18
Design of Column C4
ACI 21.12.5.1:
The governing s0 = 228mm must be provided over a
length l0 measured from the joint face, where l0 is the
largest of the following:
• Clear span/6 = [3657 - 560]/6 = 516.2 mm

• Maximum cross-sectional dimension of member = 660
mm (governs)
• 450 mm
Design of Column C4
ACI 21.12.5.1:
Use 4-No. 10 hoops and crossties @ 220 mm with the
first hoop located at 100 mm (< s0/2 = 114 mm; ACI
21.12.5.3) from the joint face above the first floor level
and below the second floor level.
For the remainder of the column, tie spacing shall

conform to ACI 7.10 and 11.5.5.1. In this case, ACI
11.5.5.1 governs. Use a tie spacing of 250 mm in this
region of the column.
209
19
Design of Column C4
Joint Reinforcement:
ACI 21.12.5.5 requires that joint reinforcement in
intermediate moment frames conform to ACI 11.11.2.
Since this beam-column joint is part of the primary
seismic-force-resisting system, lateral reinforcement in
the joint must not be less than that computed by Eq. (11-
13). For No. 10 hoops with one crosstie, the required
spacing is:
A v fyt (3 × 71) × 415

s= = = 394.4 mm
0.062 fc′ b w 0.062 30 × 660
Design of Column C4
Joint Reinforcement:
For simpler detailing, continue the 220 mm

spacing at the column ends through the joint.
210
20
Design of Column C4
Axial Bending Shear

Load Case Moment
Force (kN) Forces (kN)
(m-kN)
Dead (D) 11,951 0 0
Live (L) 1189 0 0
Wind (W) 0 ± 20,045 ± 1438
Seismic (QE) 0 ± 63,925 ± 3604
211
21
Axial Bending Shear
Load combination Force Moment Force
(kN) (m-kN) (kN)
1.4D 16,731 0 0
1.2D + 1.6L 16,244 0 0
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.8W 16,244 16,036 1150
1.2D +0.5L + 1.6W 14,936 32,072 2301
0.9D – 1.6W 10,756 -32,072 - 2301
1.31D + 0.5L + QE 16,250 63,925 3604
0.79D - QE 9441 -63,925 -3604
1. Shear design
The shear strength of the concrete for wall

subjected to axial compression (ACI 11.10.5)
Vc = 0.17 (fc’)0.5 h d
= 0.17 × (30)0.5 × 305 × 5892.8 /1000 = 1673.5 kN
where d = 0.8 lw (= 0.8 × 7366 = 5892.8 mm)
212
22
Since φVc (0.75 × 1673.5 = 1255.1 kN) < Vu (= 3604
kN), horizontal shear reinforcement shall be
provided in accordance with ACI 11.10.9.
Required bar spacing with 2 layers of No. 13:

s = (Av fy d) / Vs = (254 × 415 × 5892.8) / (3,604,000 /
0.75-1,673,500) = 198.3 mm
Note: ACI 14.3.4 requires two layers of

reinforcement for walls more than 250 mm thick
ACI 11.10.9.3: spacing of horizontal reinforcement
shall not exceed (1) lw/5 = 7336/5 =1473.2 mm, (2) 3h
= 3 × 305 = 915 mm, or (3) 450 mm.
ACI 11.10.9.2: ratio of horizontal shear

reinforcement shall not be less than 0.0025
For 2-No.13 horizontal bar spaced at 450 mm:

ρt = (2 ×127) / (305 ×200) = 0.0042 > 0.0025 O.K.
Therefore, use 2-No.13 horizontal bar @ 200 mm
213
23
ACI 11.10.3: Shear strength Vn at any
horizontal section must be less than or equal
to 0.83 (fc’)0.5 h d (= 8170.7 kN). In this case,
V n = Vc + Vs
= 1673.5 + (254 × 415 × 5892.8) / 330
= 1883.9 kN < 8170.7 kN O.K.
ACI 11.10.9.4: The ratio of vertical shear
reinforcement area to gross concrete area of
horizontal section shall not be less than 0.0025 not
the value obtained by Eq. (11-32).
ρl = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 – hw / lw) (ρt - 0.0025)

= 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 – 45 / 7.366) (0.0042 – 0.0025)
< 0.0025
Thus, ρl = 0.0025
214
24
ACI 11.10.9.5: spacing of vertical shear
reinforcement shall not exceed (1) lw/3 (= 7366/3
= 2455.3 mm), (2) 3h (= 3 × 305 = 915 mm), or (3)
450 mm (governs).
For 2 – No. 13 vertical bar spaced at 330 mm,

ρl = (2 ×127) / (305 ×330) = 0.00252 > 0.0025 O.K.
Use 2-No.13 vertical bars @ 330 mm
The provided vertical and horizontal
reinforcement satisfy the requirements of
ACI 14.3.2 and 14.3.3 for minimum ratio of
vertical and horizontal reinforcement to gross
concrete area, respectively, and ACI 14.3.5 for
maximum bar spacing.
215
25
2. Axial force and bending design
ACI 14.4 requires that walls subjected to axial load
or combined flexure and axial load shall be
designed as compression members in accordance
with ACI 10.2, 10.3, 10.10 through 10.14, 10.17,
14.2, and 14.3 unless the empirical design method
of ACI 14.5 or the alternative design method of
ACI 14.8 can be used. Clearly, both of these
methods cannot be applied in this case, and the
wall is designed in accordance with ACI 14.4.
80000
70000
60000
Axial Force (kN)
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
Bending Moment (m-kN)
216
26
217
27
Code Support Services, Code

Change Process, and Plan
Review
Code Support Services
Publications
Seminars
Interpretations
Plan Review Services
Evaluation Services
218
1
Code Support Services: Publications
219
2

1999 Recommended Lateral Force Requirements / Commentary
(SEAOC Blue Book)
This book reviews recommended provisions

for earthquake-resistant design of structures.
Highlights include design requirements,
structural tests and inspections,
foundations, and recommended
modifications to the 1997 UBC for reinforced
concrete, reinforced masonry, structural
steel, and wood.
http://www.iccsafe.org/dyn/prod/9006S99.html

Handbook to the 1997 Uniform Building Code
The handbook is a completely detailed and

illustrated commentary on the 1997 Uniform
Building Code, tracing historical background
and rationale of the codes through the 1997
edition. The book contains numerous
drawings and figures to clarify the application
and intent of the code provisions. It is an
essential reference for every building official,
fire marshal, architect and engineer.
http://www.iccsafe.org/dyn/prod/6074S97.html
220
3
221
4
Code Support Services: Seminars
Company/Organization Website
S.K. Ghosh Associates Inc www.skghoshassociates.com
American Society of Civil www.seinstitute.com
Engineers/ Structural
Engineering Institute
International Code Council www.iccsafe.org
National Council of Structural www.ncsea.com
Engineers Associations
222
5
Code Support Services:

Interpretations
ICC Technical Assistance
• Staff Opinions
• Committee Interpretations (not for time-
sensitive issues)
www.iccsafe.org/cs/questions/index.html

Interpretations
223
6

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The Code Official’s Technical

Source for Approving New
and Innovative Building
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224
7

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225
8
Code Change Process
1997 UBC
2000 IBC
2001 Supplement
2002 Accumulative Supplement
2003 IBC
Code Change Process
2003 IBC (18 month cycle began)

2004 Supplement
2006 IBC
2007 Supplement
2009 IBC (expected release date:

2/1/09)
226
9
Code Changes
Submitted
Code Changes Supplement Or New

Printed & Distributed Edition Published
Code Development Final Action

I-CODE DEVELOPMENT
Hearing CYCLE Hearing
Public Hearing Results Public Comments

Printed & Distributed Printed & Distributed
Public Comments
Sought on Public
Hearing Results
ICC Code Change Process
227
10
Code Change Process
• All aspects of the ICC Code

Development Process regulated by
published procedures
• Council Policy (CP) 28 – Code

Development
• Website link:
» http://www.iccsafe.org/news/about/bylaws
.html
Code Change Process

Steps in a Typical 18 month cycle
• Code changes due. Announcement posted on the
website and other media. Anyone can submit a
code change
• Staff review
» Form and format: Legislative format
» Proposals must be based on current text
• Publish
» Website: Approx. 90 days prior to Code Development
Hearing
» Published: Approx. 60 days prior to Code Development
Hearing
228
11
Code Change Process
WEBCASTING:
• Debut at 2002 Code Development
Hearings
• Followed up in all subsequent hearings
• Streaming video and audio
• Internet access on your PC
Code Change Process

• Adopted by reference in the IBC.
• Developed through ANSI-

accredited consensus process
• Committee balanced and

composed of producers,
consumers and regulators.
• Committee ballots revisions.
• Public comment period.
229
12
Code Change Process

• Next edition is ASCE 7-10
which will be adopted in 2012
IBC.
• 2009 IBC will adopt ASCE 7-05.
• ASCE 7-05 has two

supplements
» Supplement No. 1
» Supplement No. 2
• www.seinstitute.org
Structural Plan Review
Chapter 16: Structural Design Requirements
Chapter 17: Structural Tests and

Inspections
Chapter 18: Foundations and Retaining

Walls
Chapter 19: Concrete
Chapter 20: Lightweight Metals
230
13
Chapter 21: Masonry
Chapter 22: Steel
Chapter 23: Wood
Chapter 24: Glass and Glazing
Chapter 25: Gypsum Board and Plaster
Step 1: Become familiar with project.
Step 2: Complete structural review.
Step 3: Write review.
Step 4: Critique review.
231
14
Step 1: Become familiar with project.
• Specifications
• Calculations
• Soils Report
• Plans

Step 2: Complete structural review.
• Identify structural systems and load paths
• Determine loads.
• Check structural members for load effects.
• Check plans and details for clarity and

conformity with detailed code requirements
based on material of construction.
232
15
Step 3: Write review
• Use checklist.
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• Provide references: code sections,

plan details, sections, grid lines,
calculations pages, etc.
233
16
Step 4: Critique review.
234
17
Overview of the Seismic Design

Provisions of the 2006 International
Building Code

Palatine, IL
235
1
Seismic Design Provisions

IBC Section 1613,
ASCE 7 Chapters 11-23
excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix
11A
236
2
ASCE 7-05 Chapters 11-23:

Seismic Design
• ASCE 7-02 seismic provisions have been
completely reformatted and reorganized.
• Much improved document that should be
easier to use and result in more correct and
uniform application of seismic requirements.
237
3
ASCE 7-05 Figure 11.4-1: Design

Response Spectrum
IBC Design Ground Motion

• SS = mapped (MCE) spectral response
acceleration at short periods for Site Class B
• S1 = mapped (MCE) spectral response acceleration
at 1.0-second period for Site Class B
• ASCE 7 Figs. 22-1 through 22-20/ IBC Figs.
1613.5(1) through 1613.5(14) give contour maps
for SS and S1, based on the latest version of USGS
seismic hazard maps
• SS and S1 also available at
http://eqhazmaps.usgs.gov
238
4
Soil Classification
A. Hard Rock
B. Rock
C. Very dense soil or soft rock
D. Stiff soil
E. Soft soil
F. Soils requiring site-specific
evaluations
Soil Classification
• Site Class D must be used when the

soil properties are not known in
sufficient detail, unless the building
official determines that Site Class E or
F is likely to be present at the site
239
5
Values of Fa as Function of Site

Conditions and Shaking Intensity
SOIL SHAKING INTENSITY
PROFILE SS ≤ SS = SS = SS = SS ≥
TYPE 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
F a a a a a
Values of Fv as Function of Site

Conditions and Shaking Intensity
SOIL SHAKING INTENSITY
PROFILE S1 = S1 = S1 = S1 ≥
S1 ≤ 0.1
TYPE 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4
F a a a a a
240
6
IBC Design Ground Motion
• SMS = soil-modified MCE spectral response

acceleration at short periods
= FaSS
• SM1 = soil-modified MCE spectral response
acceleration at 1.0-second period
= FvS1
IBC Ground Motion
• SDS = design spectral response

acceleration at short periods
= (2/3) SMS
• SD1 = design spectral response
acceleration at 1.0-second period
= (2/3) SM1
241
7
IBC Ground Motion
• Maximum Considered Earthquake

(MCE)
– Maximum level of earthquake ground
shaking that is considered reasonable to
design buildings to resist
IBC Ground Motion
• Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE):

» Deterministic earthquakes (in coastal
California)- best estimate of ground motion
from maximum magnitude earthquakes on
seismic faults with high probabilities of
occurrence.
242
8
IBC Ground Motion
• Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)

– 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years
(approximately 2,500 year return period) where
deterministic approach is not used
ASCE 7-05 Figure 11.4-1: Design

Response Spectrum
243
9
TL Map of Contiguous USA
Design Basis: IBC vs. UBC
• Design to avoid collapse in the

Maximum Considered Earthquake,
rather than to provide life safety in
the 500-year return period
earthquake
244
10
1997 UBC Fig. 16-3

Correspondence between Ground Motion

Parameters of the UBC and the IBC
Ca/Z of 1997 UBC = Fa of NEHRP/IBC

Cv/Z of 1997 UBC = Fv of NEHRP/IBC
245
11
Correlation of Ground Motion

Parameters
SDS = 2.5Ca SD1 = Cv

(2/3)FaSS = 2.5ZNaFa (2/3)FvS1 = ZNvFv
SS = (1.5)ZNa(2.5) S1 = (1.5)ZNv
Z ≥ 0.4g Z ≥ 0.4g
SDS = 1.00NaFa SD1 = 0.4NvFv
(1.00Na for Site Class B) (0.4Nv for Site Class B)
SS = 1.50Nag S1 = 0.6Nvg
Design Spectrum
246
12
UBC Seismic Zones
SDC Based on Short Period Response Acceleration

– IBC
OCCUPANCY
Values of SDS CATEGORY
I or II III IV
SDS < 0.167 g A A A
0.167g < SDS < 0.33g B B C
0.33g < SDS < 0.50g C C D

0.50g < SDS Da Da Da
247
13
SDC Based on 1 sec. Period Response

Acceleration – IBC
OCCUPANCY
Values of SD1 CATEGORY
I or II III IV
SD1 < 0.067g A A A
0.067g < SD1 < 0.133g B B C
0.133g < SD1 < 0.20g C C D
0.20g < SD1 Da Da Da
SDC of IBC
(Note a)
OCCUPANCY
Value of S1 CATEGORY
I or II III IV
S1 ≥ 0.75g E E F
248
14
ASCE 7-05 Section 11.6 Determination of

Seismic Design Category
Can be based on SDS alone, provided
• S1 < 0.75
• Ta < 0.8Ts
• T used to calculate story drift < Ts
• Upper-bound design base shear is used in
design
• Diaphragms are rigid, or for diaphragms
that are flexible, vertical elements of
seismic-force-resisting system spaced at
< 40 ft
Areas with S1 > 0.75g
249
15
Ts = SD1/SDS
SDC of 2006 IBC vs.

Seismic Zone of 1997 UBC
97 UBC 2006 IBC
LOCATION SITE CLASS
Zone
A B C D E
Tucson, AZ 2B A B (B) B B C
Little Rock, AK 1 B C (C) C D (C) D
Chico, CA 3 B C D (C) D D
Fresno, CA 3 B C D (C) D (C) D
Sacramento, CA 3 B C D (C) D D
Honolulu, HI 2A B C (C) C D D
Indianapolis, IN 1 A A B (A) C (B) C (B)
Wichita, KS 1 A A A B (A) B
Kansas City,
2A A A A B (A) C (B)
MO
250
16
SS ≤ 0.15g and S1 ≤ 0.04g
ASCE 7-05 11.7 Design Requirements for

SDC A
11.7.2 Minimum Lateral Force
Fx = 0.01wx 0.01wr
wr
w3
0.01w3
w2
0.01w2
w1
0.01w1
V = 0.01(w1 + w2 + w3 + wr)
251
17
ASCE 7-05 11.7 Design

Requirements for SDC A
11.7.3 Load Path Connections

11.7.4 Connection to Supports
11.7.5 Anchorage of Concrete or
Masonry Walls
ASCE 7-05 12.8.1

Design Base Shear
V = CS W
S D1 S
CS = ≤ DS for T ≤ TL
(R/I)T (R/I)
S T
= 2D1 L for T > TL
T (R/I)
≥ 0.01
0.5S 1
≥ where S1 ≥ 0.6g
(R/I)
252
18
ASCE 7-05 12.8 Equivalent Lateral

Force Procedure
SDS W
V=
R /I
SD1 W
V=
(R / I)T
0.5S1 W
V= , whereS1 ≥ 0.6g
R /I
SD1TL W
V=
(R / I)T 2
V = 0.01W
Ts = SD1/SDS Period, T TL
253
19
Concrete Structural Systems in

ASCE 7-05 - SDC D, E, F
CONCRETE STRUCTURAL Height limit
R Ω0 Cd
SYSTEMS - SDC D, E, and F D E F
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
SYSTEM using 8 3 5½ NL NL NL
Special Moment Frames of RC
(SMF)
DUAL SYSTEM using

Special RC Shear Walls w/ SMF 7 2½ 5½ NL NL NL
Special RC Shear Walls w/ IMF 6½ 2½ 5 160 100 100
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
WITH OMF OF RC using 6 2½ 5 160 160 100
Special RC Shear walls
BEARING WALL SYSTEM
using 5 2½ 5 160 160 160
Special RC Shear Walls
254
20
Structure Period
Calculated by……
1) Approximate Formulae
2) Rational Analysis using

structural properties and
deformational characteristics
of resisting elements in a
properly substantiated
analysis
ASCE 7-05 12.8.2.1 Approximate

Fundamental Period
Ta = Cr hnx
255
21
ASCE 7-05 Table 12.8-2

Values of Approximate Period
Parameters Ct and x
Structure Type Ct x
Moment resisting frame systems of steel in
which the frames resist 100 percent of the
required seismic force and are not 0.028
enclosed or adjoined by more rigid (For SI: 0.8
components that will prevent the frames 0.068)
from deflecting when subjected to seismic
forces
Moment resisting frame systems of
reinforced concrete in which the frames
resist 100 percent of the required seismic 0.016
force and are not enclosed or adjoined by (For SI: 0.9
more rigid components that will prevent 0.044)
the frames from deflecting when subjected
to seismic forces
ASCE 7-05 Table 12.8-2

Values of Approximate Period
Parameters Ct and x (cont’d)
Structure Type Ct x
0.03
Eccentrically braced steel frames (For SI: 0.75
0.07)
0.02
All other structural systems (For SI: 0.75
0.055)
256
22
Upper Limit on T by "Rational

Analysis"
Table 12.8-1 (ASCE 7-05)
Coefficient for Upper Limit on Calculated Period
Design Spectral Response

Coefficient Cu
Acceleration (SD1)
≥ 0.4 1.4
0.3 1.4
0.2 1.5
0.15 1.6
0.1 1.7
≤ 0.05 1.7
Note: For drift analysis, upper limit on calculated T does

not apply (Section 12.8.6.2)
ASCE 7-05 12.8.3 Vertical

Distribution of Seismic Forces
wxhxk
Fx = V
Σ wihik
k = 1 for T ≤ 0.5 sec

k = 2 for T ≥ 2.5 sec
257
23
Horizontal Shear Distribution
For rigid diaphragms, the seismic design

story shear shall be distributed to the
various vertical elements of the seismic-
force-resisting system in the story under
consideration based on the relative lateral
stiffnesses of the vertical resisting
elements and the diaphragm.
258
24
Accidental Torsion
Where diaphragms are not flexible, in

addition to the torsional moment, the
design also shall include accidental
torsional moments caused by assumed
displacement of the center of mass each
way from the actual location by a distance
equal to 5 percent of the dimension in the
direction of applied forces.
259
25
Story Drift
• Δ = δx − δx-1 < Δa
δx = Cd δxe / I
Cd = deflection amplification factor
Allowable Story Drift (Δa )

ASCE 7-05 Table 12.12-1
Building Occupancy Category
I or II III IV
Buildings ≤ 4 stories in
height;other than masonry;
Non-structural elements 0.025hsx 0.020hsx 0.015hsx
designed to accommodate
story drift
Masonry cantilever shear wall 0.010hsx 0.010hsx 0.010hsx

buildings
Other masonry shear walls 0.007hsx 0.007hsx 0.007hsx

buildings
All other buildings 0.020hsx 0.015hsx 0.010hsx

hsx = Story height below level x
260
26
Load Combinations
• Basic Load • Special Load

E = ρQE + 0.2SDSD Em = Ω0QE +
0.2SDSD
261
27
Load Combinations
• Basic LRFD • Basic ASD
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L + f2S 0.6D + 0.7E
0.9D + 1.0E D + 0.7E + L + (Lr or S or

R)
• Special • Alternate Basic ASD
1.2D + f1L + Em D + L + S + E/1.4
0.9D + Em 0.9D + E/1.4
Section 12.3.4.2
Redundancy Factor, ρ, for Seismic
Design Categories D through F
• New redundancy provisions adopted into ASCE

7-05.
• Lack of redundancy is….. when failure of a
component is failure of entire system.
• Logical way to determine lack of redundancy is
to check whether a component’s failure results
in an unacceptable amount of story strength
loss or in the development of extreme torsional
irregularity.
262
28
Section 12.3.4.2
In ASCE 7-05, ρ = 1.0 or 1.3, depending on

whether or not an individual element can be
removed from the lateral-force-resisting-
system without:
• Causing the remaining structure to suffer a
reduction of story strength of more than
33%, or
• Creating an extreme torsional irregularity.
Section 12.3.4.2
2nd condition for which ρ = 1.0:
If structure is regular in plan and there are at least 2

bays of seismic force-resisting perimeter framing
on each side of the structure in each orthogonal
direction at each story resisting > 35% of the
base shear.
263
29
Section 12.3.4.2
ρ = 1.0 for the following:

1. Structures assigned to SDC B and C.
2. Drift calculation and P-delta effects.
3. Design of nonstructural components.
4. Design of nonbuilding structures, not
similar to buildings.
Section 12.3.4.2
Design Categories D through F(cont.)
ρ = 1.0 for the following:
5. Design of collector elements, splices and their
connections for which load combinations with
overstrength are used.
6. Design of members or connections where load
combinations with overstrength are required for design.
7. Diaphragm loads determined using Eq. 12.10-1.
8. Structures with damping systems designed in
accordance with Chapter 18.
264
30
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What are the main codes and standards discussed in the document?

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What are the different load combinations mentioned for seismic design?

What are the different load combinations mentioned for seismic design?

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧــﺊ و اﻟﺠﻤﺎرك واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘــﺔ اﻟﺤــﺮة ‐ ﺗــــﺮاﺧﻴﺺ‬

Seismic Design of RC Structures

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT – WHITBY & BIRD

Dubai – November 2008

2. COMPUTATION OF GRAVITY LOAD EFFECTS AND

3. COMPUTATION OF DESIGN WIND FORCES

4. AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

5. EASY, STEP-BY-STEP DETERMINATION OF DESIGN BASE

6. 1997 UBC COMPUTATION OF DESIGN SEISMIC FORCES

7. SEISMIC DETAILS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE

8. DESIGN OF TYPICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

9. CODE SUPPORT SERVICES, CODE CHANGE PROCESS,

10. OVERVIEW OF THE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS OF THE

11. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS UNDER

12. EARTHQUAKE DESIGN - EXAMPLE

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Plans and Specs approved for

BUILDING CODE - AUTHORITY

• State legislature has sole authority to

• State may choose to delegate a

• Enacted by a state or local government’s

• Minimum acceptable requirements

• Primary application to new or proposed

• All construction except single-family

• A single or narrow aspect of building

• Local government responsibility, subject

MODEL BUILDING CODES

• State and local governments adopt model

• Originally promulgated by:

the National Board of Fire Underwriters,

• New editions at approximately 10-year

MODEL CODES AND

• A new edition every three years, with

• Annual code change cycle.

The International Code Council:

Model Code Organizations:

INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL

• The International Code Council (ICC) was

• The International Codes provide a complete

NFPA 5000 BUILDING CODE

National Fire Protection Association

First (2003) Edition Published in 2002

• AFPA - 1993 (NFoPA 1902)

• Factory Mutual - 1835

• Gypsum Asscn. - 1930

• Standards reference other standards.

ICC EVALUATION SERVICE

A nonprofit, public-benefit corporation, ICC-ES

The evaluation process culminates with the

ICC-ES evaluation reports provide evidence that

For more information…

Computation of Gravity Load

S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

• 1997 UBC Section 1606 – Movable

• 1997 UBC Section 1607