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Ask & PSK: Generation and Detection: Date Expt No

This document describes experiments to design and study amplitude shift keying (ASK) and phase shift keying (PSK) modulation systems. It provides background on ASK and PSK modulation techniques. The circuit designs for an ASK modulator and demodulator are presented, using a Wein bridge oscillator modulated by a 1 kHz signal. A PSK modulator and demodulator circuit are also presented, using a 2 kHz carrier signal modulated by a 150 Hz message signal. The procedure involves setting up the circuits, observing the modulated and demodulated outputs on an oscilloscope, and recording the results.

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68 views6 pages

Ask & PSK: Generation and Detection: Date Expt No

This document describes experiments to design and study amplitude shift keying (ASK) and phase shift keying (PSK) modulation systems. It provides background on ASK and PSK modulation techniques. The circuit designs for an ASK modulator and demodulator are presented, using a Wein bridge oscillator modulated by a 1 kHz signal. A PSK modulator and demodulator circuit are also presented, using a 2 kHz carrier signal modulated by a 150 Hz message signal. The procedure involves setting up the circuits, observing the modulated and demodulated outputs on an oscilloscope, and recording the results.

Uploaded by

Rajesh Ece
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Date

Expt No.

ASK & PSK : GENERATION AND DETECTION


AIM:
To design and study the working of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Phase Shift Keying
(PSK) system with the help of suitable circuits.
THEORY:
The transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate. Low-frequency analog signals
are often converted to digital format before transmission. The source signals are generally
referred to as baseband signals. We can send analog and digital signals directly over a
medium. From electro-magnetic theory, for efficient radiation of electrical energy from an
antenna it must be at least in the order of magnitude of a wavelength in size; c = f, where c
is the velocity of light, f is the signal frequency and is the wavelength. For a 1kHz audio
signal, the wavelength is 300 km. An antenna of this size is not practical for efficient
transmission. The low-frequency signal is often frequency-translated to a higher frequency
range for efficient transmission. The process is called modulation. The use of a higher
frequency range reduces antenna size.
Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
ASK in the context of digital communications is a modulation process, which imparts to a
sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels
adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of
which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid.
A binary ASK (BASK) wave is obtained by multiplying the message signal with the carrier.
The B-ASK signal has two levels '1' and '0' representing the presence and absence of the
sinusoid respectively. This is shown in the waveform below. The message signal must be
represented in NZR uni polar format. Binary ASK system has the largest probability of bit
error when compared to FSK and PSK systems.
There are sharp discontinuities shown at the transition points. These result in the signal
having an unnecessarily wide bandwidth. Band limiting is generally introduced before
transmission, in which case these discontinuities would be 'rounded off'. The band limiting
may be applied to the digital message, or the modulated signal itself.

One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for example, is that it has
not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power amplification) more
difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make for ease of
demodulation with an envelope detector.
Frequency shift keying (FSK)
FSK refers to a type of frequency modulation that assigns bit values to discrete frequency
levels. FSK is divided into noncoherent and coherent forms. In noncoherent forms of FSK,
the instantaneous frequency shifts between two discrete values termed the "mark" and
"space" frequencies. In coherent forms of FSK, there is no phase discontinuity in the output
signal. FSK modulation formats generate modulated waveforms that are strictly real values,
and thus tend not to share common features with quadrature modulation schemes.
Bandwidth: Practice is for the tones f1 and f2 to bear special inter-relationships, and to be
integer multiples of the bit rate. This leads to the possibility of continuous phase, which
offers advantages, especially with respect to bandwidth control.
Other forms of FSK
Minimum-shift keying
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particularly spectrally
efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK the difference between the higher and lower
frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms used to represent a 0
and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period. This is the smallest FSK modulation index
that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal. A variant of MSK
called GMSK is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.
FSK is commonly used in Caller ID and remote metering applications
Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by which digital data is
represented by changes in the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal
suitable for transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates
between two tones: one, the "mark", represents a binary one; the other, the "space",
represents a binary zero.
AFSK differs from regular frequency-shift keying in performing the modulation at baseband
frequencies. In radio applications, the AFSK-modulated signal normally is being used to
modulate an RF carrier (using a conventional technique, such as AM or FM) for transmission.
AFSK is not always used for high-speed data communications, since it is far less efficient in both

power and bandwidth than most other modulation modes. In addition to its simplicity, however,
AFSK has the advantage that encoded signals will pass through AC-coupled links, including most
equipment originally designed to carry music or speech.

Phase shift keying (PSK)


PSK in a digital transmission refers to a type of angle modulation in which the phase of the
carrier is discretely variedeither in relation to a reference phase or to the phase of the
immediately preceding signal elementto represent data being transmitted. For example,
when encoding bits, the phase shift could be 0 degree for encoding a "0" and 180 degrees for
encoding a "1" or the phase shift could be 90 degrees for "0" and +90 degrees for a "1", thus
making the representations for "0" and "1" a total of 180 degrees apart. Some PSK systems
are designed so that the carrier can assume only two different phase angles, each change of
phase carries one bit of information, that is, the bit rate equals the modulation rate. If the
number of recognizable phase angles is increased to four, then 2 bits of information can be
encoded into each signal element; likewise, eight phase angles can encode 3 bits in each
signal element.
Phase shift keying is one of the most efficient digital modulation techniques. It is used for
very high bit rates. In PSK, the phase of the carrier is modulated to represent Binary values.
In BPSK, the carrier phase is used to switch the phase between 00 and1800 by digital polar
format. Hence it is also known as phase reversal keying or bi-phase modulation (BPSK). The
modulated carrier is given by:
Binary 1: S(t) = Acmax. Cos. (2fct)
Binary 0: S (t) = Acmax. Cos. (2fct + 180) = - Acmax. Cos. (2fct)
More sophisticated forms of PSK exist. In M-ary or multiple phase-shift keying (MPSK),
there are more than two phases, usually four (0, +90, -90, and 180 degrees) or eight (0, +45, 45, +90, -90, +135, -135, and 180 degrees). If there are four phases (m = 4), the MPSK mode
is called quadrature phase-shift keying or quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK), and each
phase shift represents two signal elements. If there are eight phases (m = 8), the MPSK mode
is known as octal phase-shift keying (OPSK), and each phase shift represents three signal
elements. In MPSK, data can be transmitted at a faster rate, relative to the number of phase
changes per unit time, than is the case in BPSK.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Components

(Specifications, Numbers)

ICs
Diodes
Resistors
Capacitors

CIRCUIT:
ASK Modulator: The modulating clock signal, Vin, is fed to a transistor network working as
an inverter followed by a Wein bridge oscillator. The oscillator is designed to work at a
frequency of 15kHz while Vin is a 1kHz square wave. When Vin is high the transistor is on
and the inverting terminal is at ground and works like ordinary Wein Bridge oscillator. When
Vin is low the transistor is off and hence the net resistance at the inverting arm is R1+R2. The
gain of the oscillator reduces and hence we get an ASK modulated waveform.
For fo = 15KHz & C=0.01F and fo=1/(2RC); R = 1016
Vin = HIGH, Af = 1+(Rf/R1); for Af = 3, Rf = 2R1; R1= 1K & Rf = 2K
VCC = 5V, IC = 5mA, = 125; R2 = (VCC - VCE)/IC = 1K

ASK De-Modulator: For demodulating ASK signal, we dip the ASK signal using a diode
IN4007 and a capacitor to bypass the ac components, then given into an op-amp based
comparator with reference voltage level at non inverting terminal, which is a dc voltage
between the voltage levels of ASK modulated signal. Thus we get the ASK modulated signal
at the output.
Let T = 1/fo = 0.066ms; 10T = R3C1
For C1= 1F; R3=666 ~ 1K

PSK Modulator:
A sine wave of amplitude 5V and 2kHz is fed to the collector of the pnp and npn transistors
as carrier and the message signal, a square wave of amplitude 5V and 150Hz is fed to the
base of the transistors. The transistors are switched on alternatively and their outputs are
summed using an opamp. The BPSK wave is observed at pin 6 of the op-amp IC 741.

PSK De-Modulator:
The BPSK wave is summed with the carrier wave and de-modulated as an ASK signal.

PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Observe the ASK/PSK modulated output and demodulated output on the CRO
3. Observe the waveforms at the output as well as at other nodes of the circuit
4. Plot the waveforms on a graph sheet

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS


1.

The circuit was setup and ASK wave was generated as well as demodulated for a
modulating signal of frequency ________________and peak to peak amplitude of
___________. A pulse train of amplitude ________________ and frequency _____________was used.

2.

The circuit was setup and PSK wave was generated as well as demodulated for a
modulating signal of frequency ________________and peak to peak amplitude of
___________. A pulse train of amplitude ________________ and frequency _____________was used.

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