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Class X Mathematics Formulae & some basic concepts

Compound Interest
S.I = PRT/100
Amt = P ( 1 + Rate/100 )Time i.e. A = P ( 1 + R/100 )n (where Time or n is
no. of years)
Note : If you are asked to compute the interest semi-annually ( Half
yearly) the above formula is to
be modified, by taking time 2, and (rate/2) , A = P ( 1 + R/200 )n
(where n is no. of years)
If the rates are given differently for the consecutive years, then
For example if the rates are 8 % , 12 % and 15 % respectively, then
Amt = P ( 1 + 8/100 ) ( 1 + 12/100 ) ( 1 +15/100 ) (Here, you need not
mention time as exponent.)
Depreciation Certain items value get diminished as time passes, then it
is known as depreciation.
For example the value of a car, refrigerator, machinery etc. in that case:
Final Value of machine = Initial value ( 1 Rate/100 )Time
In population growth problems, If present population is given and
asking for
i) The population n yrs ago, then take Amount as Present population,
and find Principal
ii) The population after n yrs, then take Principal as Present population,
and find Amount
Sales Tax & VAT
Selling price = Marked price + x % of sales tax. OR S.P. = M.P.( 1+ST% /
100 )
Selling price = Marked price x % Discount . OR S.P.= M.P. ( 1- D% /
100 )
Selling price = M.P. ( 1- D% / 100 ). ( 1+ST% / 100 ) ( when sales tax
and discount both are given
)
Tax % =( Tax / M.P.) x 100
Discount % = ( Discount / MP.) x 100
While computing VAT
In step1 : Take manufacturing cost and Calculate VAT on Manufacturing
Cost
In step2 : Take Profit 1, and Calculate VAT on Profit 1 only
In step3 : Take Profit 2, and Calculate VAT on Profit 2 only
In step4 : Take Profit 3, and Calculate VAT on Profit 3 only .
( + ) Add all to get Total VAT
Selling price = Manufacturing cost +Profit 1 +Profit 2 + Profit 3 etc., +
Total VAT
Banking
Savings Bank account :
While taking the entries you have to bear in mind that

 While computing the interest always take time as 1/12, irrespective of

the total number of months
given. i.e in PRT / 100, take time as 1/12, instead of total no of months.

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If entry of a particular month is not given, then you have to take the
last entry of the previous
month (Here at times there is chance of making mistake, choose the value
from the question.)
I f you are asked to find the amount that will be obtained on closing the
account
Then take last entry(of the month in which account has been closed) +
Interest obtained
( But DO NOT take the Total principal )
Recurring Deposits :
Shares & Dividends
Dividend = [x % of Face Value] No of shares ( where x is dividend% )
No of shares = Total Investment .
Market Value of one share
Income of a person may be taken as the Dividend given by the
company,
therefore Income % = Income 100 Or Income % = Dividend Received
100
Investment Total Investment
HCF & LCM of polynomials
In step1 : Factorize the given polynomials,
a) Either by splitting the terms, (OR)
b) Using these formulae
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (ii) (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 (iii) a2 b2 = (a +
b)(a b)
(iv) a4 b4 = (a2 ) 2 (b2 ) 2.= (a2 + b2 ) (a2 b2 ) = (a2 + b2 ) (a b ) (a + b )
(v) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a +b) (vi) a3 + b3 = (a + b)( a2 + ab + b2)
(vii) (a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b ) (viii) a3 b3 = (a b)( a2 + ab + b2) OR
use
Trial & Error method.
In step2 : Take the product of Common terms as their HCF.
In step3 : Take the product of All the terms , Omit, the HCF value which
gives you the value of LCM.
Product of LCM x HCF = Product of the two polynomials.
Note: If cubical expression is given, it may be factorized by using Trial &
Error method.
Quadratic Equations
Note: To find the value of x you may adopt either splitting the middle
term or formula method,
unless specified the method.

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If roots of an equation are given, then :

Quadratic Equation : x (sum of the roots).x + (product of the roots) = 0
If Discriminant > 0, then the roots are Real & unequal or unique, lines are
intersecting.
Discriminant = 0, then the roots are Real & equal, lines are coincident.
Discriminant < 0, then the roots are Imaginary (not real), parallel lines
Reflection
After plotting the points, assume that there is a mirror and the point
is to be reflected either :
In X-axis ( x-co ordinate remains same but y-co ordinate changes in
sign), or
In Y-axis ( y-co ordinate remains same but x-co ordinate changes in
sign), or
In origin (0,0) (x-co ordinate & y-co ordinate both changes in sign )
Invariant point : Any point is invariant with respect to a given line if and
only if it lies on the line.
For eg if a point is invariant on x-axis then it must lie on x-axis.
Note: when x = y, is given, then use ruler to measure the vertical distance
of the point from the line,
and then take the same distance on the other side to obtain its reflection.
Ratio & Proportion
Duplicate ratio of a : b is a2 : b2 ( Incase of Sub-duplicate ratio you have
to take Square root)
Triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3 ( Incase of Sub-triplicate ratio you have
to take Cube root)
Proportion a : b = c : d, Continued Proportion a : b = b : c, (Middle
value is repeated)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th proportionals 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd proportionals
Product of Means(Middle values) = Product of Extremes(Either end
values)
If is given, then Componendo & Dividendo is
Note : Where to take K method ? You may adopt it in the following
situations.
If a/b = c/d = e/f are given, then you may assume as a/b = c/d = e/f = k
Therefore a = b.k, c = d.k, e = f.k, then substitute the values of a b and
c in the given problem.
Incase of continued proportion : a/b = b/c = k hence, a = bk, b = ck
therefore putting the value of b we
can get a = ck & b = ck.(putting these values equation can be solved)
Remainder theorem
If (x 2 ) is a factor of the given expression, then take x-2 = 0,therefore x
= 2, then substitute this
value in p(x) = 5x + 3x 6 as
p(2) : 5(2) + 3(2) 6 = 0 ( Here taking =0 is very important. If not taken
answer cant be found.)
If (x-2) leaves a remainder of 4
p(2) : 5(2) + 3(2) 6 = 4 ( Here taking =4 is very important. If not taken
answer cant be found.)

Matrices

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Some times, you may be asked to find A2 + AB + 7 is given, you have to

assume it
as A2 + AB + 7 I, Here, I is the Identity matrix.{}
in which all the principal diagonal values are 1, and the rest are
Zero.
Distance & Section Formulae

Distance = \/ (x2 x1) 2 + (y2 y1) 2 . ( The same formula is to be used

to find the length of line
segment, sides of a triangle, square, rectangle, parallelogram etc.,)
To prove co-linearity of the given three points A,B, and C, You have to
find length of AB, BC, AC
then use the condition AB + BC = AC. OR use this condition to solve the
question easily :
Area of triangle formed by these points : x1(y2 y3) + x2(y3 - y1) + x3(y1 y2)
=0
Section formula: point (x, y) =
Mid point =

Equation of a line
If two points are given, then Slope (m) = y2 y1
x 2 x1
If a point, and slope are given, then Slope (m) = y y1
x x1
If two lines are Parallel to each other then their slopes are equal i.e m1
= m2
If two lines are Perpendicular to each other then product of their
slopes is 1. i.e m1 m2 = 1
Depending upon the question You may have to use equation od straight
line as
a) y = mx + c, where c is the y-intercept. OR
b) (y y1) = m.(x x1)
Similarity
If two triangles are similar then, ratio of their sides are equal.
i.e if ABC ~ PQR then AB = BC = AC
PQ QR PR.
If ABC ~ PQR then Area of ABC = Side2 = AB2 = BC2 = AC2
Area of PQR Side2 PQ2 QR2 PR2
Symmetry
A line which divides the given figure into two identical parts is known as
line of Symmetry
1. An angle has One line of symmetry. 2. A Square has 4 lines of
symmetry.
3. A Rectangle has 2 lines of symmetry. 4. A Parallelogram has No lines of
symmetry.

5. A Rhombus has 2 lines of symmetry. 6. An Isosceles Triangle has One

line of symmetry.
7. An Equil. Triangle has 3 lines of symmetry. 8. A Circle has Infinite lines
of symmetry.

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9. A Regular Polygon with n sides has n lines of symmetry. For ex: A

Regular pentagon (5 sides)
has 5 lines of symmetry
Note: Angle of a regular polygon = ( 2n 4 ) 90
n. (Here n refers number of sides of a polygon.)
Loci
The Locus of a line segment is its Perpendicular bisector.
The Locus of an angle is its Angle bisector.
For solving most of the Locus problems, the above two points are good
enough. In addition to
these points, You should have the basic knowledge of geometrical
constructions. Also look at the
given figure in terms of either line segments or angles
Circles, & Tangents.
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center.
The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle, bisects the chord
of the circle.
The angle subtended at the centre by an arc = Double the angle at any
part of the circumference of
the circle.
Angles subtended by the same arc in the same segment are equal.
To a circle, If a tangent is drawn and a chord is drawn from the point of
contact, then angle made
between the chord and the tangent = Angle made in the alternate
segment.
The sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is always 180.
Circumference & Area of a Circle
Area of a Circle = r2.
Perimeter of a Circle = 2 r
Area of sector = /360( r2)
Length of an arc = /360(2 r).
Area of ring = .( R2 r2 )
Distance moved by a wheel in one revolution = Circumference of the
wheel.
Number of revolutions = Total distance moved .
Circumference of the wheel.
Area of an equilateral triangle = \/3/4.(side)2.
Note: While solving Mensuration problems, take care of the following.
1. If diameter of a circle is given, then find the radius first
(Have you made mistake earlier by taking d as radius and solved the
problem ?)

2. Check the units of the entire data. If the units are different, then
convert them to the same units.
For Example: Diameter = 14 cm, and Height = 3 m
Therefore Diameter = 14 cm, and Height = 300 cm (Have you ever
committed such mistake ?)

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Solids
1. Cylinder: Volume of a cylinder = r2h
Curved surface area = 2 r h
Total surface area = 2 r h + 2 r2 = 2 r ( h + r )
Volume of hollow cylinder = R2h r2h = ( R2 r2) h
TSA of hollow cylinder = Outer CSA + Inner CSA + 2 . Area of ring.
2 R h + 2 r h + 2. [ R2 r2]
( Of course, If you want, you may take 2 common )
2. Cone: Volume of a Cone = r2h.
CSA of a Cone = r l ( Here l refers to Slant height) [ where l = (h2 +
r2) ]
TSA of a Cone = r l + r2 = r ( l + r )
3. Sphere: Surface area of a Sphere = 4 r2. ( In case of Sphere, CSA =
TSA i.e they are same)
Volume of hemi sphere = r3 [Take half the volume of a sphere]
CSA of hemisphere = 2 r2 [Take half the SA of a sphere]
TSA of hemisphere = 2 r2 + r2 = 3 r2
Volume of spherical shell = Outer volume Inner volume = 4/3..(R3 - r3)
While solving the problems based on combination of solids it would be
better if you take common.
T.S.A. of combined solid = C.S.A of solid 1 + C.S.A of solid 2 + C.S.A of
solid 3
If a solid is melted and, recast into number of other small solids, then
Volume of the larger solid = No of small solids x Volume of the smaller
solid
For Ex: A cylinder is melted and cast into smaller spheres. Find the
number of spheres
Volume of Cylinder = No of sphere x Volume of sphere.
If an Ice cream cone with hemispherical top is given then you have to
take
a) Total Volume = Volume of Cone + Volume of Hemisphere
b) Surface area = CSA of Cone + CSA of hemisphere (usually Surface area
will not be asked)
Trigonometric Identities
Wherever Square appears think of using the identities
(i) Sin2 + Cos2 = 1 (ii) Sec2 Tan2 = 1 (iii) Coseec2 Cot2 = 1
Try to convert all the values of the given problem in terms of Sin and
Cos
Cosec may be written as 1/Sin
Sec may be written as 1/Cos

 Cot may be written as 1/Tan

Tan may be written as Sin / Cos
Wherever fractional parts appears then think taking their LCM
Think of using ( a + b )2, ( a b )2, ( a + b )3, ( a b )3formulae etc.,
Rationalize the denominator [ If a + b, (or) a b format is given in the
denominator]
You may separate the denominator For Ex : Sin + Cos as Sin +
Cos = 1 + Cot
Sin Sin Sin

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If you are not able to solve the LHS part completely, Do the problem to
such an extent you can
solve, then start working with RHS, and finally you will end up at a step
where LHS = RHS
Sin ( 90 ) = Cos : Cos ( 90 ) = Sin .
Sec( 90 ) = Cosec : Cosec ( 90 ) = Sec
Tan ( 90 ) = Cot : Cot ( 90 ) = Tan
Graphical Representation
Dont forget to write the scale on x-axis, and on y-axis.
To find the Lower quartile take N/4 [Here N is f] then take the
corresponding point on X-axis
To find the Upper quartile take 3N/4, then take the corresponding point
on X-axis
To find the Median take N/2, then take the corresponding point on Xaxis
Measures of Central Tendency
For un-grouped data
Arithmetic Mean = Sum of observations
No of observations
Mode = The most frequently occurred value of the raw data.
To find the Median first of all arrange the data in Ascending or
Descending order, then
Median = (N+1)/2 term value of the given data, in case of the data is
having odd no of observations.
Median = [(N/2) + (N+1)/2)] / 2 term value of the given data, in case of
the data is having
even number of observations.
For grouped data
Arithmetic Mean = fx (Direct method)
f
Arithmetic Mean = a + fd (short cut method)
f
Arithmetic Mean = a + fu C (where C is class interval) (step-deviation
method)
f
Probability

Probability of an event : P(event) = Number of favorable outcomes

Total number of outcomes
In a deck of playing cards, there are four types of cards :
(Spades in Black colour) having A, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,K, and Q total 13
cards
(Clubs in Black colour) having A, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,K, and Q total 13
cards
(Hearts in Red colour) having A, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,K, and Q total 13
cards
(Diamond in Red colour) having A, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,K, and Q total 13
cards
52 cards
Jack, King and Queen are known as Face Cards , As these cards are
having some pictures on it.
Always remember Ace is not a face card as it doesnt carry any face on
it.