Allegory

Definition:
An allegory is a symbolism device where the meaning of a greater, often abstract, concept is
conveyed with the aid of a more corporeal object or idea being used as an example. Usually a
rhetoric device, an allegory suggests a meaning via metaphoric examples.
Example:
Faith is like a stony uphill climb: a single stumble might send you sprawling but belief and
steadfastness will see you to the very top.
Alliteration
Definition:
Alliteration is a literary device where words are used in quick succession and begin with
letters belonging to the same sound group. Whether it is the consonant sound or a specific
vowel group, the alliteration involves creating a repetition of similar sounds in the sentence.
Alliterations are also created when the words all begin with the same letter. Alliterations are
used to add character to the writing and often add an element of fun to the piece..
Example:
The Wicked Witch of the West went her own way. (The W sound is highlighted and repeated
throughout the sentence.)
Allusion
Definition:
An allusion is a figure of speech whereby the author refers to a subject matter such as a
place, event, or literary work by way of a passing reference. It is up to the reader to make a
connection to the subject being mentioned.
Example:
Its no wonder everyone refers to Mary as another Mother Teresa in the making; she loves to
help and care after people everywhere- from the streets to her own friends.
In the example the author uses the mention of Mother Teresa to indicate the sort of qualities
that Mary has.
Amplification
Definition:
Amplification refers to a literary practice wherein the writer embellishes the sentence by
adding more information to it in order to increase its worth and understandability. When a
plain sentence is too abrupt and fails to convey the full implications desired, amplification
comes into play when the writer adds more to the structure to give it more meaning.
Example:
Original sentence- The thesis paper was difficult. After amplification- The thesis paper was
difficult: it required extensive research, data collection, sample surveys, interviews and a lot
of fieldwork.
Anagram
Definition:
Anagrams are an extremely popular form of literary device wherein the writer jumbles up
parts of the word to create a new word. From the syllables of a phrase to the individual letters
of a word, any fraction can be jumbled to create a new form. Anagram is a form of wordplay
that allows the writer to infuse mystery and a little interactive fun in the writing so that the
reader can decipher the actual word on their own and discover a depth of meaning to the
writing.
Example:
An anagram for "debit card" is "bad credit". As you can see, both phrases use the same
letters. By mixing the letters a bit of humor is created.
Analogy
Definition:
An analogy is a literary device that helps to establish a relationship based on similarities
between two concepts or ideas. By using an analogy we can convey a new idea by using the
blueprint of an old one as a basis for understanding. With a mental linkage between the two,
one can create understanding regarding the new concept in a simple and succinct manner.
Example:

In the same way as one cannot have the rainbow without the rain, one cannot achieve
success and riches without hard work.
Anastrophe
Definition:
Anastrophe is a form of literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in the
sentence is exchanged. In standard parlance and writing the adjective comes before the noun
but when one is employing an anastrophe the noun is followed by the adjective. This reversed
order creates a dramatic impact and lends weight to the description offered by the adjective.
Example:
He spoke of times past and future, and dreamt of things to be.
Anecdote
Definition:
The word anecdote, phonetically pronounced an.ik.doht, means a short verbal accounting of a
funny, amusing, interesting event or incident. The story is usually a reminiscence from the
teller's life but at best is a related story of fact, as opposed to a contrived work of fiction. The
origin of the word anecdote comes from the Greek Byzantine period, A.D. 527 to 565 during
the reign of emperor Justinian. In his court, Justinian had a historian named Procopius who was
a gifted writer who wrote many witty, amusing and somewhat bawdy accounts of court life.
Never intending for this stories to become public he entitled his writings as Anecdota which
was Greek for unpublished and kept secret. After his secret writings did indeed become public
and published, the term anecdote became commonly used for similar accounts.
Example:
Amusing anecdotes many times find their way into wedding receptions, family reunions and
any other gathering of people who know each other well. Teachers and educators often tell
classrooms of pupils anecdotes about famous people. The anecdotes are not always flattering,
but are usually revealing of character and invariably amusing. Here is an example of an
anecdote about Winston Churchill:
Winston Churchill was very fond of his pet dog Rufus. He ate in the dining room with the
family on a special cloth and was treated with utmost respect. When enjoying movies, Rufus
had the best seat in the house; on Winston Churchill's lap. While watching Oliver Twist,
Churchill put his hands over Rufus' eyes during the scene where Bill Sike's intends to drown
his dog. Churchill is believed to have said to Rufus: don't look now, dear. I'll tell you about it
later.
Anthropomorphism
Definition:
Anthropomorphism can be understood to be the act of lending a human quality, emotion or
ambition to a non-human object or being. This act of lending a human element to a nonhuman subject is often employed in order to endear the latter to the readers or audience and
increase the level of relativity between the two while also lending character to the subject.
Example:
The raging storm brought with it howling winds and fierce lightning as the residents of the
village looked up at the angry skies in alarm.
Antithesis
Definition:
An antithesis is used when the writer employs two sentences of contrasting meanings in close
proximity to one another. Whether they are words or phrases of the same sentence, an
antithesis is used to create a stark contrast using two divergent elements that come together
to create one uniform whole. An antithesis plays on the complementary property of opposites
to create one vivid picture. The purpose of using an antithesis in literature is to create a
balance between opposite qualities and lend a greater insight into the subject.
Example:
When Neil Armstrong walked on the moon it might have been one small step for a man but it
was one giant leap for mankind.

Aphorism
Definition:
An aphorism is a concise statement that is made in a matter of fact tone to state a principle or
an opinion that is generally understood to be a universal truth. Aphorisms are often adages,
wise sayings and maxims aimed at imparting sense and wisdom. It is to be noted that
aphorisms are usually witty and curt and often have an underlying tone of authority to them.
Example:
Upon seeing the shoddy work done by the employee the boss told him to either shape up or
ship out.
Archetype
Definition:
An archetype is a reference to a concept, a person or an object that has served as a prototype
of its kind and is the original idea that has come to be used over and over again. Archetypes
are literary devices that employ the use of a famous concept, person or object to convey a
wealth of meaning. Archetypes are immediately identifiable and even though they run the risk
of being overused, they are still the best examples of their kind.
Example:
Romeo and Juliet are an archetype of eternal love and a star-crossed love story.
Assonance
Definition:
Assonance refers to repetition of sounds produced by vowels within a sentence or phrase. In
this regard assonance can be understood to be a kind of alliteration. What sets it apart from
alliterations is that it is the repetition of only vowel sounds. Assonance is the opposite of
consonance, which implies repetitive usage of consonant sounds.
Example:
A long song. (Where the o sound is repeated in the last two words of the sentence)
Asyndeton
Definition:
Asyndeton refers to a practice in literature whereby the author purposely leaves out
conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase.
Asyndeton as a literary tool helps in shortening up the implied meaning of the entire phrase
and presenting it in a succinct form. This compact version helps in creating an immediate
impact whereby the reader is instantly attuned to what the writer is trying to convey. Use of
this literary device helps in creating a strong impact and such sentences have greater recall
worth since the idea is presented in a nutshell.
Example:
1. Read, Write, Learn.
2. Watch, Absorb, Understand.
3. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
Authorial Intrusion
Definition:
Authorial Intrusion is an interesting literary device wherein the author penning the story,
poem or prose steps away from the text and speaks out to the reader. Authorial Intrusion
establishes a one to one relationship between the writer and the reader where the latter is no
longer a secondary player or an indirect audience to the progress of the story but is the main
subject of the authors attention.
Example:
In many olden novels, especially in suspense novels, the protagonist would move away from
the stream of the story and speak out to the reader. This technique was often used to reveal
some crucial elements of the story to the reader even though the protagonist might remain
mystified within the story for the time being.

Bibliomancy
Definition:
As the very name itself suggests, this kind of literary device finds its roots in biblical origins.
This term refers to the practice of basing a plot happening or event and anticipating the
results it will have on a faction of the Bible. It involves a random selection process wherein the
biblical passage is chosen as a founding stone for basing the outcome of the writing. In an
overall context, not limited to just literature, bibliomancy refers to foretelling the future by
turning to random portions of the Bible for guidance.
Example:
The Vedas serve as a tool for Bibliomancy to the Hindus while Muslims rely on the Koran.
Bildungsroman
Definition:
This is a very popular form of storytelling whereby the author bases the plot on the overall
growth of the central character throughout the timeline of the story. As the story progresses,
the subject undergoes noticeable mental, physical, social, emotional, moral, and often
spiritual advancement and strengthening before the readers eyes. It has often been seen that
the protagonist begins with views, aims and dreams that are in contrast to the other
characters in the story and then fights his or her way through to achieve them.
Example:
Scarlet OHara in Gone With the Wind experiences immense personal growth as she learns the
value of friends and hard work under duress, without compromising her own dreams.
Cacophony
Definition:
A cacophony in literature refers to the use of words and phrases that imply strong, harsh
sounds within the phrase. These words have jarring and dissonant sounds that create a
disturbing, objectionable atmosphere.
Example:
His fingers rapped and pounded the door, and his foot thumped against the yellowing wood.
Caesura
Definition:
This literary device involves creating a fracture of sorts within a sentence where the two
separate parts are distinguishable from one another yet intrinsically linked to one another.
The purpose of using a caesura is to create a dramatic pause, which has a strong impact. The
pause helps to add an emotional, often theatrical touch to the sentence and conveys a depth
of sentiment in a short phrase.
Example:
Mozart- oh how your music makes me soar!
Characterization
Definition:
Characterization in literature refers the step by step process wherein an author introduces and
then describes a character. The character can be described directly by the author or indirectly
through the actions, thoughts, and speech of the character.
Example:
Michael Corleone was not jus' a mafiaso, but a family man. A man who walked the knife's
edge to preserve his sanity.
Chiasmus
Definition:
Chiasmus is a figure of speech containing two phrases that are parallel but inverted to each
other.

Example:
You can take the patriot out of the country but you cannot take the country out of the patriot.

Circumlocution
Definition:
Circumlocution is a form of writing where the writer uses exaggeratedly long and complex
sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a
shorter, much simpler sentence. Circumlocution involves stating an idea or a view in an
indirect manner that leaves the reader guessing and grasping at the actual meaning.
Example:
Instead of writing At 8 pm he arrived by car for the dinner party. the author writes, Around
3 hours after sunset, it was winter at the time, the man arrived in a combustion engine driven
piece of technology with for wheels to join other bipedal creatures in the ingestion of
somewhat large quantities of food and drink while having discourse around a large wooden
mesa designed for such a purpose.
Conflict
Definition:
It is a literary device used for expressing a resistance the protagonist of the story finds in
achieving his aims or dreams. The conflict is a discord that can have external aggressors or
can even arise from within the self. It can occur when the subject is battling his inner discord,
at odds with his surroundings or it may be pitted against others in the story.
Example:
John tried hard to convince himself that his Hollywood dreams were worth the struggle but his
parents, and his inner voice of reason, failed to agree.
Connotation
Definition:
Connotations are the associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or
dictionary definition. Many words have connotations that create emotions or feelings in the
reader.
Example:
And once again, the autumn leaves were falling.
This phrase uses autumn to signify something coming to an end.
Consonance
Definition:
Consonance refers to repetition of sounds in quick succession produced by consonants within
a sentence or phrase. The repetitive sound is often found at the end of a word. Consonance is
the opposite of assonance, which implies repetitive usage of vowel sounds.
Example:
He struck a streak of bad luck.
Denotation
Definition:
Denotation refers to the use of the dictionary definition or literal meaning of a word.
Example:
They built a house.
In the above sentence, house is meant literally as in a building where a family lives. If the
word "home" was used instead in the above sentence in place of "house", the meaning would
not be so literal as there are many emotions associated with the word "home" beyond simply
the structure where people live.
Deus ex Machina
Definition:

Deus ex Machina is a rather debatable and often criticized form of literary device. It refers to
the incidence where an implausible concept or character is brought into the story in order to
make the conflict in the story resolve and to bring about a pleasing solution. The use of Deus
ex Machina is not recommended as it is seen to be the mark of a poor plot that the writer
needs to resort to random, insupportable and unbelievable twists and turns to reach the end
of the story.
Example:
If in a suspense novel the protagonist suddenly finds a solution to his dilemmas because of
divine intervention.

Diction
Definition:
Diction is the distinctive tone or tenor of an authors writings. Diction is not just a writer's
choice of words it can include the mood, attitude, dialect and style of writing. Diction is
usually judged with reference to the prevailing standards of proper writing and speech and is
seen as the mark of quality of the writing. It is also understood as the selection of certain
words or phrases that become peculiar to a writer.
Example:
Certain writers in the modern day and age use archaic terms such as thy, thee and
wherefore to imbue a Shakespearean mood to their work.
Doppelganger
Definition:
The term is derived from the German language and literally translates into double walker. It
refers to a character in the story that is actually a counterfeit or a copy of a genuine
character. Doppelgangers of the main characters usually bear the ability to impersonate the
original but have vastly different spirits and intentions. The doppelganger usually has a
different appearance but an earthly soul and supernatural hoodwinking abilities that allow it
to fool other unsuspecting characters.
Example:
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Ekphrastic
Definition:
Ekphrastic refers to a form of writing, mostly poetry, wherein the author describes another
work of art, usually visual. It is used to convey the deeper symbolism of the corporeal art form
by means of a separate medium. It has often been found that ekphrastic writing is rhetorical
in nature and symbolic of a greater meaning.
Example:
A photograph of an empty landscape can convey desolation, abandon and loss. Similarly, one
can convey the same sentiments and concepts by using phrases such as an empty doorway
or a childless nursery.
Epilogue
Definition:
Epilogues are an inherent part of any story or poem and are essential to the structure of any
written form. The epilogue is an important literary tool that acts as the afterword once the last
chapter is over. The purpose of an epilogue is to add a little insight to some interesting
developments that happen once the major plot is over. Epilogues often act as a teaser trailer
to any possible sequels that might be created later. Sometimes the epilogue is used to add a
little bit about the life or future of the main characters after the story itself has unfolded and
wrapped up. Epilogues can be written in a number of ways: sometimes the same narrative
style as adopted in the story is continued while at other times one of the characters might
take up the narrative or speak one to one with the audience.
Example:
In a remarkably contemporary moment at the end of The Tempest, Shakespeare's wizard
Prospero addresses the audience directly, breaking down the boundaries of the play. He

informs them that the play is over, his powers are gone, and thus his escape from the play's
island setting depends on their applause that they, in effect, get to decide his fate.
This serves as a Epilogue for Shakespeare's tragi-comedy The Tempest.
Epithet
Definition:
An epithet is a literary device that is used as a descriptive device. It is usually used to add to
a person or places regular name and attribute some special quality to the same. Epithets are
remarkable in that they become a part of common parlance over time. These descriptive
words and phrases can be used to enhance the persona of real and fictitious places, objects,
persons and divinities.
Example:
Alexander the Great is the epithet commonly used to refer to Alexander III of Macedon. The
young king has come to be recognized by this epithet in all of history and popular culture
owing to his spectacular achievements in creating one of the largest ever historical empires.
Euphemism
Definition:
The term euphemism is used to refer to the literary practice of using a comparatively milder
or less abrasive form of a negative description instead of its original, unsympathetic form.
This device is used when writing about matters such as sex, violence, death, crimes and
things "embarrassing". The purpose of euphemisms is to substitute unpleasant and severe
words with more genteel ones in order to mask the harshness.. The use of euphemisms is
sometimes manipulated to lend a touch of exaggeration or irony in satirical writing.
Example:
Using to put out to pasture when one implies retiring a person because they are too old to
be effective.
Below are some more examples of Euphemisms
Downsizing - This is used when a company fires or lays off a larger number of employees
Friendly fire - This is used by the military when soldiers are accidentally killed by other
soldiers on the same side.
Tipsy - This is a soft way to say that someone has had to much to drink.
Golden years - This is used to describe the later period of life when someone is of old age.
Gone to heaven - This is a polite way to say that someone is dead.
Enhanced interrogation - This is modern euphemism to minimize what by many people would
be viewed as torture.
Euphony
Definition:
The literary device euphony refers to the use of phrases and words that are noted for
possessing an extensive degree of notable loveliness or melody in the sound they create. The
use of euphony is predominant in literary prose and poetry, where poetic devices such as
alliterations, rhymes and assonace are used to create pleasant sounds. Euphony is the
opposite of cacophony, which refers to the creation of unpleasant and harsh sounds by using
certain words and phrases together. This literary devices is based on the use and
manipulation of phonetics in literature.
Example:
It has been said that the phrase cellar door is reportedly the most pleasant sounding phrase
in the English language. The phrase is said to depict the highest degree of euphony, and is
said to be especially notable when spoken in the British accent.
Faulty Parallelism
Definition:
In literature, the term parallelism is used to refer to the practice placing together similarly
structure related phrases, words or clauses. Parallelism involves placing sentence items in a
parallel grammatical format wherein nouns are listed together, specific verb forms are listed
together and the like. When one fails to follow this parallel structure, it results in faulty
parallelism. The failure to maintain a balance in grammatical forms is known as faulty
parallelism wherein similar grammatical forms receive dissimilar or unequal weight.
Example:

On the TV show The Simpsons, lead character Bart Simpson says, they are laughing, not with
me.
Flashback
Definition:
Flashback is a literary device wherein the author depicts the occurrence of specific events to
the reader, which have taken place before the present time the narration is following, or
events that have happened before the events that are currently unfolding in the story.
Flashback devices that are commonly used are past narratives by characters, depictions and
references of dreams and memories and a sub device known as authorial sovereignty wherein
the author directly chooses to refer to a past occurrence by bringing it up in a straightforward
manner. Flashback is used to create a background to the present situation, place or person.
Example:
Back in the day when Sarah was a young girl
You can see flashbacks used very often in movies. For example, it is common in movies for
there to be a flashback that gives the viewer a look into the characters life when they were
younger, or when they have done something previously. This is done to help the viewer better
understand the present situation.
Foil
Definition:
A foil is another character in a story who contrasts with the main character, usually to
highlight one of their attributes.
Example:
In the popular book series, Harry Potter, the character of Hogwarts principal Albus
Dumbledore, who portrays good, is constantly shown to believe in the power of true love (of
all forms and types) and is portrayed as a strong, benevolent and positive character while the
antagonist Lord Voldemort, who depicts the evil and bad in the series is constantly shown to
mock and disbelieve the sentiment of love and think of it as a foolish indulgence, a trait that is
finally his undoing.
Foreshadowing
Definition:
The literary device foreshadowing refers to the use of indicative word or phrases and hints
that set the stage for a story to unfold and give the reader a hint of something that is going to
happen without revealing the story or spoiling the suspense. Foreshadowing is used to
suggest an upcoming outcome to the story.
Example:
He had no idea of the disastrous chain of events to follow. In this sentence, while the
protagonist is clueless of further developments, the reader learns that something disastrous
and problematic is about to happen to/for him.
Hubris
Definition:
Hubris, in this day and age, is another way of saying overly arrogant. You can tell the
difference of hubris and just regular arrogance or pride by the fact that the character has
seemed to allow reality slip away from them. The character portraying hubris, also commonly
referred to as hybris, may have just gained a huge amount of power and the false belief that
they are untouchable. This term hubris used to have a slightly different meaning and was a
very negative subject back in ancient Greek. It used to be closely related to a crime in Athens.
In writing and literature hubris is generally considered a tragic flaw and it is saved for the
protagonist. The reason for this is because at the end of the story you should be able to see
that it is this flaw that brings the bad guy down.
Example:
A classic example of hubris is featured in Shakespeares play Macbeth. Macbeth, the
protagonist, overfilled with ambition and arrogance, allows his hubris to think you would be
able to kill the valiant Duncan without penalty so he can claim the throne of Scotland for
himself. Obviously murder is highly frowned upon, so this eventually leads to Macbeths
demise as well.

Hyperbaton
Definition:
A hyperbaton is a literary device wherein the author plays with the regular positioning of
words and phrases and creates a differently structured sentence to convey the same
meaning. It is said that by using a hyperbaton, words or phrases overstep their conventional
placements and result in a more complex and intriguing sentence structure. This literary
device is used to add more depth and interest to the sentence structure.
Example:
Alone he walked on the cold, lonely roads. This sentence is a variation of the more
conventional, He walked alone on the cold, lonely roads.
Hyperbole
Definition:
A hyperbole is a literary device wherein the author uses specific words and phrases that
exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander,
more noticeable effect. The purpose of hyperbole is to create a larger-than-life effect and
overly stress a specific point. Such sentences usually convey an action or sentiment that is
generally not practically/ realistically possible or plausible but helps emphasize an emotion.
Example:
I am so tired I cannot walk another inch or Im so sleepy I might fall asleep standing here.
Imagery
Definition:
In literature, one of the strongest devices is imagery wherein the author uses words and
phrases to create mental images for the reader. Imagery helps the reader to visualize more
realistically the authors writings. The usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and
similes amongst other literary forms in order to tickle and awaken the readers sensory
perceptions is referred to as imagery. Imagery is not limited to only visual sensations, but also
refers to igniting kinesthetic, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, thermal and auditory sensations as
well.
Example:
The gushing brook stole its way down the lush green mountains, dotted with tiny flowers in a
riot of colors and trees coming alive with gaily chirping birds.
Internal Rhyme
Definition:
In literature the internal rhyme is a practice of forming a rhyme in only one lone line of verse.
An internal rhyme is also known as the middle rhyme because it is typically constructed in the
middle of a line to rhyme with the bit at the end of the same metrical line.
Example:
The line from the famed poem Ancient Mariner, We were the first that ever burst.
Inversion
Definition:
The term inversion refers to the practice of changing the conventional placement of words. It
is a literary practice typical of the older classical poetry genre. In present day literature it is
usually used for the purpose of laying emphasis this literary device is more prevalent in
poetry than prose because it helps to arrange the poem in a manner that catches the
attention of the reader not only with its content but also with its physical appearance; a result
of the peculiar structuring.
Example:
In the much known and read Paradise Lost, Milton wrote:
Of Man's First Disobedience, and the Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,
Sing Heav'nly Muse. . .
Irony
Definition:

The use of irony in literature refers to playing around with words such that the meaning
implied by a sentence or word is actually different from the literal meaning. Often irony is
used to suggest the stark contrast of the literal meaning being put forth. The deeper, real
layer of significance is revealed not by the words themselves but the situation and the context
in which they are placed.
Example:
Writing a sentence such as, Oh! What fine luck I have!. The sentence on the surface
conveys that the speaker is happy with their luck but actually what they mean is that they are
extremely unhappy and dissatisfied with their (bad) luck.
Juxtaposition
Definition:
Juxtaposition is a literary device wherein the author places a person, concept, place, idea or
theme parallel to another. The purpose of juxtaposing two directly or indirectly related entities
close together in literature is to highlight the contrast between the two and compare them.
This literary device is usually used for etching out a character in detail, creating suspense or
lending a rhetorical effect.
Example:
In Paradise Lost, Milton has used juxtaposition to draw a parallel between the two
protagonists, Satan and God, who he discusses by placing their traits in comparison with one
another to highlight their differences.
Kennings
Definition:
The use of Kennings in literature is characteristically related to works in Old English poetry
where the author would use a twist of words, figure of speech or magic poetic phrase or a
newly created compound sentence or phrase to refer to a person, object, place, action or idea.
The use of imagery and indicative, direct and indirect references to substitute the proper,
formal name of the subject is known as kennings. The use of kennings was also prevalent in
Old Norse and Germanic poetry.

Example:
Kennings are rare in modern day language. Here are a few examples from Beowulf:
Battle-sweat = blood
Sky-candle = sun
Whale-road = ocean
Light-of-battle = sword
Litotes
Definition:
Litotes are figures of rhetoric speech that use an understated statement of an affirmative by
using a negative description. Rarely talked about, but commonly used in modern day
conversations, litotes are a discreet way of saying something unpleasant without directly
using negativity. Sometimes called an ironical understatement and/or an avoidance of a truth
which can be either positive or negative. Common examples: I'm not feeling bad, or he's
definitely not a rocket scientist. The actual meanings are: I am feeling well, and he is not
smart. Litotes were used frequently in Old English Poetry and Literature, and can be found in
the English, Russian, German, Dutch and French languages.
Example:
In everyday conversations in the 21st century, one may hear expressions like:
not the brightest bulb
not a beauty
not bad
not unfamiliar
These are all examples of negative litotes that mean the opposite: a dim bulb, or dumb,
plain in appearance, good, and knows very well. Perhaps our society is not trying to be
humorous or sarcastic, but kinder?

Sometimes double negatives in literature, music and films create a litote that was not
intended; for instance in the Rolling Stones hit I Can't Get No Satisfaction, actually means I
CAN receive satisfaction.
Perhaps some best description litotes are found in the bible: take for instance, Jeremiah 30:19:
I will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will make them honored, and they shall not
be small. Correctly interpreted, he is saying there will be many and they will be great or
large.
Malapropism
Definition:
Malapropism in literature refers to the practice of misusing words by substituting words with
similar sounding words that have different, often unconnected meanings, and thus creating a
situation of confusion, misunderstanding and amusement. Malapropism is used to convey that
the speaker or character is flustered, bothered, unaware or confused and as a result cannot
employ proper diction. A trick to using malapropism is to ensure that the two words (the
original and the substitute) sound similar enough for the reader to catch onto the intended
switch and find humor in the result.
Example:
In the play Much Ado About Nothing, noted playwright William Shakespeares character
Dogberry says, "Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons." Instead,
what the character means to say is "Our watch, sir, have indeed apprehended two suspicious
persons."
Metaphor
Definition:
Metaphors are one of the most extensively used literary devices. A metaphor refers to a
meaning or identity ascribed to one subject by way of another. In a metaphor, one subject is
implied to be another so as to draw a comparison between their similarities and shared traits.
The first subject, which is the focus of the sentences is usually compared to the second
subject, which is used to convey a degree of meaning that is used to characterize the first.
The purpose of using a metaphor is to take an identity or concept that we understand clearly
(second subject) and use it to better understand the lesser known element (the first subject).

Example:
Henry was a lion on the battlefield. This sentence suggests that Henry fought so valiantly
and bravely that he embodied all the personality traits we attribute to the ferocious animal.
This sentence implies immediately that Henry was courageous and fearless, much like the
King of the Jungle.
Metonymy
Definition:
Metonymy in literature refers to the practice of not using the formal word for an object or
subject and instead referring to it by using another word that is intricately linked to the formal
name or word. It is the practice of substituting the main word with a word that is closely linked
to it.
Example:
When we use the name Washington D.C we are talking about the U.S political hot seat by
referring to the political capital of the United States because all the significant political
institutions such as the White House, Supreme Court, the U.S. Capitol and many more are
located her. The phrase Washington D.C. is metonymy for the government of the U.S. in this
case.
Mood
Definition:
The literary device mood refers to a definitive stance the author adopts in shaping a specific
emotional perspective towards the subject of the literary work. It refers to the mental and

emotional disposition of the author towards the subject, which in turn lends a particular
character or atmosphere to the work. The final tone achieved thus is instrumental in evoking
specific, appropriate responses from the reader.
Example:
In Erich Segals Love Story, the relationship of the two protagonists is handled with such
beauty, delicateness and sensitivity that the reader is compelled to feel the trials and
tribulations of the characters.
Motif
Definition:
The literary device motif is any element, subject, idea or concept that is constantly present
through the entire body of literature. Using a motif refers to the repetition of a specific theme
dominating the literary work. Motifs are very noticeable and play a significant role in defining
the nature of the story, the course of events and the very fabric of the literary piece.
Example:
In many famed fairytales, the motif of a handsome prince falling in love with a damsel in
distress and the two being bothered by a wicked step mother, evil witch or beast and finally
conquering all to live happily ever after is a common motif.
Another common motif is the simple, pretty peasant girl or girl from a modest background in
fairytales discovering that she is actually a royal or noble by the end of the tale.
Negative Capability
Definition:
The use of negative capability in literature is a concept promoted by poet John Keats, who was
of the opinion that literary achievers, especially poets, should be able to come to terms with
the fact that some matters might have to be left unsolved and uncertain. Keats was of the
opinion that some certainties were best left open to imagination and that the element of
doubt and ambiguity added romanticism and specialty to a concept.
Example:
The best references of the use of negative capability in literature would be of Keats own
works, especially poems such as Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale.
Nemesis
Definition:
In literature, the use of a nemesis refers to a situation of poetic justice wherein the positive
characters are rewarded and the negative characters are penalized. The word also sometimes
refers to the character or medium by which this justice is brought about as Nemesis was the
patron goddess of vengeance according to classical mythology.
Example:
In the popular book series Harry Potter, the protagonist Harry Potter is the nemesis of the evil
Lord Voldemort.

Onomatopoeia
Definition:
The term onomatopoeia refers to words whose very sound is very close to the sound they
are meant to depict. In other words, it refers to sound words whose pronunciation to the
actual sound they represent.
Example:
Words such as grunt, huff, buzz and snap are words whose
pronunciation sounds very similar to the actual sounds these words represent. In literature
such words are useful in creating a stronger mental image. For instance, sentences such as
the whispering of the forest trees or the hum of a thousand bees or the click of the door
in the nighttime create vivid mental images.
Oxymoron
Definition:
Oxymoron is a significant literary device as it allows the author to use contradictory,
contrasting concepts placed together in a manner that actually ends up making sense in a
strange, and slightly complex manner. An oxymoron is an interesting literary device because

it helps to perceive a deeper level of truth and explore different layers of semantics while
writing.
Example:
Sometimes we cherish things of little value.
He possessed a cold fire in his eyes.
Paradox
Definition:
A paradox in literature refers to the use of concepts or ideas that are contradictory to one
another, yet, when placed together hold significant value on several levels. The uniqueness of
paradoxes lies in the fact that a deeper level of meaning and significance is not revealed at
first glace, but when it does crystallize, it provides astonishing insight.
Example:
High walls make not a palace; full coffers make not a king.
Pathetic Fallacy
Definition:
Pathetic fallacy is a type of literary device whereby the author ascribes the human feelings of
one or more of his or her characters to nonhuman objects or nature or phenomena. It is a type
of personification, and is known to occur more by accident and less on purpose.
Example:
The softly whistling teapot informed him it was time for breakfast.
Periodic Structure
Definition:
In literature, the concept of a periodic structure refers to a particular placement of sentence
elements such as the main clause of the sentence and/or its predicate are purposely held off
and placed at the end instead of at the beginning or their conventional positions. In such
placements, the crux of the sentences meaning does not become clear to the reader until
they reach the last part. While undeniably confusing at first, a periodic structure lends a flair
of drama and romanticism to a sentence and is greatly used in poetry.
Example:
Instead of writing, brokenhearted and forlorn she waited till the end of her days for his
return one may write, for his return, brokenhearted and forlorn, waited she till the end of her
days.
Periphrasis
Definition:
The term periphrasis refers to the use of excessive language and surplus words to convey a
meaning that could otherwise be conveyed with fewer words and in more direct a manner.
The use of this literary device can be to embellish a sentence, to create a grander effect, to
beat around the bush and to draw attention away from the crux of the message being
conveyed.
Example:
Instead of simply saying I am displeased with your behavior, one can say, the manner in
which you have conducted yourself in my presence of late has caused me to feel
uncomfortable and has resulted in my feeling disgruntled and disappointed with you.
Personification
Definition:
Personification is one of the most commonly used and recognized literary devices. It refers to
the practice of attaching human traits and characteristics with inanimate objects, phenomena
and animals.
Example:
The raging winds
The wise owl
The warm and comforting fire
Plot
Definition:

The plot usually refers to the sequence of events and happenings that make up a story. There
is usually a pattern, unintended or intentional, that threads the plot together. The plot
basically refers to the main outcome and order of the story. There is another kind of plot in
literature as well; it refers to the conflict or clash occurring as a part of the story. The conflict
usually follows 3 regular formats: a) characters in conflict with one another b) characters in
conflict with their surroundings and c) characters in conflict with themselves.
Example:
Many date movies follow a similar simple plot. Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy wins girl
back in the end.
Point of View
Definition:
Point of view is the manner in which a story is narrated or depicted and who it is that tells the
story. Simply put, the point of view determines the angle and perception of the story
unfolding, and thus influences the tone in which the story takes place. The point of view is
instrumental in manipulating the readers understanding of the narrative. In a way, the point
of view can allow or withhold the reader access into the greater reaches of the story. Two of
the most common point of view techniques are the first person, wherein the story is told by
the narrator from his or her standpoint and the third person wherein the narrator does not
figure in the events of the story and tells the story by referring to all characters and places in
the third person with third person pronouns and proper nouns.
Example:
In the popular Lord of the Rings book series, the stories are narrated in the third person and
all happenings are described from an outside the story point of view. Contrastingly, in the
popular teen book series, Princess Diaries, the story is told in the first person, by the
protagonist herself.
Polysyndeton
Definition:
Polysyndeton refers to the process of using conjunctions or connecting words frequently in a
sentence, placed very close to one another. Opposed to the usual norm of using them
sparsely, only where they are technically needed. The use of polysyndetons is primarily for
adding dramatic effect as they have a strong rhetorical presence.
Example:
For example:
a) Saying here and there and everywhere, instead of simply saying here, there and
everywhere.
b) Marge and Susan and Anne and Daisy and Barry all planned to go for a picnic, instead of
Marge, Susan, Anne, Daisy and Barry emphasizes each of the individuals and calls
attention to every person one by one instead of assembling them as a group.
Portmanteau
Definition:
In literature, this device refers to the practice of joining together two or more words in order
to create an entirely new word. This is often done in order to create a name or word for
something by combining the individual characteristics of 2 or more other words.
Example:
1. The word smog is a portmanteau that was built combining fog and smoke and
smog has the properties of both fog and smoke.
2. Liger= Lion + Tiger= A hybrid of the two feline species, possessing characteristics of both.

Prologue
Definition:
A prologue can be understood to be a sort of introduction to a story that usually sets the tone
for the story and acts as a bit of a backgrounder or a sneak peek into the story. Prologues
are typically a narrative spoken by one of the characters and not from the part of the author.
Example:

1. "The origin of this story is..."

2. It all began one day when
Puns
Definition:
Puns are a very popular literary device wherein a word is used in a manner to suggest two or
more possible meanings. This is generally done to the effect of creating humor or irony or
wryness. Puns can also refer to words that suggest meanings of similar-sounding words. The
trick is to make the reader have an ah! moment and discover 2 or more meanings.
Example:
Santas helpers are known as subordinate Clauses.
See more examples of puns at http://punjokes.com/
Rhyme Scheme
Definition:
The rhyme scheme is the practice of rhyming words placed at the end of the lines in the prose
or poetry. Rhyme scheme refers to the order in which particular words rhyme. If the alternate
words rhyme, it is an a-b-a-b rhyme scheme, which means a is the rhyme for the lines 1
and 3 and b is the rhyme affected in the lines 2 and 4.
Example:
Roses are red (a)
Violets are blue (b)
Beautiful they all may be (c)
But I love you (b)
The above is an a-b-c-b rhyme scheme.
Rhythm & Rhyme
Definition:
The concept of rhythm and rhyme refers to a pattern of rhymes that is created by using
words that produce the same, or similar sounds. Rhythm and rhyme together refer to the
recurrence of similar sounds in prose and poetry, creating a musical, gentle effect.
Example:
I am a teapot
Short and stout;
This is my handle
And this is my spout.
When the waters boiling
Hear me shout;
Just lift me up
And pour me out
Satire
Definition:
The use of satire in literature refers to the practice of making fun of a human weakness or
character flaw. The use of satire is often inclusive of a need or decision of correcting or
bettering the character that is on the receiving end of the satire. In general, even though
satire might be humorous and may make fun, its purpose is not to entertain and amuse but
actually to derive a reaction of contempt from the reader.
Example:
An example of satire in modern popculture is the TV series Southpark that uses satire as it
primary medium for drawing attention the flaws in society, especially American society at
present. The scripts and writing for the show are an excellent example of satire in written
form.
Setting
Definition:
In literature, the word setting is used to identify and establish the time, place and mood of
the events of the story. It basically helps in establishing where and when and under what
circumstances the story is taking place.
Example:

In the first installment of the Harry Potter series, a large part of the book takes place at the
protagonist, Harrys, aunts and uncles place, living in the muggle (non-magical) world with
the muggle folks, and Harry is unaware of his magical capabilities and blood. This setting
establishes the background that Harry has a non-magical childhood with other muggle
people and has no clue about his special powers or his parents and is raised much like,
actually worse than, regular people, till his 11th birthday.
Simile
Definition:
Similes are one of the most commonly used literary devices; referring to the practice of
drawing parallels or comparisons between two unrelated and dissimilar things, people, beings,
places and concepts. By using similes a greater degree of meaning and understanding is
attached to an otherwise simple sentence. The reader is able to better understand the
sentiment the author wishes to convey. Similes are marked by the use of the words as or
such as or like.
Example:
He is like a mouse in front of the teacher.
Spoonerism
Definition:
Spoonerism refers to the practice of interchanging the first letters of some words in order to
create new words or even to create nonsensical words in order to create a humorous setting.
While they are often unintentional and known as a slip of the tongue, in literature they are
welcomed as witty wordplay.
Example:
The phrase flesh and blood being spoken as a character as blesh and flood in urgency and
heightened emotion.
Stanza
Definition:
The term stanza refers to a single, related chunk of lines in poetry. It basically refers to one
unit or group of lines, which forms one particular faction in poetry. The most basic kind of
stanza is usually 4 lines per group, with the simplest rhyme scheme a-b-a-b being followed.
Example:
The greedy paddy cat,
Chased after the mice;
She got so round and fat,
But it tasted so nice
Stream of consciousness
Definition:
The phrase stream of consciousness refers to an uninterrupted and unhindered collection
and occurrence of thoughts and ideas in the conscious mind. In literature, the phrase refers to
the flow of these thoughts, with reference to a particular characters thinking process. This
literary device is usually used in order to provide a narrative in the form of the characters
thoughts instead of using dialogue or description.
Example:
All writings by Virginia Woolff are a good example of literary stream of consciousness.
"Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semitransparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end." The
Common Reader (1925)
Suspense
Definition:
Suspense is the intense feeling that an audience goes through while waiting for the outcome
of certain events. It basically leaves the reader holding their breath and wanting more
information. The amount of intensity in a suspenseful moment is why it is hard to put a book
down. Without suspense, a reader would lose interest quickly in any story because there is
nothing that is making the reader ask, Whats going to happen next? In writing, there has to
be a series of events that leads to a climax that captivates the audience and makes them
tense and anxious to know what is going to happen.

Example:
A cliffhanger is a great way to create suspense. You remember when you were a kid and very
excited to watch those Saturday morning shows. You can probably recall the feeling you had
at the pit of your stomach when, after about 25 minutes and lots of commercials, you were
hoping to find out what happened to your favorite character. However, you didnt get to find
out. Instead they would make the Tune In Next Week announcement and you already knew
that you would be there. Same time, same place. Suspense is a powerful literary tool because,
if done correctly, you know your audience will be back for more and more.
Symbol
Definition:
A symbol is literary device that contains several layers of meaning, often concealed at first
sight, and is representative of several other aspects, concepts or traits than those that are
visible in the literal translation alone. Symbol is using an object or action that means
something more than its literal meaning.
Example:
The phrase a new dawn does not talk only about the actual beginning of a new day but also
signifies a new start, a fresh chance to begin and the end of a previous tiring time.
Synecdoche
Definition:
A synecdoche is a literary devices that uses a part of something to refer to the whole. It is
somewhat rhetorical in nature, where the entire object is represented by way of a faction of it
or a faction of the object is symbolized by the full.
Example:
Weary feet in the walk of life, does not refer to the feet actually being tired or painful; it is
symbolic of a long, hard struggle through the journey of life and feeling low, tired,
unoptimistic and the walk of life does not represent an actual path or distance covered,
instead refers to the entire sequence of life events that has made the person tired.
Synesthesia
Definition:
While the term synesthesia literally refers to a medical condition wherein one or many of the
sensory modalities become joined to one another, in literature it refers to the depiction of a
strong connection, link or bond between the different senses. Characters in literature are
sometimes described to be experiences synesthesia. Synesthesia is the conflation of the
senses.
Example:
The Sound of Blue by Hollu Payne which portrays synesthesia with respect to the Romantic
ideal.
Syntax
Definition:
Syntax in literature refers to the actual way in which words and sentences are placed together
in the writing. Usually in the English language the syntax should follow a pattern of subjectverb-object agreement but sometimes authors play around with this to achieve a lyrical,
rhythmic, rhetoric or questioning effect. It is not related to the act of choosing specific words
or even the meaning of each word or the overall meanings conveyed by the sentences.
Example:
The sentence "The man drives the car" would follow normal syntax in the English language.
By changing the syntax to "The car drives the man", the sentence becomes awkward.
Theme
Definition:
The theme of any literary work is the base that acts as a foundation for the entire literary
piece. The theme links all aspects of the literary work with one another and is basically the
main subject. The theme can be an enduring pattern or motif throughout the literary work,
occurring in a complex, long winding manner or it can be short and succinct and provide a
certain insight into the story.
Example:

The main theme in the play Romeo and Juliet was love with smaller themes of sacrifice,
tragedy, struggle, hardship, devotion and so on.
Tone
Definition:
The tone of a literary work is the perspective or attitude that the author adopts with regards
to a specific character, place or development. Tone can portray a variety of emotions ranging
from solemn, grave, and critical to witty, wry and humorous. Tone helps the reader ascertain
the writers feelings towards a particular topic and this in turn influences the readers
understanding of the story.
Example:
In her Harry Potter series, author J.K. Rowling has taken an extremely positive, inspiring and
uplifting tone towards the idea of love and devotion.
Tragedy
Definition:
In literature, the concept of tragedy refer to a series of unfortunate events by which one or
more of the literary characters in the story undergo several misfortunes, which finally
culminate into a disaster of epic proportions. Tragedy is generally built up in 5 stages: a)
happy times b) the introduction of a problem c) the problem worsens to a crisis or dilemma d)
the characters are unable to prevent the problem from taking over e) the problem results in
some catastrophic, grave ending, which is the tragedy culminated.
Example:
In the play Julius Caesar, the lead character is an ambitious, fearless and power hungry king
who ignores all the signs and does not heed the advice of the well-meaning: finally being
stabbed to death by his own best friend and advisor Brutus. This moment has been
immortalized by the phrase Et tu Brutus?, wherein Caesar realizes that he has finally been
defeated, and that too through betrayal.
Understatement
Definition:
This literary device refers to the practice of drawing attention to a fact that is already obvious
and noticeable. Understating a fact is usually done by way of sarcasm, irony, wryness or any
other form of dry humor. Understating something is akin to exaggerating its obviousness as a
means of humor.
Example:
The phrase, Oh! I wonder if he could get any later; I am free all day long. Said in a sarcastic
tone it indicates that the speaker obviously means the opposite of the literal meaning.
Verisimilitude
Definition:
Verisimilitude tends to be based around the appearance or proximity to being real, or the
truth. It was a large part of the work of Karl Popper, and can be used in a variety of different
ways to describe something, as well. It is a way of implying the believability or likelihood of a
theory or narrative. However, just because something can be described as having
Verisimilitude does not mean that it is true, only that merely appears to or seems to be true.
Example:
It can be used in a variety of ways, for example;
While some dislike the content of the novel due to its graphic nature, you cannot deny that
the content certainly gives the book some Verisimilitude
An example of Verisimilitude in concept, though, could be a doubtful statement in a court of
law or even a false testimonial for a restaurant. If something seems like its all well and
good, but you cant quite decide, then it can be said to have Verisimilitude.
Verse
Definition:
The literary term verse is used to refer to any single, lone line of a poetry composition. A
metrical writing line is known as verse. The word can however, also refer to a stanza or any
other part of the poetry.
Example:

A single line or stanza in a poem would be an example of verse.