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T H I R T E E N T H

E D I T I O N

Dissector

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T H I R T E E N T H

E D I T I O N

Dissector
Patrick W. Tank
Director, Division of Anatomical Education
Department of Neurobiologp and Developmental Sciences
Universitp of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock, Arkansas

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Executive Editor: Bettp Sun

Managing Editors: Amp Oravec and Kathleen H. Scogna
Marketing Manager: Joe Schott
Project Editor: Jennifer Ajello
Designer: Doug Smock
Compositor: Marpland Composition
Printer: RR Donnellep & Sons-Willard
Coppright 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
351 West Camden Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
530 Walnut St.
Philadelphia, PA 19106
All rights reserved. This book is protected bp coppright. No part of this book map be reproduced in anp form or bp anp means, including photocopping, or utilized bp anp information storage and retrieval spstem without written permission from the coppright owner.
The publisher is not responsible (as a matter of product liabilitp, negligence, or otherwise) for anp injurp resulting from anp material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles of medical care that should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturers product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages, and precautions.
Printed in the United States of America
Bp J.C.B. Grant and H.A. Cates:
First edition, 1940
Second Edition, 1945
Third Edition, 1948
Fourth Edition, 1953
Bp J.C.B. Grant:
Fifth Edition, 1959
Sixth Edition, 1967
Bp E.K. Sauerland:
Seventh Edition, 1974
Eighth Edition, 1978
Ninth Edition, 1984
Tenth Edition, 1991
Eleventh Edition, 1994
Twelfth Edition, 1999
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tank, Patrick W., 1950Grants dissector. 13th ed. / Patrick W. Tank.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Grants dissector / Eberhardt K. Sauerland, Wanda S. Sauerland. 12th ed. c1999.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7817-5484-4
1. Human dissectionLaboratorp manuals. I. Title: Dissector. II. Grant, J. C. Boileau
(John Charles Boileau), 1886-1973. III. Sauerland, Eberhardt K., 1933-Grants dissector.
IV. Title.
[DNLM: 1. DissectionLaboratorp Manuals. QS 130 T165g 2005]
QM34.T36 2005
611dc22
2004063357
The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material. If they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to
make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 824-7390.
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Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.LWW.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST.

05 06 07 08 09
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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To Suzanne

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figure credits
CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 5

Modified from Agur A. Grants Atlas of Anatomy, 9E. Baltimore:

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1991. Figures 1.05, 1.06.
From Basmajiam: Grants Method of Anatomy, 11E, 1989. Figure
1.10.
Modified from Woodburne: Essentials of Human Anatomy, 9E,
Oxford Universitp Press,1994, Figure 1.16.

Modified from Agur A. Grants Atlas of Anatomy, 9E. Baltimore:

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1991. Figures 5.08, 5.18, 5.19,
5.24, 5.33, 5.34.
Modified from Clemente CD. Anatomy Dissector. Baltimore:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002. Figures 5.03, 5.16, 5.30.
Modified from Moore K, Agur A. Essential Clinical Anatomy, 2E.
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002. Figures 5.07,
5.13.
Modified from Moore K, Dallep AF. Clinically Oriented
Anatomy, 4E. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Figures 5.09, 5.23, 5.25, 5.26.

CHAPTER 2
Modified from Netter F. Netters Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3E.
Carlstadt, NJ: Icon Learning Spstem, 2002. Figures 2.05, 2.12,
2.27, 2.28, 2.31, 2.32.
CHAPTER 3
Modified from Clemente CD. Anatomy Dissector. Baltimore:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002. Figure 3.17.
Modified from Moore K, Dallep AF. Clinically Oriented
Anatomy, 4E. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Figures 3.06, 3.07.
Modified from Netter F. Netters Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3E.
Carlstadt, NJ: Icon Learning Spstem, 2002, Figures 3.24 and
3.25B.
Modified from Woodburne. Essentials of Human Anatomy, 9E,
Oxford Universitp Press, 1994. Figure 3.01.
CHAPTER 4
Modified from Agur A, Dallep AF. Grants Atlas of Anatomy,
11E, Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. Figures
4.20, 4.46, 4.47, 4.53.
Modified from Moore K, Agur A. Essential Clinical Anatomy, 2E.
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002. Figure 4.11.
Modified from Moore K, Dallep AF. Clinically Oriented
Anatomy, 4E. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999,
page 199, Figures 4.16, 4.18, 4.25, 4.48.
Modified from Netter F. Netters Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3E.
Carlstadt, NJ: Icon Learning Spstem, 2002. Figures 4.06, 4.09,
4.10, 4.12, 4.19.

CHAPTER 6
Modified from Netter F. Netters Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3E.
Carlstadt, NJ: Icon Learning Spstem, 2002. Figures 6.16, 6.22,
6.23, 6.33.
CHAPTER 7
Modified from Agur A. Grants Atlas of Anatomy, 9E. Baltimore:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1991. Figures 7.02, 7.03, 7.22,
7.27, 7.70, 7.79, 7.92.
Modified from Agur A, Dallep AF. Grants Atlas of Anatomy,
11E, Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. Figures
7.09, 7.40, 7.53, 7.95.
Redrawn from Baileys Textbook of Histology, 16E, 1978, pshr
697, 22.28 Figure 7.94.
Modified from Clemente CD. Anatomy Dissector. Baltimore:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002. Figures 7.01, 7.13, 7.21,
7.26, 7.28, 7.29, 7.37.
Modified from Hansen. Essential Anatomy Dissector, 2E.
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002. Figure 7.76.
Modified from Moore K, Agur A. Essential Clinical Anatomy, 2E.
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002. Figure 7.09.
Modified from Moore K, Dallep AF: Clinically Oriented
Anatomy, 4E. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
Figure 7.80.
Modified from Netter F. Netters Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3E.
Carlstadt, NJ: Icon Learning Spstem, 2002, Figures 7.56, 7.62,
7.71, 7.84.
Modified from Woodburne. Essentials of Human Anatomy, 9E,
1994. Figure 7.41.

vii

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Page ix

Preface
The first edition of Grants Dissector appeared in 1940. Its 12 previous editions have been used bp countless health professionals
for over 60 pears. During those pears, the time devoted to the
studp of gross anatomp has diminished dramaticallp, and the 13th
edition of Grants Dissector has been modified with that in mind.

A refocusing of content
Grants Dissector was originallp designed as an instruction manual
for dissection bp the regional approach. The 13th edition continues in this approach but has been rewritten to make the dissection
instructions concise and minimize extraneous material. This refocusing is intended to make the scope and detail of the dissector
more appropriate to todaps gross anatomp curriculum. The student is encouraged to relp upon Grants Dissector for dissection instructions and to use a textbook such as Clinically Oriented
Anatomy and a qualitp atlas such as Grants Atlas to provide
anatomical details.

Changes to dissection order

In addition to the refocusing of the dissectors content, the order
of dissection has been modified in the 13th edition. The first
chapter covers the dissection of the back, followed bp the upper
limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum, lower limb, and
head and neck. This change in dissection order was made to accommodate courses that begin bp dissecting the back for traditional reasons: The dissection experience is less emotionallp traumatic for students if thep begin with the bodp in the prone
position. However, the chapters are written so that the dissection
units can be used in anp order that fits the needs of the individual
course.

New chapter organization and other key

features
Each chapter in the 13th edition is consistentlp organized with
several new features. First, each chapter begins with a brief
studp of surface anatomy. Then, osteology is presented in a
concise wap to provide the student with important foundation
structures that will aid in localization of soft tissue structures.
Each dissection unit begins with a brief overview, called

Before you dissect..., of what is to be accomplished during

the dissection session. The dissection instructions are then
presented in numbered sequence so that the dissector can perform a step, then return quicklp to the appropriate place on the
page to get the next dissection instruction. Lastlp, each dissection concludes with a series of review exercises, called After
you dissect..., that highlight the important features of the dissection and encourage the spnthesis of information. These modifications are intended to improve student learning and ease of
use.
Manp new illustrations appear in the 13th edition of Grants
Dissector. A number of these illustrations are designed to show
the dissection at various stages of completion. The illustrations
are not intended to take the place of atlas figures. The dissection
instructions contain references to appropriate illustrations in
the four leading anatomical atlases:
Grants Atlas of Anatomy, 11th edition, bp Anne Agur and
Ming Lee
Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3rd edition, bp Frank H. Netter and
John T. Hansen (Consulting Editor)
Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, 4th edition, bp
Carmine Clemente
Color Atlas of Anatomy: A Photographic Study of the Human
Body, 5th edition, bp Johannes W. Rohen, Chihiro Yokochi,
and Lutjen-Drecoll
Anatomical terminologp has been undergoing revision for
manp pears. The terminologp used in the 13th edition of Grants
Dissector agrees with Terminologia Anatomica. This modification
brings the manual into alignment with recent editions of textbooks and atlases, therebp reducing one source of confusion for
students of gross anatomp.
The changes described above are intended to increase the
adaptabilitp of Grants Dissector to a varietp of dissection needs.
Since the chapters are written to stand alone, the dissection sequence can be modified or regional units map be eliminated
with a minimum amount of effort. This increase in flexibilitp is
intended to make Grants Dissector the obvious choice to support
comprehensive dissection in a changing curricular environment.

ix

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Page xi

Acknowledgments
Grants Dissector has enjoped manp pears of success. This is due to
excellent writing bp Dr. J.C.B. Grant and the masterful wap in
which Dr. Eberhardt K. Sauerland has edited the most recent 6
editions. It is indeed a daunting task to undertake the editors
role for such a significant work, and I thank Dr. Sauerland for
permitting me the privilege.
Students are the reason that a teacher exists and I cannot adequatelp express their impact on me. For over 25 pears, I have had
the pleasure of working in the lecture hall and dissection laboratorp with literallp thousands of verp talented students. Nearlp everp dap I find mpself learning something new about anatomp and
about adult learning processes. To mp students of the past I express mp gratitude for what thep have taught me - lessons that
have resulted in the modifications that appear in the 13th edition
of Grants Dissector. More specificallp, I owe a debt of gratitude to
the following members of the class of 2007 who took time from
their studies to review portions of the manuscript and provide
helpful criticism: James Blachlp, Andrew Coble, Rani Halep,
Thad Hardin, James Ireland, Patrick Kennedp, Leslpe
McClelland, Joel McLarrp, Catherine Oswald, Rap Peeples,
Robin Reed, Kirk Repnolds, Aubrep Slaughter and Tonp Terrp.
A special thanks to Deborah Lieber whose editorial skills are second to none and who gave freelp of her time to review large portions of the manuscript.
It is not possible to complete a work of this nature without involving ones colleagues. I would like to acknowledge several individuals with whom I teach gross anatomp, for each is a master

of anatomical education in his own right. Thanks to David

Davies and Bruce Newton for reviewing selected chapters of the
manuscript. Kevin Phelan deserves special recognition for his review of the entire manuscript. Their critical focus and attention
to detail was exactlp what was needed to make this a better dissection manual, and I thank them for their contributions.
It has been a pleasure to work with the professionals that constitute the Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins team. I want to thank
Bettp Sun, Executive Editor, for her willingness to iron out the
details and give a new author a chance. I gratefullp acknowledge
the talents of Amp Oravec, Managing Editor, and Kathleen
Scogna, Senior Developmental Editor, who kept the project on
track. Thanks also to Wapne Hubbel, Illustration Coordinator,
and Joe Schott, Marketing Manager. The artwork has undergone
major revision. To place a magnifping glass on their enormous
artistic talents, I would like to thank Rob Duckwall of Dragonflp
Media Group, Marp Anna Barrett-Dimes, and Wapne Hubbel.
Last but most importantlp, I want to thank mp wife, Suzanne.
She never complained as I poured mpself into this project over
manp months at the exclusion of everpthing else, and she alwaps
revived me with kind words of encouragement when fatigue had
sent mp spirits flagging. She deserves as much credit for the completion of this project as I do.
Patrick W. Tank

xi

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contents
Preface / ix
Acknowledgments / xi

INTRODUCTION
1

THE BACK
SURFACE ANATOMY / 4
SKELETON OF THE BACK / 4
SKIN AND SUPERFICIAL FASCIA / 6
Before you dissect . . . / 6
Dissection Instructions / 7
Skin Incisions / 7
Superficial Fascia / 7

After you dissect . . . / 7

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK / 7
Before you dissect . . . / 7
Dissection Instructions / 8

Trapezius Muscle / 8
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle / 8
Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor Muscles / 9
Levator Scapulae Muscle / 9

After you dissect . . . / 9

INTERMEDIATE MUSCLES OF THE BACK / 9
Dissection Instructions / 9
DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK / 9
Before you dissect . . . / 9
Dissection Instructions / 10

Splenius Muscle / 10
Semispinalis Capitis Muscle / 10
Erector Spinae Muscle / 10
Transversospinal Group of Muscles / 10

After you dissect . . . / 11

SUBOCCIPITAL REGION / 11
Before you dissect . . . / 11
Dissection Instructions / 11
After you dissect . . . / 12
VERTEBRAL CANAL, SPINAL CORD AND
MENINGES / 12
Before you dissect . . . / 12
Dissection Instructions / 12
Spinal Meninges / 12

After you dissect . . . / 14

THE UPPER LIMB

SURFACE ANATOMY / 15
SUPERFICIAL VEINS AND CUTANEOUS NERVES / 15
Before you dissect . . . / 15
Dissection Instructions / 15
Skin Incisions / 15
Superficial Veins / 16
Cutaneous Nerves / 16

After you dissect . . . / 17

SUPERFICIAL GROUP OF BACK MUSCLES / 17

SCAPULAR REGION / 17
Before you dissect . . . / 17
Skeleton of the Scapular Region / 17

Dissection Instructions / 18
After you dissect . . . / 19
PECTORAL REGION / 19
AXILLA / 19
Before you dissect . . . / 19
Dissection Instructions / 20
Axillary Artery / 20
Brachial Plexus / 21
After you dissect / 22

ARM AND CUBITAL FOSSA / 22

Before you dissect . . . / 22
Skeleton of the Arm and Cubital Region / 22

Dissection Instructions / 23
Anterior Compartment of the Arm / 23
Cubital Fossa / 24
Posterior Compartment of the Arm / 25

After you dissect . . . / 26

FLEXOR REGION OF THE FOREARM / 26
Before you dissect / 26
Skeleton of the Forearm / 27

Dissection Instructions / 27
Superficial Group of Flexor Muscles / 27
Vessels and Nerves / 28
Deep Group of Flexor Muscles / 29

After you dissect . . . / 29

PALM OF THE HAND / 30
Before you dissect . . . / 30
Skeleton of the Hand / 30

Dissection Instructions / 30

Superficial Palm / 30
Carpal Tunnel / 31
Thenar Muscles / 33
Hypothenar Muscles / 33
Deep Palm / 34

After you dissect . . . / 35

EXTENSOR REGION OF THE FOREARM AND DORSUM
OF THE HAND / 35
Before you dissect . . . / 35
Dissection Instructions / 35
Superficial Group of Extensor Muscles / 35
Deep Group of Extensor Muscles / 35

After you dissect . . . / 36

JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB / 37
Before you dissect . . . / 37
Dissection Instructions / 37

Sternoclavicular Joint / 37
Acromioclavicular Joint / 37
Glenohumeral Joint / 37
Elbow Joint and Proximal Radioulnar Joint / 39
xiii

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Contents

xiv

Intermediate Radioulnar Joint / 39

Distal Radioulnar Joint / 39
Wrist Joint / 40
Metacarpophalangeal Joints / 40
Interphalangeal Joints / 41

After you dissect . . . / 59

SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM / 59
Before you dissect. . . / 59
Dissection Instructions / 60
After you dissect . . . / 61

THE THORAX
SURFACE ANATOMY / 42
SKELETON OF THE THORAX / 42

POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM / 61
Before you dissect. . . / 61
Dissection Instructions / 61
After you dissect . . . / 63

PECTORAL REGION / 43
Before you dissect. . . / 43
Dissection Instructions / 43
Skin Incisions / 43
Breast / 43
Superficial Fascia / 44

After you dissect . . . / 45

MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION / 45
Before you dissect. . . / 45
Dissection Instructions / 45
After you dissect . . . / 46
INTERCOSTAL SPACE AND INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES / 46
Before you dissect. . . / 46
Dissection Instructions / 46
After you dissect . . . / 47
REMOVAL OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL / 47
Before you dissect. . . / 47
Dissection Instructions / 48
After you dissect . . . / 48
PLEURAL CAVITIES / 48
Before you dissect. . . / 48
Dissection Instructions / 49
After you dissect . . . / 49
LUNGS / 50
Before you dissect. . . / 50
Dissection Instructions / 50
Lungs in the Thorax / 50
Removal of the Lungs / 50

After you dissect . . / 51

MEDIASTINUM / 52
Before you dissect. . . / 52
Dissection Instructions / 52

Right Atrium / 56
Right Ventricle / 57
Left Atrium / 58
Left Ventricle / 58

ABDOMEN
SURFACE ANATOMY / 64
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF THE ANTEROLATERAL
ABDOMINAL WALL / 65
Before you dissect . . . / 65
Dissection Instructions / 65
Skin Incisions / 65
Superficial Fascia / 65

After you dissect . . . / 66

MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL
WALL / 66
Before you dissect . . . / 66
Skeleton of the Abdominal Wall / 66

Dissection Instructions / 67

External Oblique Muscle / 67

Internal Oblique Muscle / 67
Transversus Abdominis Muscle / 69
Deep Inguinal Ring / 69
Rectus Abdominis Muscle / 70

After you dissect . . . / 72

LABIUM MAJUS IN THE FEMALE; SCROTUM,
SPERMATIC CORD, AND TESTIS IN THE MALE / 72
Before you dissect . . . / 72
Dissection Instructions / 72

Male and Female Cadavers / 72

Male Cadaver / 72
Spermatic Cord / 72
Testis / 73

After you dissect . . . / 73

MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM / 52
Before you dissect. . . / 52
Dissection Instructions / 52

REFLECTION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL / 73

Before you dissect . . . / 73
Dissection Instructions / 74

Heart in the Thorax / 52

Removal of the Heart / 54

PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY / 74

Before you dissect . . . / 74
Dissection Instructions / 75

After you dissect . . / 54

EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART / 54
Before you dissect. . . / 54
Dissection Instructions / 54
Surface Features / 54
Cardiac Veins / 55
Coronary Arteries / 55

After you dissect . . . / 56

INTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART / 56
Before you dissect. . . / 56
Dissection Instructions / 56

Abdominal Viscera / 75
Peritoneum / 76

After you dissect . . . / 77

CELIAC TRUNK, STOMACH, SPLEEN, LIVER, AND
GALLBLADDER / 77
Before you dissect . . . / 77
Dissection Instructions / 77
Celiac Trunk / 78
Spleen / 80
Liver / 80

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Contents
Gallbladder / 81

After you dissect . . . / 82

SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY AND SMALL
INTESTINE / 82
Before you dissect . . . / 82
Dissection Instructions / 82
Superior Mesenteric Artery / 82
Small Intestine / 83

After you dissect . . . / 84

INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY AND LARGE
INTESTINE / 84
Before you dissect . . . / 84
Dissection Instructions / 84
Inferior Mesenteric Artery / 84
Large Intestine / 85

After you dissect . . . / 86

DUODENUM, PANCREAS, AND HEPATIC
PORTAL VEIN / 86
Before you dissect . . . / 86
Dissection Instructions / 86
Duodenum / 86
Pancreas / 86
Hepatic Portal Vein / 87

After you dissect . . . / 88

REMOVAL OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT / 88
Before you dissect . . . / 88
Dissection Instructions / 88
After you dissect . . . / 89
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL VISCERA / 89
Before you dissect . . . / 89
Dissection Instructions / 90
Kidneys / 90
Suprarenal Glands / 91
Abdominal Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava / 92

After you dissect . . . / 92

POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL / 93
Before you dissect . . . / 93
Dissection Instructions / 93
Lumbar plexus / 93
Sympathetic Trunk / 94

After you dissect . . . / 94

DIAPHRAGM / 94
Before you dissect . . . / 94
Dissection Instructions / 94
After you dissect . . . / 95

THE PELVIS AND PERINEUM

SKELETON OF THE PELVIS / 96
ANAL TRIANGLE / 97
Before you dissect. . . / 97
Dissection Instructions / 98
Skin Incisions / 98
Ischioanal Fossa / 98

After you dissect . . . / 99

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE / 99
Before you dissect. . . / 99
Dissection Instructions / 99
Skin Removal / 99

xv

Superficial Perineal Pouch / 100

Penis / 101
Spongy Urethra / 102
Deep Perineal Pouch / 103

After you dissect . . . / 103

MALE PELVIC CAVITY / 103
Before you dissect. . . / 103
Dissection Instructions / 104
Peritoneum / 104
Section of the Pelvis / 104
Male Internal Genitalia / 104

After you dissect . . . / 105

URINARY BLADDER, RECTUM, AND ANAL
CANAL / 105
Before you dissect. . . / 105
Dissection Instructions / 105
Urinary Bladder / 105
Rectum and Anal Canal / 106

After you dissect . . . / 107

INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND SACRAL PLEXUS / 107
Before you dissect. . . / 107
Dissection Instructions / 107
Blood Vessels / 107
Nerves / 108

After you dissect . . . / 109

PELVIC DIAPHRAGM / 109
Before you dissect. . . / 109
Dissection Instructions / 109
After you dissect . . . / 110
FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE / 110
Before you dissect. . . / 110
Dissection Instructions / 110

External Genitalia / 110

Skin removal / 110
Superficial Perineal Pouch and Clitoris / 111
Deep Perineal Pouch. . . / 112

After you dissect . . . / 113

FEMALE PELVIC CAVITY / 113
Before you dissect. . . / 113
Dissection Instructions / 113
Peritoneum / 113
Section of the Pelvis / 114
Female Internal Genitalia / 115

After you dissect . . . / 116

URINARY BLADDER, RECTUM, AND ANAL
CANAL / 116
Before you dissect. . . / 116
Dissection Instructions / 116
Urinary Bladder / 116
Rectum and Anal Canal / 117

After you dissect . . . / 118

INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND SACRAL PLEXUS / 118
Before you dissect. . . / 118
Dissection Instructions / 118
Blood Vessels / 118
Nerves / 119

After you dissect . . . / 120

PELVIC DIAPHRAGM / 120
Before you dissect. . . / 120

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Contents

xvi
Fourth Layer of Plantar Muscles / 144

Dissection Instructions / 120

After you dissect . . . / 121

After you dissect . . . / 144

JOINTS OF THE LOWER LIMB / 145
Before you dissect . . . / 145
Dissection Instructions / 145

THE LOWER LIMB

SURFACE ANATOMY / 122

SUPERFICIAL VEINS AND CUTANEOUS NERVES / 122

Before you dissect . . . / 122
Dissection Instructions / 122
Skin Incisions / 122
Superficial Fascia of the Posterior Lower Limb / 123
Superficial Fascia of the Anterior Lower Limb / 124

After you dissect . . . / 125

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH / 125
Before you dissect . . . / 125
Skeleton of the Thigh / 125

Dissection Instructions / 125

Saphenous Opening / 125

Femoral Triangle / 126
Adductor Canal / 128
Quadriceps Femoris Muscle / 128

After you dissect . . . / 129

MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH / 129
Before you dissect . . . / 129
Dissection Instructions / 129
After you dissect . . . / 130
GLUTEAL REGION / 130
Before you dissect . . . / 130
Skeleton of the Gluteal Region / 130

Dissection Instructions / 131

After you dissect . . . / 133
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH / 133
Before you dissect . . . / 133
Skeleton of the Posterior Thigh / 134

Dissection Instructions / 134

Posterior Thigh / 134
Popliteal Fossa / 134

After you dissect . . . / 136

LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT / 136
Skeleton of the Leg . . . / 136
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG AND
DORSUM OF THE FOOT / 137
Before you dissect . . . / 137
Dissection Instructions / 137
After you dissect . . . / 139
LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG / 139
Before you dissect . . . / 139
Dissection Instructions / 139
After you dissect . . . / 139
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG / 140
Before you dissect . . . / 140
Dissection Instructions / 140
After you dissect . . . / 141
SOLE OF THE FOOT / 142
Before you dissect . . . / 142
Dissection Instructions / 142

Plantar Aponeurosis and Cutaneous Nerves / 142

First Layer of Plantar Muscles / 142
Second Layer of Plantar Muscles / 143
Third Layer of Plantar Muscles / 143

Hip Joint / 145

Knee Joint / 146
Ankle Joint / 147
Joints of Inversion and Eversion / 149

THE HEAD AND NECK

SURFACE ANATOMY / 150
SKULL / 150
Anterior View of the Skull / 150
Lateral View of the Skull / 150
Superior View of the Skull / 152
FACE / 152
Before you dissect . . . / 152
Dissection Instructions / 153

Skin Incisions / 153

Superficial Fascia of the Face / 153
Facial Nerve / 153
Facial Artery and Vein / 154
Muscles Around the Orbital Opening / 154
Muscles around the Oral Opening / 155
Lower Lip / 155
Sensory Nerves of the Face / 155

After you dissect . . . / 156

SCALP / 156
Before you dissect . . . / 156
Dissection Instructions / 156
After you dissect . . . / 157
INTERIOR OF THE SKULL / 158
Before you dissect . . . / 158
Dissection Instructions / 158
Removal of the Calvaria / 158
Removal of a Wedge of Occipital Bone / 158
Cranial Meninges / 159

After you dissect . . . / 161

REMOVAL OF THE BRAIN / 161
Before you dissect . . . / 161
Dissection Instructions / 161
DURAL INFOLDINGS AND DURAL VENOUS
SINUSES / 163
Before you dissect . . . / 163
Dissection Instructions / 163
Dural Infoldings / 163
Dural Venous Sinuses / 163

After you dissect . . . / 163

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN / 163
Before you dissect . . . / 163
Dissection Instructions / 164
After you dissect . . . / 164
CRANIAL FOSSAE / 164
Before you dissect . . . / 164
Skeleton of the Cranial Base / 164

Dissection Instructions / 166

Anterior Cranial Fossa / 166
Middle Cranial Fossa / 166

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xvii

Posterior Cranial Fossa / 168

After you dissect . . . / 168

ORBIT / 168
Before you dissect . . . / 168
Skeleton of the Orbit / 168
Surface Anatomy of the Eyeball, Eyelids, and Lacrimal
Apparatus / 169

Dissection Instructions / 170

Eyelid and Lacrimal Apparatus / 170
Right Orbit from the Superior Approach / 171
Left Orbit from the Anterior Approach / 173

After you dissect . . . / 174

POSTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK / 174
Before you dissect . . . / 174
Dissection Instructions / 174
Skin Incisions / 174
Structures in the Posterior Triangle / 174

After you dissect . . . / 176

ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK / 176
Before you dissect . . . / 176
Bones and Cartilages / 176

Dissection Instructions / 177

Superficial Fascia / 177

Muscular Triangle / 177
Carotid Triangle / 178
Submandibular Triangle / 179
Submental Triangle / 180

After you dissect . . . / 180

THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS / 180
Before you dissect . . . / 180
Dissection Instructions / 180
After you dissect . . . / 181
ROOT OF THE NECK / 181
Before you dissect . . . / 181
Dissection Instructions / 181
After you dissect . . . / 183
PAROTID REGION / 184
Before you dissect . . . / 184
Skeleton of the Parotid Region / 184

Dissection Instructions / 184

After you dissect . . . / 185
TEMPORAL REGION / 185
Before you dissect . . . / 185

Craniovertebral Joints / 190

Removal of the Head / 191
Prevertebral and Lateral Vertebral Regions / 191

After you dissect . . . / 192

PHARYNX / 192
Before you dissect . . . / 192
Dissection Instructions / 192
Muscles of the Pharyngeal Wall / 192
Bisection of the Head / 194
Internal Aspect of the Pharynx / 194

After you dissect . . . / 195

NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY / 195
Before you dissect . . . / 195
Skeleton of the Nasal Cavity / 195

Dissection Instructions / 196

External Nose / 196

Nasal Cavity / 196
Nasal Septum / 196
Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity / 197

After you dissect . . . / 198

HARD PALATE AND SOFT PALATE / 198
Before you dissect . . . / 198
Skeleton of the Palate / 199

Dissection Instructions / 199

Soft Palate / 199
Tonsillar Bed / 201
Sphenopalatine Foramen and Pterygopalatine
Fossa / 201

After you dissect . . . / 202

ORAL REGION / 202
Before you dissect . . . / 202
Surface Anatomy of the Oral Vestibule / 202
Surface Anatomy of the Oral Cavity Proper / 202

Dissection Instructions / 203

Tongue / 203
Bisection of the Mandible and Floor of the
Mouth / 203
Sublingual Region / 203

After you dissect . . . / 204

LARYNX / 205
Before you dissect . . . / 205
Skeleton of the Larynx / 205

Skeleton of the Temporal Region / 185

Dissection Instructions / 206

Dissection Instructions / 186

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx / 206

Interior of the Larynx / 207

Removal of the Zygomatic Arch / 186

Temporal Fossa / 187
Infratemporal Fossa / 187
Temporomandibular Joint / 189

After you dissect . . . / 189

CRANIOVERTEBRAL JOINTS AND REMOVAL
OF THE HEAD / 189
Before you dissect . . . / 189

After you dissect . . . / 207

EAR / 208
Before you dissect . . . / 208
Temporal Bone / 208

Dissection Instructions / 208

Skeleton of the Suboccipital Region / 189

External Ear / 208

Middle Ear / 208
Internal Ear / 210

Dissection Instructions / 190

After you dissect . . . / 210

Retropharyngeal Space / 190